tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37635689133088113522024-03-13T10:35:18.382-07:00FDA Strengthens BSE Safeguards Animal FeedTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.comBlogger70125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-52402458578761910372020-01-01T11:37:00.001-08:002020-01-01T11:41:17.515-08:00USDA OIE BSE TSE PRION FDA PART 589 BSE TSE PRION aka MAD COW FEED BAN Failure 2020 UPDATE<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA OIE BSE TSE PRION FDA PART 589 BSE TSE PRION aka MAD COW FEED BAN Failure 2020 UPDATE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 21, 2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In vitro detection of haematogenous prions in white-tailed deer orally dosed with low concentrations of chronic wasting disease</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">''Our study demonstrated in vitro detection of amyloid seeding activity (prions) in buffy-coat cells harvested from deer orally dosed with low concentrations of CWD positive (+) brain (1 gr and 300 ng) or saliva (300 ng RT-QuIC equivalent).''</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">''Our own ongoing studies in WTD demonstrate that oral doses of 1mg and 300ng brain or 300ng saliva equivalent contain sufficient infectivity to initiate CWD infection (doses are 3–9 logs lower than our previous experimental exposures; manuscripts in preparation).''</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001367#tab2">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001367#tab2</a></span><br />
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/in-vitro-detection-of-haematogenous.html">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/in-vitro-detection-of-haematogenous.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Oral transmission and early lymphoid tropism of chronic wasting disease PrPres in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Christina J. Sigurdson1, Elizabeth S. Williams2, Michael W. Miller3, Terry R. Spraker1,4, Katherine I. O'Rourke5 and Edward A. Hoover1</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523- 1671, USA1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA 2 Colorado Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Research Center, 317 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526-2097, USA3 Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1671, USA4 Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 337 Bustad Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7030, USA5</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author for correspondence: Edward Hoover.Fax +1 970 491 0523. e-mail ehoover@lamar.colostate.edu</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus) were inoculated orally with a brain homogenate prepared from mule deer with naturally occurring chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion-induced transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Fawns were necropsied and examined for PrP res, the abnormal prion protein isoform, at 10, 42, 53, 77, 78 and 80 days post-inoculation (p.i.) using an immunohistochemistry assay modified to enhance sensitivity. PrPres was detected in alimentary-tract-associated lymphoid tissues (one or more of the following: retropharyngeal lymph node, tonsil, Peyer's patch and ileocaecal lymph node) as early as 42 days p.i. and in all fawns examined thereafter (53 to 80 days p.i.). No PrPres staining was detected in lymphoid tissue of three control fawns receiving a control brain inoculum, nor was PrPres detectable in neural tissue of any fawn. PrPres-specific staining was markedly enhanced by sequential tissue treatment with formic acid, proteinase K and hydrated autoclaving prior to immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody F89/160.1.5. These results indicate that CWD PrP res can be detected in lymphoid tissues draining the alimentary tract within a few weeks after oral exposure to infectious prions and may reflect the initial pathway of CWD infection in deer. The rapid infection of deer fawns following exposure by the most plausible natural route is consistent with the efficient horizontal transmission of CWD in nature and enables accelerated studies of transmission and pathogenesis in the native species.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">These results indicate that mule deer fawns develop detectable PrP res after oral exposure to an inoculum containing CWD prions. In the earliest post-exposure period, CWD PrPres was traced to the lymphoid tissues draining the oral and intestinal mucosa (i.e. the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, tonsil, ileal Peyer's patches and ileocaecal lymph nodes), which probably received the highest initial exposure to the inoculum. Hadlow et al. (1982) demonstrated scrapie agent in the tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, ileum and spleen in a 10-month-old naturally infected lamb by mouse bioassay. Eight of nine sheep had infectivity in the retropharyngeal lymph node. He concluded that the tissue distribution suggested primary infection via the gastrointestinal tract. The tissue distribution of PrPres in the early stages of infection in the fawns is strikingly similar to that seen in naturally infected sheep with scrapie. These findings support oral exposure as a natural route of CWD infection in deer and support oral inoculation as a reasonable exposure route for experimental studies of CWD.</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/80/10/2757" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/80/10/2757</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/80/10/0802757a.pdf?expires=1576965059&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=7B982B11FDF5E29A8EBADFF84711B10C" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/80/10/0802757a.pdf?expires=1576965059&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=7B982B11FDF5E29A8EBADFF84711B10C</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. Deer and elk not considered at high risk include: (1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 0500 EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/media/69936/download" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.fda.gov/media/69936/download</a></span></div>
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Singeltary submissions</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm" style="color: #999966; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm" style="color: #999966; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html" style="color: #cc6600; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html</a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">***> These findings support oral exposure as a natural route of CWD infection in deer</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my!</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable.</span></div>
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<a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;"> >*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 5="" 6="" at="" by="" detected="" eia.="" examined="" group="" in="" intracranial="" least="" lymphoid="" month="" months="" of="" one="" pigs="" positive="" prpsc="" quic="" the="" tissues="" was="">6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 4="" and="" group="" months="" oral="">6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </6></6></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">*** EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP ***</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/in-vitro-detection-of-haematogenous.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/in-vitro-detection-of-haematogenous.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FDA Reports on VFD Compliance John Maday </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday ) Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary. On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradleys surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061003022720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20061003022720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div>
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it is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradleys surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13px;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">-------- Original Message --------</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Subject: DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 -0500 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." To: fdadockets@oc.fda.gov</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Greetings FDA,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">i would kindly like to comment on;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Docket 03D-0186</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Several factors on this apparent voluntary proposal disturbs me greatly, please allow me to point them out;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. MY first point is the failure of the partial ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban of 8/4/97. this partial and voluntary feed ban of some ruminant materials being fed back to cattle is terribly flawed. without the _total_ and _mandatory_ ban of all ruminant materials being fed back to ruminants including cattle, sheep, goat, deer, elk and mink, chickens, fish (all farmed animals for human/animal consumption), this half ass measure will fail terribly, as in the past decades...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">2. WHAT about sub-clinical TSE in deer and elk? with the recent findings of deer fawns being infected with CWD, how many could possibly be sub-clinically infected. until we have a rapid TSE test to assure us that all deer/elk are free of disease (clinical and sub-clinical), we must ban not only documented CWD infected deer/elk, but healthy ones as well. it this is not done, they system will fail...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">3. WE must ban not only CNS (SRMs specified risk materials), but ALL tissues. recent new and old findings support infectivity in the rump or ass muscle. wether it be low or high, accumulation will play a crucial role in TSEs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">4. THERE are and have been for some time many TSEs in the USA. TME in mink, Scrapie in Sheep and Goats, and unidentified TSE in USA cattle. all this has been proven, but the TSE in USA cattle has been totally ignored for decades. i will document this data below in my references.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">5. UNTIL we ban all ruminant by-products from being fed back to ALL ruminants, until we rapid TSE test (not only deer/elk) but cattle in sufficient numbers to find (1 million rapid TSE test in USA cattle annually for 5 years), any partial measures such as the ones proposed while ignoring sub-clinical TSEs and not rapid TSE testing cattle, not closing down feed mills that continue to violate the FDA's BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) and not making freely available those violations, will only continue to spread these TSE mad cow agents in the USA. I am curious what we will call a phenotype in a species that is mixed with who knows how many strains of scrapie, who knows what strain or how many strains of TSE in USA cattle, and the CWD in deer and elk (no telling how many strains there), but all of this has been rendered for animal feeds in the USA for decades. it will get interesting once someone starts looking in all species, including humans here in the USA, but this has yet to happen...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">6. IT is paramount that CJD be made reportable in every state (especially ''sporadic'' cjd), and that a CJD Questionnaire must be issued to every family of a victim of TSE. only checking death certificates will not be sufficient. this has been proven as well (see below HISTORY OF CJD -- CJD QUESTIONNAIRE)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">7. WE must learn from our past mistakes, not continue to make the same mistakes...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">REFERENCES</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Six white-tailed deer fawns test positive for CWD</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">MADISON -- Six fawns in the area of south central Wisconsin where chronic wasting disease has been found in white-tailed deer have tested positive for the disease, according to Department of Natural Resources wildlife health officials. These are the youngest wild white-tailed deer detected with chronic wasting disease (CWD) to date.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Approximately 4,200 fawns, defined as deer under 1 year of age, were sampled from the eradication zone over the last year. The majority of fawns sampled were between the ages of 5 to 9 months, though some were as young as 1 month. Two of the six fawns with CWD detected were 5 to 6 months old. All six of the positive fawns were taken from the core area of the CWD eradication zone where the highest numbers of positive deer have been identified.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/news/on/2003/on20030513.htm#art4 ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">===================================================</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">now, just what is in that deer feed? _ANIMAL PROTEIN_</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Subject: MAD DEER/ELK DISEASE AND POTENTIAL SOURCES </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Date: Sat, 25 May 2002 18:41:46 -0700 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Reply-To: BSE-L </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">To: BSE-L</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">8420-20.5% Antler Developer For Deer and Game in the wild Guaranteed Analysis Ingredients / Products Feeding Directions</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">_animal protein_</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.surefed.com/deer.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.surefed.com/deer.htm</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">BODE'S GAME FEED SUPPLEMENT #400 A RATION FOR DEER NET WEIGHT 50 POUNDS 22.6 KG.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">_animal protein_</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.bodefeed.com/prod7.htm%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.bodefeed.com/prod7.htm </a>;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Ingredients</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Grain Products, Plant Protein Products, Processed Grain By-Products, Forage Products, Roughage Products 15%, Molasses Products, __Animal Protein Products__, Monocalcium Phosphate, Dicalcium Pyosphate, Salt, Calcium Carbonate, Vitamin A Acetate with D-activated Animal Sterol (source of Vitamin D3), Vitamin E Supplement, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Riboflavin Supplement, Niacin Supplement, Calcium Panothenate, Choline Chloride, Folic Acid, Menadione Soduim Bisulfite Complex, Pyridoxine Hydorchloride, Thiamine Mononitrate, d-Biotin, Manganous Oxide, Zinc Oxide, Ferrous Carbonate, Calcium Iodate, Cobalt Carbonate, Dried Sacchoromyces Berevisiae Fermentation Solubles, Cellulose gum, Artificial Flavors added.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.bodefeed.com/prod6.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.bodefeed.com/prod6.htm</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">MORE ANIMAL PROTEIN PRODUCTS FOR DEER</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Bode's #1 Game Pellets A RATION FOR DEER F3153</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">GUARANTEED ANALYSIS Crude Protein (Min) 16% Crude Fat (Min) 2.0% Crude Fiber (Max) 19% Calcium (Ca) (Min) 1.25% Calcium (Ca) (Max) 1.75% Phosphorus (P) (Min) 1.0% Salt (Min) .30% Salt (Max) .70%</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Ingredients</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Grain Products, Plant Protein Products, Processed Grain By-Products, Forage Products, Roughage Products, 15% Molasses Products, __Animal Protein Products__, Monocalcium Phosphate, Dicalcium Phosphate, Salt, Calcium Carbonate, Vitamin A Acetate with D-activated Animal Sterol (source of Vitamin D3) Vitamin E Supplement, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Roboflavin Supplement, Niacin Supplement, Calcium Pantothenate, Choline Chloride, Folic Acid, Menadione Sodium Bisulfite Complex, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Thiamine Mononitrate, e - Biotin, Manganous Oxide, Zinc Oxide, Ferrous Carbonate, Calcium Iodate, Cobalt Carbonate, Dried Saccharyomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Solubles, Cellulose gum, Artificial Flavors added.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">FEEDING DIRECTIONS Feed as Creep Feed with Normal Diet</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.bodefeed.com/prod8.htm%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.bodefeed.com/prod8.htm </a>;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">INGREDIENTS</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Grain Products, Roughage Products (not more than 35%), Processed Grain By-Products, Plant Protein Products, Forage Products, __Animal Protein Products__, L-Lysine, Calcium Carbonate, Salt, Monocalcium/Dicalcium Phosphate, Yeast Culture, Magnesium Oxide, Cobalt Carbonate, Basic Copper Chloride, Manganese Sulfate, Manganous Oxide, Sodium Selenite, Zinc Sulfate, Zinc Oxide, Sodium Selenite, Potassium Iodide, Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide, Vitamin E Supplement, Vitamin A Supplement, Vitamin D3 Supplement, Mineral Oil, Mold Inhibitor, Calcium Lignin Sulfonate, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Menadione Sodium Bisulfite Complex, Calcium Pantothenate, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, Folic Acid, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Mineral Oil, Chromium Tripicolinate</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">DIRECTIONS FOR USE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Deer Builder Pellets is designed to be fed to deer under range conditions or deer that require higher levels of protein. Feed to deer during gestation, fawning, lactation, antler growth and pre-rut, all phases which require a higher level of nutrition. Provide adequate amounts of good quality roughage and fresh water at all times.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.profilenutrition.com/Products/Specialty/deer_builder_pellets.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.profilenutrition.com/Products/Specialty/deer_builder_pellets.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">April 9, 2001 WARNING LETTER</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">01-PHI-12 CERTIFIED MAIL RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Brian J. Raymond, Owner Sandy Lake Mills 26 Mill Street P.O. Box 117 Sandy Lake, PA 16145 PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Tel: 215-597-4390</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Dear Mr. Raymond:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Food and Drug Administration Investigator Gregory E. Beichner conducted an inspection of your animal feed manufacturing operation, located in Sandy Lake, Pennsylvania, on March 23, 2001, and determined that your firm manufactures animal feeds including feeds containing prohibited materials. The inspection found significant deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, code of Federal Regulations, part 589.2000 - Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. The regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) . Such deviations cause products being manufactured at this facility to be misbranded within the meaning of Section 403(f), of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Our investigation found failure to label your swine feed with the required cautionary statement "Do Not Feed to cattle or other Ruminants" The FDA suggests that the statement be distinguished by different type-size or color or other means of highlighting the statement so that it is easily noticed by a purchaser.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">In addition, we note that you are using approximately 140 pounds of cracked corn to flush your mixer used in the manufacture of animal feeds containing prohibited material. This flushed material is fed to wild game including deer, a ruminant animal. Feed material which may potentially contain prohibited material should not be fed to ruminant animals which may become part of the food chain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">The above is not intended to be an all-inclusive list of deviations from the regulations. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use, you are responsible for assuring that your overall operation and the products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. We have enclosed a copy of FDA's Small Entity Compliance Guide to assist you with complying with the regulation... blah, blah, blah...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g1115d.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g1115d.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Subject: MAD DEER/ELK DISEASE AND POTENTIAL SOURCES </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Date: Sat, 25 May 2002 18:41:46 -0700 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">To: <a href="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">now, what about those 'deer scents' of 100% urine', and the prion that is found in urine, why not just pass the prion with the urine to other deer...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Mrs. Doe Pee Doe in Estrus Model FDE1 Mrs. Doe Pee's Doe in Estrus is made from Estrus urine collected at the peak of the rut, blended with Fresh Doe Urine for an extremely effective buck enticer. Use pre-rut before the does come into heat. Use during full rut when bucks are most active. Use during post-rut when bucks are still actively looking for does. 1 oz.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.gamecalls.net/hunting...lures.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.gamecalls.net/hunting...lures.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">ELK SCENT/SPRAY BOTTLE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Works anytime of the year *</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">100 % Cow Elk-in-Heat urine (2oz.) *</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Economical - mix with water in spray mist bottle *</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Use wind to your advantage</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Product Code WP-ESB $9.95</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.elkinc.com/Scent.asp" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.elkinc.com/Scent.asp</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">prions in urine? </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">DEER & ELK URINE, LURES & SCENT CONTROL DEPARTMENT by MRS.DOE PEE'S Main Index</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">The Turkey Pro Sez... "Premium, fresh, top-quality, pure 100% undiluted deer lures from Mrs. Doe Pee really work. I won't trust anything else when I'm after big bucks. Sam Collora, owner of the company, proved how well his products work when he bagged this monster buck in 1996.............snip......end........CWD</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.turkeyhuntingsecrets.com/store/store-luresandscentcontroldept.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.turkeyhuntingsecrets.com/store/store-luresandscentcontroldept.htm</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability </span></div>
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V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD</div>
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FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. Deer and elk not considered at high risk include: (1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...see full text;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></span></div>
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Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle</div>
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Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME.</div>
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The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle...</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a></div>
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THURSDAY, DECEMBER 19, 2019 </div>
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The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/12/the-emergence-of-classical-bse-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/12/the-emergence-of-classical-bse-from.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">America BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, BSE SURVEILLANCE, BSE TESTING, and CJD TSE Prion</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/10/america-bse-5892001-feed-regulations.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/10/america-bse-5892001-feed-regulations.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">MONDAY, JANUARY 09, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">CDC Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Detection of PrPBSE and prion infectivity in the ileal Peyer’s patch of young calves as early as 2 months after oral challenge with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Ivett Ackermann1 , Anne Balkema‑Buschmann1 , Reiner Ulrich2 , Kerstin Tauscher2 , James C. Shawulu1 , Markus Keller1 , Olanrewaju I. Fatola1 , Paul Brown3 and Martin H. Groschup1* </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Abstract </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), an orally acquired prion disease of cattle, the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) represents the main entry port for the BSE agent. In earlier C-BSE pathogenesis studies, cattle at 4–6 months of age were orally challenged, while there are strong indications that the risk of infection is highest in young animals. In the present study, unweaned calves aged 4–6 weeks were orally challenged to determine the earli‑ est time point at which newly formed PrPBSE and BSE infectivity are detectable in the IPP. For this purpose, calves were culled 1 week as well as 2, 4, 6 and 8 months post-infection (mpi) and IPPs were examined for BSE infectivity using a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, and for PrPBSE by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and protein misfolding cyclic amplifcation (PMCA) assays. For the frst time, BSE prions were detected in the IPP as early as 2 mpi by transgenic mouse bioassay and PMCA and 4 mpi by IHC in the follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of the IPP follicles. These data indi‑ cate that BSE prions propagate in the IPP of unweaned calves within 2 months of oral uptake of the agent.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, our study demonstrates for the frst time PrPBSE (by PMCA) and prion infectivity (by mouse bioassay) in the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) of young calves as early as 2 months after infection. From 4 mpi nearly all calves showed PrPBSE positive IPP follicles (by IHC), even with PrPBSE accumulation detectable in FDCs in some animals. Finally, our results confrm the IPP as the early port of entry for the BSE agent and a site of initial propagation of PrPBSE and infectivity during the early pathogenesis of the disease. Terefore, our study supports the recommendation to remove the last four metres of the small intestine (distal ileum) at slaughter, as designated by current legal requirements for countries with a controlled BSE risk status, as an essential measure for consumer and public health protection.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf</a></span></div>
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<em style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit;">PLOS ONE Journal </em></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></span></div>
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***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.<br />
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***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.<br />
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*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: 10pt;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div>
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TUESDAY, DECEMBER 31, 2019 <span style="font-size: 10pt;">In Vitro detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) prions in semen and reproductive tissues of white tailed deer bucks (Odocoileus virginianus)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">SUNDAY, AUGUST 02, 2015 </span>TEXAS CWD, Have you been ThunderStruck, deer semen, straw bred bucks, super ovulation, and the potential TSE Prion connection, what if? </div>
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TUESDAY, DECEMBER 31, 2019 </div>
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Missouri MDC TESTS SHOW SEVEN NEW CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CASES IN SOUTHEAST</div>
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THURSDAY, DECEMBER 19, 2019 </div>
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The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Scrapie Transmits To Pigs By Oral Route, what about the terribly flawed USA tse prion feed ban? </span></span></div>
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New Outbreak of TSE Prion in NEW LIVESTOCK SPECIES</div>
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Mad Camel Disease</div>
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Volume 24, Number 6—June 2018 Research </div>
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Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels, Algeria Abstract</div>
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Prions cause fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in small ruminants, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). After the BSE epidemic, and the associated human infections, began in 1996 in the United Kingdom, general concerns have been raised about animal prions. We detected a prion disease in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria. Symptoms suggesting prion disease occurred in 3.1% of dromedaries brought for slaughter to the Ouargla abattoir in 2015–2016. We confirmed diagnosis by detecting pathognomonic neurodegeneration and disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc) in brain tissues from 3 symptomatic animals. Prion detection in lymphoid tissues is suggestive of the infectious nature of the disease. PrPSc biochemical characterization showed differences with BSE and scrapie. Our identification of this prion disease in a geographically widespread livestock species requires urgent enforcement of surveillance and assessment of the potential risks to human and animal health.</div>
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The possibility that dromedaries acquired the disease from eating prion-contaminated waste needs to be considered.</div>
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Tracing the origin of prion diseases is challenging. In the case of CPD, the traditional extensive and nomadic herding practices of dromedaries represent a formidable factor for accelerating the spread of the disease at long distances, making the path of its diffusion difficult to determine. Finally, the major import flows of live animals to Algeria from Niger, Mali, and Mauritania (27) should be investigated to trace the possible origin of CPD from other countries. Camels are a vital animal species for millions of persons globally. The world camel population has a yearly growth rate of 2.1% (28). In 2014, the population was estimated at ≈28 million animals, but this number is probably underestimated.. Approximately 88% of camels are found in Africa, especially eastern Africa, and 12% are found in Asia. Official data reported 350,000 dromedaries in Algeria in 2014 (28).</div>
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On the basis of phenotypic traits and sociogeographic criteria, several dromedary populations have been suggested to exist in Algeria (29). However, recent genetic studies in Algeria and Egypt point to a weak differentiation of the dromedary population as a consequence of historical use as a cross-continental beast of burden along trans-Saharan caravan routes, coupled with traditional extensive/nomadic herding practices (30).</div>
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Such genetic homogeneity also might be reflected in PRNP. Studies on PRNP variability in camels are therefore warranted to explore the existence of genotypes resistant to CPD, which could represent an important tool for CPD management as it was for breeding programs for scrapie eradication in sheep. In the past 10 years, the camel farming system has changed rapidly, with increasing setup of periurban dairy farms and dairy plants and diversification of camel products and market penetration (13). This evolution requires improved health standards for infectious diseases and, in light of CPD, for prion diseases.</div>
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The emergence of another prion disease in an animal species of crucial importance for millions of persons worldwide makes it necessary to assess the risk for humans and develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals and minimize human exposure. The implementation of a surveillance system for prion diseases would be a first step to enable disease control and minimize human and animal exposure. Finally, the diagnostic capacity of prion diseases needs to be improved in all countries in Africa where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock. </div>
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***> IMPORTS AND EXPORTS <***</div>
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***SEE MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF BANNED ANIMAL PROTEIN AKA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA DECADES AFTER POST BAN ***</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 29, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Variant CJD 18 years of research and surveillance</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://vcjd.blogspot..com/2019/12/variant-cjd-18-years-of-research-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://vcjd.blogspot.com/2019/12/variant-cjd-18-years-of-research-and.html</a></span></div>
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WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 25, 2019 </div>
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a systematic review of global incidence, prevalence, infectivity, and incubation</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">We found that although CJD, particularly iatrogenic CJD, is rare, the incidence of sporadic CJD is increasing.</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-systematic.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-systematic.html</a></div>
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THURSDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2019 </div>
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Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, sporadic spontaneous CJD and the TSE Prion December 14, 2019</div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">22 years, rip mom dod 12/14/97 confirmed hvcjd, just made a promise to mom, and you don't break those promises, never forget, and never let them forget, before we all do...this pearl's for you! love terry</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/heidenhain-variant-creutzfeldt-jakob.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/heidenhain-variant-creutzfeldt-jakob.html</a></div>
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Saturday, November 23, 2019 </div>
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Prion disease incidence in the United States, 2003–2015</div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-92060955509545097162017-11-03T08:14:00.001-07:002017-11-04T10:06:32.194-07:00BSE MAD COW TSE PRION DISEASE PET FOOD FEED IN COMMERCE INDUSTRY VS TERRY S. SINGELTARY Sr. A REVIEW<div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">
''I have a neighbor who is a dairy farmer. He tells me that he knows of several farmers who feed their cattle expired dog food. These farmers are unaware of any dangers posed to their cattle from the pet food contents. For these farmers, the pet food is just another source of protein.''</div>
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Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 200 1 </div>
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From: Law <law> </law></div>
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Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> </bse-l></div>
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Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2001 10:12:47 -0700 </div>
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Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN Parts/Attachments: Parts/Attachments TEXT/PLAIN (33 lines) Reply Reply </div>
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######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> #########</bse-l></div>
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Mr. Gerber has just informed us that it is a problem. So, labeling retail packaging clearly will serve a useful purpose. Ignorance is also no excuse for the Pet Food Institute and its members.</div>
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Jim Law Oregon State University</div>
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On Fri, 17 Aug 2001, Cook, Nancy wrote:</div>
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> ######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> ######### ></bse-l></div>
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> Todd, very few farmers have ever fed products from retail packaging (pretty </div>
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> darn labor intensive)...labels therefore serve no useful puppies. Bulk </div>
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> products must be labeled "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants". When a </div>
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> shipper does not label, or when a broker doesn't label , or when a farmer </div>
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> feeds the least expensive feed, the product packaged for use in the home </div>
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> should not be held liable. Ignorance is no excuse on this issue, as </div>
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> information has been widely distributed. Educating individual farmers when </div>
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> needed is one way to help, and if you're not part of the solution, you're </div>
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> part of the problem. </div>
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> > > Nancy K. Cook </div>
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> Pet Food Institute > 2025 M Street, Suite 800 > Washington, DC 20036 > 202-367-1120 > 202-367-2120 (fax) ></div>
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Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 200 1 </div>
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From: "Cook, Nancy" <nancy_cook> </nancy_cook></div>
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Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2001 10:07:44 -0400 Content-Type: text/plain Parts/Attachments: Parts/Attachments text/plain (239 lines) Reply Reply</div>
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Sorry, word check spelled "purpose" as "puppies" "labels therefore serve no useful puppies" Puppies aren't the problem! The issue is that labeling on consumer packaging serves no useful purpose and very well may cause unfounded concerns.. </div>
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Nancy K. Cook Pet Food Institute 2025 M Street, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 202-367-1120 202-367-2120 (fax) </div>
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Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER </div>
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July 20, 200 1 From: "Cook, Nancy" <nancy_cook> </nancy_cook></div>
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Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2001 10:02:35 -0400 </div>
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Todd, very few farmers have ever fed products from retail packaging (pretty darn labor intensive)...labels therefore serve no useful puppies. Bulk products must be labeled "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants". When a shipper does not label, or when a broker doesn't label , or when a farmer feeds the least expensive feed, the product packaged for use in the home should not be held liable. Ignorance is no excuse on this issue, as information has been widely distributed. Educating individual farmers when needed is one way to help, and if you're not part of the solution, you're part of the problem. </div>
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Nancy K. Cook Pet Food Institute 2025 M Street, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 202-367-1120 202-367-2120 (fax) </div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">-----Original Message----- </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">From: Todd M. Gerber [mailto:tmg02@HEALTH.STATE.NY.US] </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sent: Friday, August 17, 2001 9:48 AM </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 200 1 </span></div>
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I'm not sure that educating farmers on an individual level is the appropriate solution to a systemic problem. If there is one farmer (or several according to him) feeding dog food to dairy herds, then there are probably many more engaged in the same practice. The point is that you can say that feed is labelled as "dog food" or "chicken food" or "pig food", but that does not mean that it will only be used to feed dogs, chickens or pigs.</div>
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At the very least, the packages should have warning labels about the risks associated with inappropriate use.</div>
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--Todd</div>
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"Cook, Nancy" <nancy_cook>@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE> on 08/17/2001 09:22:00 AM</nancy_cook></div>
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Please respond to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l></bse-l></div>
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Sent by: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> </bse-l></div>
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To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE cc: Subject: Re: [BSE-L] MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 200 1 </div>
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######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> #########</bse-l></div>
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Todd, your neighbor must have not read anything about BSE for the last four years! And, you could certainly help him by giving him the facts. The FDA rule, CFR 589.2000, specifically lists pet food as one of those materials for special handling, and the National Milk Producers Federation has been working to educate its members about this issue. Pet foods are "restricted use" products for animals other than dogs and cats. Please pass this info along to your neighbor! Don't feed pet food to cattle! </div>
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Nancy K. Cook Pet Food Institute 2025 M Street, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 202-367-1120 202-367-2120 (fax) </div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">-----Original Message----- </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">From: Todd M. Gerber [mailto:tmg02@HEALTH.STATE.NY.US] </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sent: Friday, August 17, 2001 8:57 AM </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 200 1 </span></div>
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I have a neighbor who is a dairy farmer. He tells me that he knows of several farmers who feed their cattle expired dog food. These farmers are unaware of any dangers posed to their cattle from the pet food contents. For these farmers, the pet food is just another source of protein.</div>
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Todd Gerber </div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20,200 1 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder> </flounder></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> </bse-l></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2001 09:27:27 -0700 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Content-Type: text/plain Parts/Attachments: Parts/Attachments text/plain (223 lines) Reply Reply </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> #########</bse-l></span></div>
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Greetings Todd, Nancy, Robert, and other List Members,</div>
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i sat in on the June 9, 2001 emergency BSE Conference call between the 50 states. believe me when i tell you, most of the farmers are ignorant to the ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban, and the others simply refuse to understand the true risk, and refuse to adhere to the rules. the FDA cannot enforce, so the next best thing we can hope for, is that the cows, pigs, deer elk and chickens take a reading course, so they themselves can read the labels, because the farmers cannot, and others simply will not. most folks just do not take this seriously in 2001.</div>
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i remember one of the recent news reports on T.V. and they were interviewing some cowboy at a auction house where his cattle were being auctioned. typical cowboy, big, fat, and had a big chew in his mouth. the auctioneer was doing his thing, and the news reporter walked up to this cowboy and asked him what he thought of the madcow problem. he said, ''awe, they just maken this stuff up''. simply put, he did not believe it existed. i am afraid that this is the way many of the cowboys/ranchers think. This is a frightening thought, and this is still happening in 2001. SO, we are better off teaching all farm animals to read...</div>
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Subject: BSE 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL thread from BSE List and FDA Posting of cut version...</div>
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<a href="http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div>
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Kind Regards, Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA </div>
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"Todd M. Gerber" wrote: </div>
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> > ######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> ######### </bse-l></div>
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> > I'm not sure that educating farmers on an individual level is the </div>
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> appropriate solution to a systemic problem. If there is one farmer (or </div>
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> several according to him) feeding dog food to dairy herds, then there are </div>
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> probably many more engaged in the same practice. The point is that you can </div>
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> say that feed is labelled as "dog food" or "chicken food" or "pig food", </div>
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> but that does not mean that it will only be used to feed dogs, chickens or </div>
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> pigs. </div>
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> > At the very least, the packages should have warning labels about the risks </div>
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> associated with inappropriate use. </div>
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> > --Todd </div>
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> > "Cook, Nancy" <nancy_cook>@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE> </nancy_cook></div>
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on 08/17/2001 > 09:22:00 AM </div>
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> > Please respond to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l div=""></bse-l><br />
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> > > Sent by: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l div=""></bse-l><br />
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> > > To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE </div>
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> cc: </div>
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> Subject: Re: [BSE-L] MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July </div>
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> 20, 200 1 </div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > Todd, your neighbor must have not read anything about BSE for the last four </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> years! And, you could certainly help him by giving him the facts. The FDA </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> rule, CFR 589.2000, specifically lists pet food as one of those materials </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> for special handling, and the National Milk Producers Federation has been </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> working to educate its members about this issue. Pet foods are "restricted </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> use" products for animals other than dogs and cats. Please pass this info </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> along to your neighbor! Don't feed pet food to cattle! </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > Nancy K. Cook </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> Pet Food Institute </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> 2025 M Street, Suite 800 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> Washington, DC 20036 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> 202-367-1120 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> 202-367-2120 (fax) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > -----Original Message----- </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> From: Todd M. Gerber [mailto:tmg02@HEALTH.STATE.NY.US] </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> Sent: Friday, August 17, 2001 8:57 AM </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, > 200 1 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > ######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> > ######### </bse-l></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > I have a neighbor who is a dairy farmer. He tells me that he knows of </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> several farmers who feed their cattle expired dog food. These farmers are </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> unaware of any dangers posed to their cattle from the pet food contents. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> For these farmers, the pet food is just another source of protein. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > Todd Gerber </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > "Cook, Nancy" </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><nancy_cook span=""></nancy_cook></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">>@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> on 08/16/2001 > 01:52:58 PM </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > Please respond to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > Sent by: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> </bse-l></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE > cc: </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> Subject: Re: [BSE-L] MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> 20, 200 1 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > ######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> > ######### </bse-l></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > Robert, just wanted to comment on your request that the "Do not feed to </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> Cattle or other Ruminants" statement be placed on all animal feeds. In </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> 1997, we undertook a broad, five city survey to determine what effect that </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> statement might have in the marketplace if it occurred on pet food labels. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > Overwhelmingly, and in all locations, an immediate and severe effect was </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> projected, not only into pet food, but into the Meat Counter as well, as </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> people struggled with the idea that "if it's not good for ruminants </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> (whatever they are?), why should I feed it to my pets, and oh, by the way, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> why should I eat beef at all if it's a problem?" </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > The Office of Management and Budget agreed with our findings and advised </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> FDA </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> that the labeling was not needed on pet food for retail sale or for </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> laboratory animal feed. However, salvage products are required to bear the </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> statement, since those products are often used for swine feed. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > In most states, pets are classified as dogs and cats. Specialty pets are </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> other caged and "aquariumed" critters. Horses and rabbits are classified</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> > as </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> livestock. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > Hope this is helpful. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > Nancy K. Cook </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> Pet Food Institute </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> 2025 M Street, Suite 800 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> Washington, DC 20036 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> 202-367-1120 > 202-367-2120 (fax) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > -----Original Message----- </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> From: Robert A. LaBudde [mailto:ral@LCFLTD.COM] </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> Sent: Tuesday, August 14, 2001 11:43 PM </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> 2001 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > ######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> > ######### </bse-l></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > At 01:41 PM 8/14/01 -0700, Terry wrote: </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICE > > </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >July 20, 2001 > </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">><snip> </snip></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >Our Investigator reported a telephone discussion with Mr. Barry G. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >Harrison who identified himself as the Corporate Counsel of the Farnam </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >Companies, Inc. During this discussion Mr. Harrison, reportedly, claimed </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >the products in question are exempt from the cautionary statement </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >requirement. This claimed exemption is based on the fact the products </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >are intended only for the equine market and your firm defines horses as </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >pets. We cannot accept this claimed exemption because while some horses </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >may be held as pets, horses are also working animals and in some parts </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >of North America, food animals. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > > >Based on our knowledge of working ranches, horse feed is often stored in </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >the same general area as ruminant feed making a conspicuous cautionary </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >statenmit vital on feeds and supplements, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> >containing prohibited materials. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > Terry: </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > Perhaps you should pester FDA about this "loophole". Apparently, "pet food" </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> does not have to bear the warning labels specified for food animals. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > I can't see any serious objection to expanding the label requirement to ALL </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> animal food, not just food animals. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > Also, horses are "ruminants", so it's disturbing that they might escape the </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> feed ban by being classified as "pets". Another good reason to extend the </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> warning labels and regulation to all animal foods. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > Perhaps you could submit a request for ruling to the FDA on this issue to </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> propose amending the regulation to include all animal foods, including pet </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> foods.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > ================================================================ </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> Robert A. LaBudde, PhD, PAS, Dpl. ACAFS e-mail: ral@lcfltd.com </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> Least Cost Formulations, Ltd. URL: http://lcfltd.com/ </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> 824 Timberlake Drive Tel: 757-467-0954 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> Virginia Beach, VA 23464-3239 Fax: 757-467-2947 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> > "Vere scire est per causas scire" </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">================================================================ </span></div>
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Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 200 1 </div>
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From: "Cook, Nancy" <nancy_cook> </nancy_cook></div>
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Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> </bse-l></div>
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Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2001 09:22:00 -0400 Content-Type: text/plain Parts/Attachments: Parts/Attachments text/plain (170 lines) </div>
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Reply Reply ######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> #########</bse-l></div>
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Todd, your neighbor must have not read anything about BSE for the last four years! And, you could certainly help him by giving him the facts. The FDA rule, CFR 589.2000, specifically lists pet food as one of those materials for special handling, and the National Milk Producers Federation has been working to educate its members about this issue. Pet foods are "restricted use" products for animals other than dogs and cats. Please pass this info along to your neighbor! Don't feed pet food to cattle! </div>
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Nancy K. Cook Pet Food Institute 2025 M Street, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 202-367-1120 202-367-2120 (fax) </div>
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-----Original Message----- From: Todd M. Gerber [mailto:tmg02@HEALTH.STATE.NY.US] Sent: Friday, August 17, 2001 8:57 AM To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 200 1 </div>
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I have a neighbor who is a dairy farmer. He tells me that he knows of several farmers who feed their cattle expired dog food. These farmers are unaware of any dangers posed to their cattle from the pet food contents. For these farmers, the pet food is just another source of protein.</div>
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Todd Gerber</div>
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"Cook, Nancy" <nancy_cook>@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE> on 08/16/2001 01:52:58 PM</nancy_cook></div>
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Please respond to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l></bse-l></div>
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To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE cc: Subject: Re: [BSE-L] MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 200 1 </div>
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Robert, just wanted to comment on your request that the "Do not feed to Cattle or other Ruminants" statement be placed on all animal feeds. In 1997, we undertook a broad, five city survey to determine what effect that statement might have in the marketplace if it occurred on pet food labels.</div>
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Overwhelmingly, and in all locations, an immediate and severe effect was projected, not only into pet food, but into the Meat Counter as well, as people struggled with the idea that "if it's not good for ruminants (whatever they are?), why should I feed it to my pets, and oh, by the way, why should I eat beef at all if it's a problem?"</div>
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The Office of Management and Budget agreed with our findings and advised FDA that the labeling was not needed on pet food for retail sale or for laboratory animal feed. However, salvage products are required to bear the statement, since those products are often used for swine feed.</div>
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In most states, pets are classified as dogs and cats. Specialty pets are other caged and "aquariumed" critters. Horses and rabbits are classified as livestock.</div>
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Hope this is helpful. </div>
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Nancy K. Cook Pet Food Institute 2025 M Street, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 202-367-1120 202-367-2120 (fax) </div>
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-----Original Message----- </div>
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From: Robert A. LaBudde [mailto:ral@LCFLTD.COM] </div>
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Sent: Tuesday, August 14, 2001 11:43 PM </div>
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To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE </div>
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Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 2001 </div>
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> ######### At 01:41 PM 8/14/01 -0700, Terry wrote: </div>
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>DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICE </div>
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> >July 20, 2001 ></div>
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>Our Investigator reported a telephone discussion with Mr. Barry G. </div>
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>Harrison who identified himself as the Corporate Counsel of the Farnam </div>
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>Companies, Inc. During this discussion Mr. Harrison, reportedly, claimed </div>
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>the products in question are exempt from the cautionary statement </div>
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>requirement. This claimed exemption is based on the fact the products </div>
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>are intended only for the equine market and your firm defines horses as </div>
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>pets. We cannot accept this claimed exemption because while some horses </div>
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>may be held as pets, horses are also working animals and in some parts </div>
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>of North America, food animals. </div>
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> >Based on our knowledge of working ranches, horse feed is often stored in </div>
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>the same general area as ruminant feed making a conspicuous cautionary </div>
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>statenmit vital on feeds and supplements, </div>
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>containing prohibited materials.</div>
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Terry:</div>
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Perhaps you should pester FDA about this "loophole". Apparently, "pet food" does not have to bear the warning labels specified for food animals.</div>
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I can't see any serious objection to expanding the label requirement to ALL animal food, not just food animals.</div>
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Also, horses are "ruminants", so it's disturbing that they might escape the feed ban by being classified as "pets". Another good reason to extend the warning labels and regulation to all animal foods.</div>
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Perhaps you could submit a request for ruling to the FDA on this issue to propose amending the regulation to include all animal foods, including pet foods.</div>
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Robert A. LaBudde, PhD, PAS, Dpl. ACAFS e-mail: ral@lcfltd.com Least Cost Formulations, Ltd. URL: http://lcfltd.com/ 824 Timberlake Drive Tel: 757-467-0954 Virginia Beach, VA 23464-3239 Fax: 757-467-2947</div>
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"Vere scire est per causas scire" </div>
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Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 200 1 </div>
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From: "Todd M. Gerber" <tmg02 div=""></tmg02><br />
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> Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> </bse-l></div>
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Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2001 08:57:21 -0400 Content-Type: text/plain Parts/Attachments: Parts/Attachments text/plain (136 lines) </div>
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Reply Reply ######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> #########</bse-l></div>
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I have a neighbor who is a dairy farmer. He tells me that he knows of several farmers who feed their cattle expired dog food. These farmers are unaware of any dangers posed to their cattle from the pet food contents. For these farmers, the pet food is just another source of protein.</div>
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Todd Gerber </div>
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"Cook, Nancy" <nancy_cook>@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE> on 08/16/2001 01:52:58 PM</nancy_cook></div>
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Please respond to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l></bse-l></div>
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Sent by: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> </bse-l></div>
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To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE cc: Subject: Re: [BSE-L] MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 200 1 </div>
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Robert, just wanted to comment on your request that the "Do not feed to Cattle or other Ruminants" statement be placed on all animal feeds. In 1997, we undertook a broad, five city survey to determine what effect that statement might have in the marketplace if it occurred on pet food labels.</div>
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Overwhelmingly, and in all locations, an immediate and severe effect was projected, not only into pet food, but into the Meat Counter as well, as people struggled with the idea that "if it's not good for ruminants (whatever they are?), why should I feed it to my pets, and oh, by the way, why should I eat beef at all if it's a problem?"</div>
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The Office of Management and Budget agreed with our findings and advised FDA that the labeling was not needed on pet food for retail sale or for laboratory animal feed. However, salvage products are required to bear the statement, since those products are often used for swine feed.</div>
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In most states, pets are classified as dogs and cats. Specialty pets are other caged and "aquariumed" critters. Horses and rabbits are classified as livestock.</div>
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Hope this is helpful. </div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Nancy K. Cook Pet Food Institute 2025 M Street, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 202-367-1120 202-367-2120 (fax) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">-----Original Message----- </span></div>
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From: Robert A. LaBudde [mailto:ral@LCFLTD.COM] </div>
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Sent: Tuesday, August 14, 2001 11:43 PM </div>
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To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE Subject: </div>
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Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 2001 </div>
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At 01:41 PM 8/14/01 -0700, Terry wrote: </div>
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>DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICE </div>
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> >July 20, 2001 ></div>
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>Our Investigator reported a telephone discussion with Mr. Barry G. </div>
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>Harrison who identified himself as the Corporate Counsel of the Farnam </div>
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>Companies, Inc. During this discussion Mr. Harrison, reportedly, claimed >the products in question are exempt from the cautionary statement </div>
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>requirement. This claimed exemption is based on the fact the products >are intended only for the equine market and your firm defines horses as </div>
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>pets. We cannot accept this claimed exemption because while some horses </div>
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>may be held as pets, horses are also working animals and in some parts </div>
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<div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">
>of North America, food animals. </div>
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<div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">
> <span style="font-size: 10pt;">>Based on our knowledge of working ranches, horse feed is often stored in </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">>the same general area as ruminant feed making a conspicuous cautionary </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">>statenmit vital on feeds and supplements, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">>containing prohibited materials.</span></div>
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Terry:</div>
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Perhaps you should pester FDA about this "loophole". Apparently, "pet food" does not have to bear the warning labels specified for food animals.</div>
<div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">
I can't see any serious objection to expanding the label requirement to ALL animal food, not just food animals.</div>
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Also, horses are "ruminants", so it's disturbing that they might escape the feed ban by being classified as "pets". Another good reason to extend the warning labels and regulation to all animal foods.</div>
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Perhaps you could submit a request for ruling to the FDA on this issue to propose amending the regulation to include all animal foods, including pet foods.</div>
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================================================================ Robert A. LaBudde, PhD, PAS, Dpl. ACAFS e-mail: ral@lcfltd.com Least Cost Formulations, Ltd. URL: http://lcfltd.com/ 824 Timberlake Drive Tel: 757-467-0954 Virginia Beach, VA 23464-3239 Fax: 757-467-2947</div>
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"Vere scire est per causas scire" ================================================================</div>
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Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 200 1 </div>
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From: "Cook, Nancy" <nancy_cook> </nancy_cook></div>
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Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> </bse-l></div>
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Date: Thu, 16 Aug 2001 13:52:58 -0400 Content-Type: text/plain Parts/Attachments: Parts/Attachments text/plain (98 lines) </div>
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Robert, just wanted to comment on your request that the "Do not feed to Cattle or other Ruminants" statement be placed on all animal feeds. In 1997, we undertook a broad, five city survey to determine what effect that statement might have in the marketplace if it occurred on pet food labels.</div>
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Overwhelmingly, and in all locations, an immediate and severe effect was projected, not only into pet food, but into the Meat Counter as well, as people struggled with the idea that "if it's not good for ruminants (whatever they are?), why should I feed it to my pets, and oh, by the way, why should I eat beef at all if it's a problem?"</div>
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The Office of Management and Budget agreed with our findings and advised FDA that the labeling was not needed on pet food for retail sale or for laboratory animal feed. However, salvage products are required to bear the statement, since those products are often used for swine feed.</div>
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In most states, pets are classified as dogs and cats. Specialty pets are other caged and "aquariumed" critters. Horses and rabbits are classified as livestock.</div>
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Hope this is helpful. </div>
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Nancy K. Cook Pet Food Institute 2025 M Street, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 202-367-1120 202-367-2120 (fax) </div>
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-----Original Message----- </div>
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From: Robert A. LaBudde [mailto:ral@LCFLTD.COM] </div>
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Sent: Tuesday, August 14, 2001 11:43 PM </div>
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To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE </div>
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Subject: Re: MAD COW/HORSE FEED BAN VIOLATIONS WARNING LETTER July 20, 2001 </div>
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At 01:41 PM 8/14/01 -0700, Terry wrote: >DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICE > >July 20, 2001</div>
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>Our Investigator reported a telephone discussion with Mr. Barry G. </div>
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>Harrison who identified himself as the Corporate Counsel of the Farnam </div>
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>Companies, Inc. During this discussion Mr. Harrison, reportedly, claimed </div>
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>the products in question are exempt from the cautionary statement </div>
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>requirement. This claimed exemption is based on the fact the products </div>
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>are intended only for the equine market and your firm defines horses as </div>
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>pets. We cannot accept this claimed exemption because while some horses </div>
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>may be held as pets, horses are also working animals and in some parts </div>
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>of North America, food animals. > >Based on our knowledge of working ranches, horse feed is often stored in >the same general area as ruminant feed making a conspicuous cautionary </div>
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>statenmit vital on feeds and supplements, >containing prohibited materials.</div>
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Terry:</div>
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Perhaps you should pester FDA about this "loophole". Apparently, "pet food" does not have to bear the warning labels specified for food animals.</div>
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I can't see any serious objection to expanding the label requirement to ALL animal food, not just food animals.</div>
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Also, horses are "ruminants", so it's disturbing that they might escape the feed ban by being classified as "pets". Another good reason to extend the warning labels and regulation to all animal foods.</div>
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Perhaps you could submit a request for ruling to the FDA on this issue to propose amending the regulation to include all animal foods, including pet foods.</div>
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================================================================ </div>
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Robert A. LaBudde, PhD, PAS, Dpl. ACAFS e-mail: ral@lcfltd.com Least Cost Formulations, Ltd. URL: http://lcfltd.com/ 824 Timberlake Drive Tel: 757-467-0954 Virginia Beach, VA 23464-3239 Fax: 757-467-2947</div>
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"Vere scire est per causas scire" ================================================================</div>
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Subject: Re: Americans sue FDA and CDC over reporting, blood, pork, CWD lo opholes </div>
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From: "Cook, Nancy" <nancy_cook dc.sba.com=""> </nancy_cook></div>
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Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <bse-l> </bse-l></div>
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Date: Thu, 7 Jan 1999 15:27:58 -0500 </div>
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Content-Type: text/plain Parts/Attachments: Parts/Attachments text/plain (60 lines) Reply Reply </div>
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Once again, it's interesting to note that the press does not (cannot, will not?) understand the difference between nv-CJD and CJD, especially when their sources find it in their best interest to allow confusion to continue and cause more confusion and worry. Nancy K. Cook Pet Food Institute</div>
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-----Original Message----- </div>
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From: tom [SMTP:tom@cyber-dyne.com] </div>
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Sent: Thursday, January 07, 1999 3:06 PM </div>
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To: Multiple recipients of list BSE-L Subject: Americans sue FDA and CDC over reporting, blood, pork, CWD loopholes</div>
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<a href="http://www.cyber-dyne.com/~tom/jan99_petition.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.cyber-dyne.com/~tom/jan99_petition.html</a></div>
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I posted the full test of both petitions with hot-linked index plus some associated press releases and newstories. They were filed yesterday by several citizens' groups and family members of CJD victims. By some reports it is the front page story on the international edition of USA Today. A summary says:</div>
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"The first legal petition demands that the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) aggressively look for CJD in humans and make CJD a reportable and monitored disease. This petition is also being filed in all fifty states with the appropriate state health officials.</div>
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The second legal petition demands that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) close serious loopholes in U.S. animal feed regulations which currently allow types of cannibalistic feeding practices known to cause and spread 'mad cow' type diseases in animals and humans. For instance, current U.S. regulations allow calves to be fed milk replacer containing cattle blood protein, and pigs to be fed back to pigs and cattle. U.S. sheep infected with scrapie, a 'mad cow' type disease, can be used for pet and pig feed in the U.S.</div>
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Commenting on today's legal actions Bradley Miller, National Director of the Humane Farming Association stated, "TSEs represent a potentially devastating threat to both human and animal health. Our government's response to date has been shamefully inadequate. These legal actions provide a blueprint by which federal and state agencies can act decisively to prevent a TSE epidemic in this country."</div>
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Dr. Michael Hansen, Research Associate of Consumer's Union commented, "The current increase of TSEs in wildlife and humans shows that the time for effective prevention may be running out. The federal agencies must immediately take action to avert what could become a very significant public health problem."</div>
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Andrew Kimbrell, public interest attorney and Director of the Center for Food Safety stated, "Given what we know now, it is unconscionable that the CDC is not strictly monitoring this disease, and that the FDA is still allowing the feeding of blood and other animal by-products to animals. The federal agencies are obviously putting the interests of agribusiness companies ahead of their duty to protect the public from this terrible and fatal group of diseases. We will go to court if necessary to ensure that the agencies do their job in protecting human health and animal welfare." </div>
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tom</div>
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IN CONFIDENCE</div>
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SUSPECT BSE IN A HORSE</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415052226/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090114125643/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/05/14010001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web.archive.org/web/20170415052226/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090114125643/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/05/14010001.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415061648/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/06/26009001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web.archive.org/web/20170415061648/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/06/26009001.pdf</a></div>
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You will wish to be aware that on Thursday afternoon 25 June the T/DVO Powys received a phone call from a veterinary Surgeon reporting his suspicion that a horse had contracted BSE after having been fed cattle cake. The clinical symptoms described were similar to those shown by cattle there being a similar case some months ago on the same premises.</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415052756/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/06/26010001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web.archive.org/web/20170415052756/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/06/26010001.pdf</a></div>
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*** DEFRA TO SINGELTARY ON HOUND STUDY AND BSE 2001 ***<br />
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DEFRA Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs<br />
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Area 307, London, SW1P 4PQ Telephone: 0207 904 6000 Direct line: 0207 904 6287 E-mail: h.mcdonagh.defra.gsi.gov.uk<br />
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GTN: FAX:<br />
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Mr T S Singeltary P.O. Box 42 Bacliff Texas USA 77518<br />
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21 November 2001<br />
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Dear Mr Singeltary<br />
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TSE IN HOUNDS<br />
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Thank you for e-mail regarding the hounds survey. I am sorry for the long delay in responding.</div>
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As you note, the hound survey remains unpublished. However the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC), the UK Government's independent Advisory Committee on all aspects related to BSE-like disease, gave the hound study detailed consideration at their meeting in January 1994. As a summary of this meeting published in the BSE inquiry noted, the Committee were clearly concerned about the work that had been carried out, concluding that there had clearly been problems with it, particularly the control on the histology, and that it was more or less inconclusive. However was agreed that there should be a re-evaluation of the pathological material in the study.</div>
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Later, at their meeting in June 95, The Committee re-evaluated the hound study to see if any useful results could be gained from it. The Chairman concluded that there were varying opinions within the Committee on further work. It did not suggest any further transmission studies and thought that the lack of clinical data was a major weakness.<br />
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Overall, it is clear that SEAC had major concerns about the survey as conducted. As a result it is likely that the authors felt that it would not stand up to r~eer review and hence it was never published. As noted above, and in the detailed minutes of the SEAC meeting in June 95, SEAC considered whether additional work should be performed to examine dogs for evidence of TSE infection. Although the Committee had mixed views about the merits of conducting further work, the Chairman noted that when the Southwood Committee made their recommendation to complete an assessment of possible spongiform disease in dogs, no TSEs had been identified in other species and hence dogs were perceived as a high risk population and worthy of study. However subsequent to the original recommendation, made in 1990, a number of other species had been identified with TSE ( e.g. cats) so a study in hounds was less</div>
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critical. For more details see- <a href="http://www.bseinquiry/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry</a>.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf</div>
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As this study remains unpublished, my understanding is that the ownership of the data essentially remains with the original researchers. Thus unfortunately, I am unable to help with your request to supply information on the hound survey directly. My only suggestion is that you contact one of the researchers originally involved in the project, such as Gerald Wells. He can be contacted at the following address.<br />
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Dr Gerald Wells, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT 15 3NB, UK</div>
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You may also wish to be aware that since November 1994 all suspected cases of spongiform encephalopathy in animals and poultry were made notifiable. Hence since that date there has been a requirement for vets to report any suspect SE in dogs for further investigation. To date there has never been positive identification of a TSE in a dog.<br />
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I hope this is helpful<br />
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Yours sincerely 4<br />
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HUGH MCDONAGH BSE CORRESPONDENCE SECTION<br />
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HOUND SURVEY<br />
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I am sorry, but I really could have been a co-signatory of Gerald's minute.<br />
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I do NOT think that we can justify devoting any resources to this study, especially as larger and more important projects such as the pathogenesis study will be quite demanding.<br />
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If there is a POLITICAL need to continue with the examination of hound brains then it should be passed entirely to the VI Service.<br />
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J W WILESMITH Epidemiology Unit 18 October 1991<br />
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Mr. R Bradley<br />
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cc: Mr. G A H Wells<br />
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3.3. Mr R J Higgins in conjunction with Mr G A Wells and Mr A C Scott would by the end of the year, indentify the three brains that were from the ''POSITIVE'' end of the lesion spectrum.<br />
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TSE in dogs have not been documented simply because OF THE ONLY STUDY, those brain tissue samples were screwed up too. see my investigation of this here, and to follow, later follow up, a letter from defra, AND SEE SUSPICIOUS BRAIN TISSUE SAF's. ...TSS<br />
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<a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_late_news.html#ggg" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_late_news.html#ggg</a><br />
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TSE & HOUNDS<br />
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GAH WELLS (very important statement here...TSS)<br />
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AS implied in the Inset 25 we must not _ASSUME_ that transmission of BSE to other species will invariably present pathology typical of a scrapie-like disease.<br />
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76 pages on hound study;<br />
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The spongiform changes were not pathognomonic (ie. conclusive proof) for prion disease, as they were atypical, being largely present in white matter rather than grey matter in the brain and spinal cord. However, Tony Scott, then head of electron microscopy work on TSEs, had no doubt that these SAFs were genuine and that these hounds therefore must have had a scrapie-like disease. I reviewed all the sections myself (original notes appended) and although the pathology was not typical, I could not exclude the possibility that this was a scrapie-like disorder, as white matter vacuolation is seen in TSEs and Wallerian degeneration was also present in the white matter of the hounds, another feature of scrapie.<br />
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38.I reviewed the literature on hound neuropathology, and discovered that micrographs and descriptive neuropathology from papers on 'hound ataxia' mirrored those in material from Robert Higgins' hound survey. Dr Tony Palmer (Cambridge) had done much of this work, and I obtained original sections from hound ataxia cases from him. This enabled me provisionally to conclude that Robert Higgins had in all probability detected hound ataxia, but also that hound ataxia itself was possibly a TSE. Gerald Wells confirmed in 'blind' examination of single restricted microscopic fields that there was no distinction between the white matter vacuolation present in BSE and scrapie cases, and that occurring in hound ataxia and the hound survey cases.<br />
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39.Hound ataxia had reportedly been occurring since the 1930's, and a known risk factor for its development was the feeding to hounds of downer cows, and particularly bovine offal. Circumstantial evidence suggests that bovine offal may also be causal in FSE, and TME in mink. Despite the inconclusive nature of the neuropathology, it was clearly evident that this putative canine spongiform encephalopathy merited further investigation.<br />
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40.The inconclusive results in hounds were never confirmed, nor was the link with hound ataxia pursued. I telephoned Robert Higgins six years after he first sent the slides to CVL. I was informed that despite his submitting a yearly report to the CVO including the suggestion that the hound work be continued, no further work had been done since 1991. This was surprising, to say the very least.</div>
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41.The hound work could have provided valuable evidence that a scrapie-like agent may have been present in cattle offal long before the BSE epidemic was recognised. The MAFF hound survey remains unpublished.<br />
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Histopathological support to various other published MAFF experiments<br />
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42.These included neuropathological examination of material from experiments studying the attempted transmission of BSE to chickens and pigs (CVL 1991) and to mice (RVC 1994).<br />
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see this link;<br />
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It was thought likely that at least some, and probably all, of the cases in zoo animals were caused by the BSE agent. Strong support for this hypothesis came from the findings of Bruce and others (1994) ( Bruce, M.E., Chree, A., McConnell, I., Foster, J., Pearson, G. & Fraser, H. (1994) Transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie to mice: strain variation and species barrier. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 343, 405-411: J/PTRSL/343/405 ), who demonstrated that the pattern of variation in incubation period and lesion profile in six strains of mice inoculated with brain homogenates from an affected kudu and the nyala, was similar to that seen when this panel of mouse strains was inoculated with brain from cattle with BSE. The affected zoo bovids were all from herds that were exposed to feeds that were likely to have contained contaminated ruminant-derived protein and the zoo felids had been exposed, if only occasionally in some cases, to tissues from cattle unfit for human consumption.<br />
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OR-09: Canine spongiform encephalopathy—A new form of animal prion disease</div>
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Monique David, Mourad Tayebi UT Health; Houston, TX USA<br />
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It was also hypothesized that BSE might have originated from an unrecognized sporadic or genetic case of bovine prion disease incorporated into cattle feed or even cattle feed contaminated with prion-infected human remains.1 However, strong support for a genetic origin of BSE has recently been demonstrated in an H-type BSE case exhibiting the novel mutation E211K.2 Furthermore, a specific prion protein strain causing BSE in cattle is believed to be the etiological agent responsible for the novel human prion disease, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).3 Cases of vCJD have been identified in a number countries, including France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Canada, Japan, US and the UK with the largest number of cases. Naturally occurring feline spongiform encephalopathy of domestic cats4 and spongiform encephalopathies of a number of zoo animals so-called exotic ungulate encephalopathies5,6 are also recognized as animal prion diseases, and are thought to have resulted from the same BSE-contaminated food given to cattle and humans, although and at least in some of these cases, a sporadic and/or genetic etiology cannot be ruled out. The canine species seems to display resistance to prion disease and no single case has so far been reported.7,8 Here, we describe a case of a 9 week old male Rottweiler puppy presenting neurological deficits; and histological examination revealed spongiform vacuolation characteristic of those associated with prion diseases.9 Initial biochemical studies using anti-PrP antibodies revealed the presence of partially proteinase K-resistant fragment by western blotting. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed spongiform degeneration consistent with those found in prion disease and displayed staining for PrPSc in the cortex.<br />
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Of major importance, PrPSc isolated from the Rottweiler was able to cross the species barrier transmitted to hamster in vitro with PMCA and in vivo (one hamster out of 5). Futhermore, second in vivo passage to hamsters, led to 100% attack rate (n = 4) and animals displayed untypical lesional profile and shorter incubation period.<br />
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In this study, we show that the canine species might be sensitive to prion disease and that PrPSc isolated from a dog can be transmitted to dogs and hamsters in vitro using PMCA and in vivo to hamsters.<br />
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If our preliminary results are confirmed, the proposal will have a major impact on animal and public health and would certainly lead to implementing new control measures for ‘canine spongiform encephalopathy’ (CSE).<br />
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References 1. Colchester AC, Colchester NT. The origin of bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the human prion disease hypothesis. Lancet 2005; 366:856-61; PMID:16139661; <a href="http://%20dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67218-2" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67218-2</a>.<br />
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2. Richt JA, Hall SM. BSE case associated with prion protein gene mutation. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000156; PMID:18787697; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal</a>. ppat.1000156.<br />
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3. Collinge J. Human prion diseases and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Hum Mol Genet 1997; 6:1699-705; PMID:9300662; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/</a> hmg/6.10.1699.<br />
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4. Wyatt JM, Pearson GR, Smerdon TN, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Wells GA, Wilesmith JW. Naturally occurring scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathy in five domestic cats. Vet Rec 1991; 129:233-6; PMID:1957458; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.129.11.233" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.129.11.233</a>.<br />
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5. Jeffrey M, Wells GA. Spongiform encephalopathy in a nyala (Tragelaphus angasi). Vet Pathol 1988; 25:398-9; PMID:3232315; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588802500514" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588802500514</a>.<br />
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6. Kirkwood JK, Wells GA, Wilesmith JW, Cunningham AA, Jackson SI. Spongiform encephalopathy in an arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) and a greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Vet Rec 1990; 127:418-20; PMID:2264242.<br />
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7. Bartz JC, McKenzie DI, Bessen RA, Marsh RF, Aiken JM. Transmissible mink encephalopathy species barrier effect between ferret and mink: PrP gene and protein analysis. J Gen Virol 1994; 75:2947-53; PMID:7964604; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-</a> 75-11-2947.<br />
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8. Lysek DA, Schorn C, Nivon LG, Esteve-Moya V, Christen B, Calzolai L, et al. Prion protein NMR structures of cats, dogs, pigs, and sheep. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:640-5; PMID:15647367; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0408937102" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0408937102</a>.<br />
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9. Budka H. Neuropathology of prion diseases. Br Med Bull 2003; 66:121-30; PMID:14522854; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/66.1.121" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/66.1.121</a>.<br />
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<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a><br />
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Strain characteristics of the in vitro-adapted rabbit and dog BSE agent remained invariable with respect to the original cattle BSE prion, suggesting that the naturally low susceptibility of rabbits and dogs to prion infections should not alter their zoonotic potential if these animals became infected with BSE.<br />
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Neurobiology of Disease<br />
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Induces Misfolding of Alleged Prion-Resistant Species Cellular Prion Protein without Altering Its Pathobiological Features<br />
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Enric Vidal3, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Belén Pintado4, Montserrat Ordóñez3, Mercedes Márquez6, Dolors Fondevila5,6, Juan María Torres7, Martí Pumarola5,6, and Joaquín Castilla1,2 + Author Affiliations<br />
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1CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain,<br />
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2IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain,<br />
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3Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)-IRTA, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,<br />
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4Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain,</div>
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5Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain,</div>
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6Murine Pathology Unit, Centre de Biotecnologia Animal i Teràpia Gènica, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain, and</div>
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7Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain<br />
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Author contributions: E.V., N.F.-B., and J.C. designed research; E.V., N.F.-B., B.P., M.O., M.M., D.F., and J.C. performed research; E.V., N.F.-B., B.P., and J.C. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; E.V., N.F.-B., B.P., M.O., M.M., D.F., J.M.T., M.P., and J.C. analyzed data; E.V. and J.C. wrote the paper.</div>
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Abstract<br />
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions were responsible for an unforeseen epizootic in cattle which had a vast social, economic, and public health impact. This was primarily because BSE prions were found to be transmissible to humans. Other species were also susceptible to BSE either by natural infection (e.g., felids, caprids) or in experimental settings (e.g., sheep, mice). However, certain species closely related to humans, such as canids and leporids, were apparently resistant to BSE. In vitro prion amplification techniques (saPMCA) were used to successfully misfold the cellular prion protein (PrPc) of these allegedly resistant species into a BSE-type prion protein. The biochemical and biological properties of the new prions generated in vitro after seeding rabbit and dog brain homogenates with classical BSE were studied. Pathobiological features of the resultant prion strains were determined after their inoculation into transgenic mice expressing bovine and human PrPC. Strain characteristics of the in vitro-adapted rabbit and dog BSE agent remained invariable with respect to the original cattle BSE prion, suggesting that the naturally low susceptibility of rabbits and dogs to prion infections should not alter their zoonotic potential if these animals became infected with BSE. This study provides a sound basis for risk assessment regarding prion diseases in purportedly resistant species.<br />
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Received January 18, 2013. Revision received March 7, 2013. Accepted March 23, 2013. Copyright © 2013 the authors 0270-6474/13/337778-09$15.00/0<br />
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<a href="http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/18/7778.short" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/18/7778.short</a><br />
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Friday, March 8, 2013<br />
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Dogs may have been used to make Petfood<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and animal feed</span><br />
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<a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html</a><br />
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Monday, March 26, 2012<br />
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CANINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY: A NEW FORM OF ANIMAL PRION DISEASE<br />
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<a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html</a><br />
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Monday, February 14, 2011<br />
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THE ROLE OF PREDATION IN DISEASE CONTROL: A COMPARISON OF SELECTIVE AND NONSELECTIVE REMOVAL ON PRION DISEASE DYNAMICS IN DEER<br />
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NO, NO, NOT NO, BUT HELL NO !<br />
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Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47(1), 2011, pp. 78-93 © Wildlife Disease Association 2011<br />
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/role-of-predation-in-disease-control.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/role-of-predation-in-disease-control.html</a><br />
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Monday, March 8, 2010<br />
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Canine Spongiform Encephalopathy aka MAD DOG DISEASE<br />
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<a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Greetings again FDA, OIG et al,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">I am trying to find out more information on another recall, that contains possible mad cow protein? but we do not know for sure, the way the recall warning letters are being wrote up now.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">I had to file FOIA last week for the same thing. see ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">MONDAY, MARCH 8, 2010 Canine Spongiform Encephalopathy aka MAD DOG DISEASE Greetings,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Another Big Myth about Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, is that TSE will not transmit to dogs. This is simply NOT TRUE. IT is perfectly legal to feed dogs and cats here in the USA bovine meat and bone meal. Canine dementia is real. how many dogs and cats here in the USA are tested for mad cow disease ? I just received this F.O.I.A. request, and thought I would post it here with a follow up on MAD DOG DISEASE. This is a follow up with additional data I just received on a FOIA request in 2009 ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Rockville MD 20857</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Terry Singeltary P.O. box 42. Bacliff, TX USA 77518</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dear Requestor</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">In reply refer to: F2009-7430</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">This is in response to your Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request received by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on September 10,2009 which you ask for Recall V-258-2009. I apologize for the delay in our response to you. Enclosed you will find the records you requested. The following charges will be included in a monthly invoice:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Reproduction Search Review Total 5 Pages hour $.50 $ $.50</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The above charges may not reflect final charges for this request. Please DO NOT send any payment until you receive an invoice from the Agency's Freedom of Information Staff (HFI-35).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Sincerely yours,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Sandy McGeehan Paralegal Specialist Communications Staff Center for Veterinary Medicine</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Memorandum</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Date August 26, 2009</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">From CVM Animal Health Hazard Evaluation Committee</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Subject Problem:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Fargam Land & Grain recalled 429,128 pounds of ground corn because it may have been contaminated with prohibited material (material prohibited for use in ruminant feed by the 1997 BSE feed regulation) and was not labeled with the cautionary statement.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The feed mill received two semi trailer loads of barley that had been recalled by Mars Petcare US because it had been contaminated by dog food, some of which is formulated to contain bovine origin meat and bone meal.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The auger used to receive the barley was used to receive two truck loads of corn before the feed mill became aware of the problem with the barley. This potentially allowed some of the dog food in the barley to be carried over into the corn.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Recall Event IDIRES #: 52103</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">DAF/Surveillance #: 09234</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CVM Recall and Emergency Coordinator (Kathy Hemming-Thompson), HFV -234</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Field/RES Report Data:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Recalling firm: Fargam Land & Grain 505 Burlington Rd Saginaw, TX 76179</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Manufacturer: Mars Petcare US 1 Doane Rd Clinton, OK 73601</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Product & Code: Bulk ground corn; 70AY -02</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Quantity Manufactured: 429,128 pounds</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Quantity Distributed: 429,128 pounds</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Recall Contact: Phil Farr, Owner, Fargam Land & Grain, Saginaw, TX</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">FDA District: Dallas</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Field Recommended Classification: Class III</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Effectiveness Check Level: Direct Accounts</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Page 2 of 4 - DAF 09234 - Health Hazard Evaluation</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Background: The firm is a feed mill that stores and manufactures products intended for use in animal feed. Its business is commingled with Saginaw Flakes, a feed mill which is under the same ownership, and located across the street from Fargam Land & Grain. A limited inspection was conducted to determine compliance with CP 7371.009 after the firm notified the Office of the Texas State Chemist that it had received four semi trailer loads of barley that may have contained dog food.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">ReView: </span></span></div>
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HISTORY F.O.I.A.</div>
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Saturday, August 29, 2009</div>
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FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009<br />
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br />
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Thursday, September 3, 2009</div>
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429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/429128-lbs-feed-for-ruminant-animals.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/429128-lbs-feed-for-ruminant-animals.html </a><br />
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Friday, September 4, 2009</div>
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FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html</a><br />
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Tuesday, November 3, 2009</div>
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re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html </a><br />
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From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br />
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To: CVMHomeP@cvm.fda.gov<br />
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Cc: FOIASTAFF@oig.usda.gov ; paffairs@oig.hhs.gov ; HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov ; phyllis.fong@oig.usda.gov<br />
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FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div>
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September 4, 2009</div>
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TO:</div>
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Food and Drug Administration</div>
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Division of Freedom of Information (HFI-35)</div>
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Office of Shared Services</div>
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Office of Public Information and Library Services</div>
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5600 Fishers Lane</div>
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Rockville, MD 20857</div>
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Or requests may be sent via fax to: fax number 301-443-1726 or 301-443-1719. If experience difficulty sending a fax, please call (301) 443-2414.</div>
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FROM:</div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
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P.O. Box 42</div>
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Bacliff, Texas USA 77518</div>
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Greetings FDA FOIE, and the Honorable Phyllis Fong et al @ OIG FOIA,</div>
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ANOTHER FOIA REQUEST PLEASE !</div>
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I apologize for wasting your time. this could have been handled differently if the FDA et al would just clearly identify these feed recalls with exactly what was in them, and what type recall it is.</div>
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I was told that the only way to find any more information on the following recall, i would have to submit a FOIA ? why, i do not know ?</div>
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----- Original Message -----</div>
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From: Pritchett, Burt To: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Sent: Thursday, August 27, 2009 3:26 PM Subject: RE: hello Mr. Pritchett Sir !!! mad cow feed question</div>
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Terry,</div>
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That is the extent of the public information on the recall. If you wish to obtain additional information, you should submit a freedom of information act request through our communications staff. You could send an email request to: CVMHomeP@cvm.fda.gov</div>
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Burt</div>
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================end...TSS</div>
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Greetings again FDA, OIG et al,</div>
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SNIP...END</div>
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<a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div>
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MICHIGAN FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE BREACH APRIL 4, 2017</h3>
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<a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/bseinspections.csv" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #003153; cursor: pointer; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; hyphens: none; outline-offset: -2px; outline: -webkit-focus-ring-color auto 5px; word-break: normal;" target="_blank">FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory</a></div>
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ONE of these <span style="color: #191919; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">21 CFR 589.2000 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">OAI violations of the mad cow feed ban is like one of the old violations when they would report everything to the public, like where i posted previously in 2007, 10 years post mad cow feed ban, where 10 million pounds of mad cow feed was fed out into commerce. i just took a glance for 2017, and in the great state of Michigan, there is already one of the OAI violation of the ruminant feed ban. now you have to request FOIA and wait some 10 years to finally get the answer (like i did with the mad sheep of mad river valley FOIA and the testing there from). ...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">11998 DET-DO MI 48846-847 OPR 4/4/2017 OAI </span></div>
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THIS April, 4, 2017 violation of the mad cow <span style="color: #191919; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">21 CFR 589.2000 OAI is very serious for the great state of Michigan, some 20 years post FDA mad cow feed of August 1997. if would most likely take a FOIA request and a decade of wrangling to find out more.</span></div>
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TUESDAY, JANUARY 17, 2017</h2>
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FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE 2016 to 2017 BSE TSE PRION</h3>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="aolmail__olk_signature" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #956839; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE 2016 to 2017 BSE TSE PRION</a><br />
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I would kindly like to comment on this FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory (excel format)4 format, for reporting these breaches of BSE TSE prion protocols, from the extensive mad cow feed ban warning letters the fda use to put out for each violations. simply put, this excel format sucks, and the FDA et al intentionally made it this difficult to follow the usda fda mad cow follies. this is an intentional format to make it as difficult as possible to follow these breaches of the mad cow TSE prion safety feed protocols. to have absolutely no chronological or numerical order, and to format such violations in a way that they are almost impossible to find, says a lot about just how far the FDA and our fine federal friends will go through to hide these continued violations of the BSE TSE prion mad cow feed ban, and any breaches of protocols there from. once again, the wolf guarding the henhouse $$$</div>
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NAI = NO ACTION INDICATED</div>
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OAI = OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED</div>
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VAI = VOLUNTARY ACTION INDICATED</div>
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RTS = REFERRED TO STATE</div>
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OAI (Official Action Indicated) when inspectors find significant objectionable conditions or practices and believe that regulatory sanctions are warranted to address the establishment’s lack of compliance with the regulation. An example of an OAI classification would be findings of manufacturing procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with prohibited material. Inspectors will promptly re-inspect facilities classified OAI after regulatory sanctions have been applied to determine whether the corrective actions are adequate to address the objectionable conditions.</div>
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2016</div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
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<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">ONE more thing, please remember, the label does not have to say ''deer ration'' for cervid to be pumped up with. you can get the same ''high protein'' from many sources of high protein feed for animals other than cattle, and feed them to cervid...</span></div>
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<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</span><br />
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<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</span><br />
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<a class="aolmail_externalLink aolmail_ProxyLink" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-radius: 0px; color: #1d6f23; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br />
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<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</span><br />
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<a class="aolmail_externalLink aolmail_ProxyLink" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-radius: 0px; color: #1d6f23; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><span style="color: #191919; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div>
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RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</span></h2>
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<strong>PRODUCT</strong></div>
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<b><br /></b>Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling’s 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div>
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<strong>CODE</strong></div>
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<b><br /></b>Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div>
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<strong>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</strong></div>
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<b><br /></b>Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div>
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<b><br /></b>Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div>
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<strong>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</strong></div>
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<b><br /></b>42,090 lbs.</div>
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<b><br /></b>WI</div>
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<b><br /></b>Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot-Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI – 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J – PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A-BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div>
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<b><br /></b>The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div>
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<strong>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</strong></div>
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<b><br /></b>Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div>
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<strong>REASON</strong></div>
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<b><br /></b>Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div>
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<strong>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</strong></div>
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<b><br /></b>9,997,976 lbs.</div>
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<b><br /></b>ID and NV</div>
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<strong>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</strong></div>
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<strong><a href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Tfx9dduMyQEJ:https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm120446.htm+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Tfx9dduMyQEJ:https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm120446.htm+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us</a></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">these deer farmers and and 'trophy' LOL! hunters there from will never admit using this BSe cr@p, why should they$$$ but let's see what the UK Government said about it;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Several different animal feed products are imported into GB from North America. These include processed pet foods and consignments of unfinished feed ingredients for use in animal feed. The amount of imported feed, including pet food, that contains cervid protein is unknown and identified as a significant data gap. As non-ruminant animal feed may be produced with cervid protein (but not from positive CWD animals) in the United States (US), there is a greater than negligible risk that feed with cervid protein is imported from North America into GB. There is, however, uncertainty associated with this estimate.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">snip...</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">snip...</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">snip...</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Thursday, April 07, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great Britain? An updated Qualitative Risk Assessment March 2016</span></div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/what-is-risk-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/what-is-risk-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</span></div>
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Sunday, March 20, 2016</div>
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Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br />
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SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a><br />
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Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div>
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Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div>
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<a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a><br />
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16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 2013 </div>
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Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div>
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FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a><br />
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Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div>
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FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION </div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a><br />
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17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div>
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Monday, October 26, 2015 </div>
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FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a><br />
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TUESDAY, JANUARY 17, 2017 </div>
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FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE 2016 to 2017 BSE TSE PRION</div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a><br />
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FRIDAY, OCTOBER 06, 2017 </div>
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Canada and USA Scrapie BSE TSE Prion Update October 5 2017</div>
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<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2017/10/canada-and-usa-scrapie-bse-tse-prion.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2017/10/canada-and-usa-scrapie-bse-tse-prion.html</a><br />
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WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 4, 2017 </div>
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EFSA Scientific Report on the Assessment of the Geographical BSE-Risk (GBR) of the United States of America (USA) a review 2017</div>
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<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2017/10/efsa-scientific-report-on-assessment-of.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2017/10/efsa-scientific-report-on-assessment-of.html</a><br />
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THURSDAY, JULY 20, 2017 </div>
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USDA OIE Alabama Atypical L-type BASE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE animal feeds for ruminants rule, 21 CFR 589.200</div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/usda-oie-alabama-atypical-l-type-base.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/usda-oie-alabama-atypical-l-type-base.html</a><br />
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Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. </div>
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*** This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada.</div>
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*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries. ***</div>
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P.9.21</div>
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<div>
Molecular characterization of BSE in Canada</div>
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<div>
Jianmin Yang 1 , Sandor Dudas 2 , Catherine Graham 2 , Markus Czub 3 , Tim McAllister 1 , Stefanie Czub 1 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Canada; 2 National and OIE BSE Reference Laboratory, Canada; 3 University of Calgary, Canada</div>
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Background: Three BSE types (classical and two atypical) have been identified on the basis of molecular characteristics of the misfolded protein associated with the disease. To date, each of these three types have been detected in Canadian cattle. Objectives: This study was conducted to further characterize the 16 Canadian BSE cases based on the biochemical properties of there associated PrPres.</div>
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Methods: Immuno-reactivity, molecular weight, glycoform profiles and relative proteinase K sensitivity of the PrPres from each of the 16 confirmed Canadian BSE cases was determined using modified Western blot analysis.</div>
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Results: Fourteen of the 16 Canadian BSE cases were C type, 1 was H type and 1 was L type. The Canadian H and L-type BSE cases exhibited size shifts and changes in glycosylation similar to other atypical BSE cases. PK digestion under mild and stringent conditions revealed a reduced protease resistance of the atypical cases compared to the C-type cases. N terminal-specific antibodies bound to PrPres from H type but not from C or L type. The C-terminal-specific antibodies resulted in a shift in the glycoform profile and detected a fourth band in the Canadian H-type BSE.</div>
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Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada. It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries.</div>
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see page 176 of 201 pages...tss</div>
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<a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</a><br />
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*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply;</div>
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<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a><br />
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***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div>
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***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div>
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*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div>
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Posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. on 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div>
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<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a><br />
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Wednesday, July 15, 2015</div>
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Additional BSE TSE prion testing detects pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc by PMCA only, how many cases have we missed?</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div>
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THURSDAY, AUGUST 17, 2017 </div>
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JAVMA NEWS Atypical BSE found in Alabama cow September 01, 2017</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2017/08/javma-news-atypical-bse-found-in.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2017/08/javma-news-atypical-bse-found-in.html</a><br />
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CWD ZOONOSIS</div>
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2017</div>
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Subject: ***CDC Now Recommends Strongly consider having the deer or elk tested for CWD before you eat the meat</div>
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CDC Now Recommends Strongly consider having the deer or elk tested for CWD before you eat the meat </div>
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Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) </div>
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Prevention </div>
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If CWD could spread to people, it would most likely be through eating of infected deer and elk. In a 2006-2007 CDC survey of U.S. residents, nearly 20 percent of those surveyed said they had hunted deer or elk and more than two-thirds said they had eaten venison or elk meat. However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div>
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Hunters must consider many factors when determining whether to eat meat from deer and elk harvested from areas with CWD, including the level of risk they are willing to accept. Hunters harvesting wild deer and elk from areas with reported CWD should check state wildlife and public health guidance to see whether testing of animals is recommended or required in a given state or region. In areas where CWD is known to be present, CDC recommends that hunters strongly consider having those animals tested before eating the meat. </div>
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Tests for CWD are monitoring tools that some state wildlife officials use to look at the rates of CWD in certain animal populations. Testing may not be available in every state, and states may use these tests in different ways. A negative test result does not guarantee that an individual animal is not infected with CWD, but it does make it considerably less likely and may reduce your risk of exposure to CWD. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
To be as safe as possible and decrease their potential risk of exposure to CWD, hunters should take the following steps when hunting in areas with CWD: </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Do not shoot, handle or eat meat from deer and elk that look sick or are acting strangely or are found dead (road-kill). When field-dressing a deer: Wear latex or rubber gloves when dressing the animal or handling the meat. Minimize how much you handle the organs of the animal, particularly the brain or spinal cord tissues. Do not use household knives or other kitchen utensils for field dressing. Check state wildlife and public health guidance to see whether testing of animals is recommended or required. Recommendations vary by state, but information about testing is available from many state wildlife agencies. Strongly consider having the deer or elk tested for CWD before you eat the meat. If you have your deer or elk commercially processed, consider asking that your animal be processed individually to avoid mixing meat from multiple animals. If your animal tests positive for CWD, do not eat meat from that animal. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service regulates commercially farmed deer and elk. The agency operates a national CWD herd certification program. As part of the voluntary program, states and individual herd owners agree to meet requirements meant to decrease the risk of CWD in their herds. Privately owned herds that do not participate in the herd certification program may be at increased risk for CWD. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Page last reviewed: August 17, 2017 Page last updated: August 17, 2017 Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP) </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cwd/prevention.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cwd/prevention.html</a></div>
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> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div>
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key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div>
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<div>
LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div>
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<div>
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Molecular Barriers to Zoonotic Transmission of Prions </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
*** chronic wasting disease, there was no absolute barrier to conversion of the human prion protein. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
*** Furthermore, the form of human PrPres produced in this in vitro assay when seeded with CWD, resembles that found in the most common human prion disease, namely sCJD of the MM1 subtype. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article.htm</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2017 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
CDC Now Recommends Strongly consider having the deer or elk tested for CWD before you eat the meat </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/09/cdc-now-recommends-strongly-consider.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/09/cdc-now-recommends-strongly-consider.html</a></div>
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<div>
Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts CWD</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
2017 PRION CONFERENCE </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. 21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </div>
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<div>
PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Subject: PRION 2017 CONFERENCE DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS VIDEO </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
PRION 2017 CONFERENCE DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
*** PRION 2017 CONFERENCE VIDEO </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Vtt1kAVDhDQ" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/embed/Vtt1kAVDhDQ</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://prion2017.org/programme/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prion2017.org/programme/</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
TUESDAY, JUNE 13, 2017</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
PRION 2017 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-conference-abstract-first.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-conference-abstract-first.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
TUESDAY, JULY 04, 2017</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
*** PRION 2017 CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS ON CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION ***</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/07/prion-2017-conference-abstracts-on.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/07/prion-2017-conference-abstracts-on.html</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
TUESDAY, JUNE 13, 2017</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
PRION 2017 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT Chronic Wasting Disease in European moose is associated with PrPSc features different from North American CWD</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-conference-abstract-chronic.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-conference-abstract-chronic.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Wednesday, May 24, 2017 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
PRION2017 CONFERENCE VIDEO UPDATE 23 – 26 May 2017 Edinburgh UPDATE 1 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://prionprp.blogspot.com/2017/05/prion2017-conference-video-update-23-26.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionprp.blogspot.com/2017/05/prion2017-conference-video-update-23-26.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
SATURDAY, JULY 29, 2017 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Risk Advisory Opinion: Potential Human Health Risks from Chronic Wasting Disease CFIA, PHAC, HC (HPFB and FNIHB), INAC, Parks Canada, ECCC and AAFC </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/07/risk-advisory-opinion-potential-human.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/07/risk-advisory-opinion-potential-human.html</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Emmanuel E. Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Sophie Luccantoni-Freire, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Valérie Durand, Capucine Dehen, Olivier Andreoletti, Cristina Casalone, Juergen A. Richt, Justin J. Greenlee, Thierry Baron, Sylvie L. Benestad, Paul Brown & Jean-Philippe Deslys Scientific Reports 5, Article number: 11573 (2015)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
doi:10.1038/srep11573</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Download Citation</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
EpidemiologyNeurological manifestationsPrion diseases</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Received: 16 February 2015</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Accepted: 28 May 2015</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Published online: 30 June 2015</div>
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Abstract</div>
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Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is the only animal prion disease reputed to be zoonotic, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and having guided protective measures for animal and human health against animal prion diseases. Recently, partial transmissions to humanized mice showed that the zoonotic potential of scrapie might be similar to c-BSE. We here report the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to cynomolgus macaque, a highly relevant model for human prion diseases, after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to those reported for human cases of sporadic CJD. Scrapie is thus actually transmissible to primates with incubation periods compatible with their life expectancy, although fourfold longer than BSE. Long-term experimental transmission studies are necessary to better assess the zoonotic potential of other prion diseases with high prevalence, notably Chronic Wasting Disease of deer and elk and atypical/Nor98 scrapie.</div>
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snip...</div>
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In addition to previous studies on scrapie transmission to primate1,8,9 and the recently published study on transgenic humanized mice13, our results constitute new evidence for recommending that the potential risk of scrapie for human health should not be dismissed. Indeed, human PrP transgenic mice and primates are the most relevant models for investigating the human transmission barrier. To what extent such models are informative for measuring the zoonotic potential of an animal TSE under field exposure conditions is unknown. During the past decades, many protective measures have been successfully implemented to protect cattle from the spread of c-BSE, and some of these measures have been extended to sheep and goats to protect from scrapie according to the principle of precaution. Since cases of c-BSE have greatly reduced in number, those protective measures are currently being challenged and relaxed in the absence of other known zoonotic animal prion disease. We recommend that risk managers should be aware of the long term potential risk to human health of at least certain scrapie isolates, notably for lymphotropic strains like the classical scrapie strain used in the current study. Relatively high amounts of infectivity in peripheral lymphoid organs in animals infected with these strains could lead to contamination of food products produced for human consumption. Efforts should also be maintained to further assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains in long-term studies, notably lymphotropic strains with high prevalence like CWD, which is spreading across North America, and atypical/Nor98 scrapie (Nor98)50 that was first detected in the past two decades and now represents approximately half of all reported cases of prion diseases in small ruminants worldwide, including territories previously considered as scrapie free. Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div>
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SPONTANEOUS ATYPICAL BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div>
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***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div>
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<a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div>
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O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div>
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*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div>
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***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div>
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***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div>
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***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div>
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We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div>
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=============== </div>
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***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div>
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=============== </div>
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***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div>
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============== </div>
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<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a> </div>
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Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20 </a></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div>
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Saturday, April 23, 2016 </div>
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Scrapie ZOONOSIS PRION CONFERENCE TOKYO 2016 </div>
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*** SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016 </div>
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*** Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X </div>
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<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html</a></div>
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SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016 Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div>
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Taylor & Francis</div>
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Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div>
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WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div>
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Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a. Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a,</div>
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Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a</div>
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"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos, Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT. Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas. France</div>
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Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD) disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion. Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD). However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species barrier.</div>
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To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants, we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC (HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC (129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in susceptibility/resistance to the different agents.</div>
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These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant.</div>
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Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div>
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*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep. </div>
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IN CONFIDENCE, REPORT OF AN UNCONVENTIONAL SLOW VIRUS DISEASE IN ANIMALS IN THE USA 1989</div>
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<a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div>
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also, one of the most, if not the most top TSE Prion God in Science today is Professor Adriano Aguzzi, and he recently commented on just this, on a cwd post on my facebook page August 20 at 1:44pm, quote; </div>
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''it pains me to no end to even comtemplate the possibility, but it seems entirely plausible that CWD originated from scientist-made spread of scrapie from sheep to deer in the colorado research facility. If true, a terrible burden for those involved.'' August 20 at 1:44pm...end...tss</div>
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White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection </div>
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Jodi D. Smith, Justin J. Greenlee, and Robert A. Kunkle; Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS </div>
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This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation. In-depth analysis of tissues will be done to determine similarities between scrapie in deer after intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic wasting disease resulting from similar routes of inoculation. see full text ; </div>
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<a href="http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf</a> </div>
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PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA </div>
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<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf </a></div>
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White-tailed deer are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation </div>
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snip... </div>
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It is unlikely that CWD will be eradicated from free-ranging cervids, and the disease is likely to continue to spread geographically [10]. However, the potential that white-tailed deer may be susceptible to sheep scrapie by a natural route presents an additional confounding factor to halting the spread of CWD. This leads to the additional speculations that 1) infected deer could serve as a reservoir to infect sheep with scrapie offering challenges to scrapie eradication efforts and 2) CWD spread need not remain geographically confined to current endemic areas, but could occur anywhere that sheep with scrapie and susceptible cervids cohabitate. This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation with a high attack rate and that the disease that results has similarities to CWD. These experiments will be repeated with a more natural route of inoculation to determine the likelihood of the potential transmission of sheep scrapie to white-tailed deer. If scrapie were to occur in white-tailed deer, results of this study indicate that it would be detected as a TSE, but may be difficult to differentiate from CWD without in-depth biochemical analysis. </div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199251/?tool=pubmed%20http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199251/?tool=pubmed http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html</a> </div>
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2012 </div>
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PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer </div>
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Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA </div>
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snip... </div>
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The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the manifestation of CWD and scrapie in WTD after IC inoculation including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from the obex region have a molecular profile similar to CWD and distinct from tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like. </div>
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*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to scrapie. </div>
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Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for PrPSc by IHC and WB. Similar to IC inoculated deer, samples from these deer exhibited two different molecular profiles: samples from obex resembled CWD whereas those from cerebrum were similar to the original scrapie inoculum. On further examination by WB using a panel of antibodies, the tissues from deer with scrapie exhibit properties differing from tissues either from sheep with scrapie or WTD with CWD. Samples from WTD with CWD or sheep with scrapie are strongly immunoreactive when probed with mAb P4, however, samples from WTD with scrapie are only weakly immunoreactive. In contrast, when probed with mAb’s 6H4 or SAF 84, samples from sheep with scrapie and WTD with CWD are weakly immunoreactive and samples from WTD with scrapie are strongly positive. </div>
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*This work demonstrates that WTD are highly susceptible to sheep scrapie, but on first passage, scrapie in WTD is differentiable from CWD. </div>
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<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf </a>;</div>
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2011 </div>
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*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie. </div>
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<a href="http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf </a></div>
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Sunday, October 25, 2015 </div>
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USAHA Detailed Events Schedule – 119th USAHA Annual Meeting CAPTIVE LIVESTOCK CWD SCRAPIE TSE PRION </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/10/usaha-detailed-events-schedule-119th.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/10/usaha-detailed-events-schedule-119th.html</a> </div>
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snip...see more here ; </div>
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TUESDAY, MARCH 28, 2017 </div>
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*** Passage of scrapie to deer results in a new phenotype upon return passage to sheep *** </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/passage-of-scrapie-to-deer-results-in.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/passage-of-scrapie-to-deer-results-in.html </a></div>
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MONDAY, OCTOBER 02, 2017 </div>
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Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease United States of America USA and United Kingdom UK Increasing and Zoonotic Pontential From Different Species</div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/10/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/10/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states.html</a></div>
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THURSDAY, AUGUST 17, 2017 </div>
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*** Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States revisited 2017</div>
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Singeltary et al</div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/monitoring-occurrence-of-emerging-forms.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/monitoring-occurrence-of-emerging-forms.html</a></div>
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FRIDAY, AUGUST 11, 2017 </div>
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Infectivity in bone marrow from sporadic CJD patients</div>
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Bioassays in transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein revealed the presence of unexpectedly high levels of infectivity in the bone marrow from seven out of eight sCJD cases. These findings may explain the presence of blood-borne infectivity in sCJD patients. They also suggest that the distribution of prion infectivity in peripheral tissues in sCJD patients could be wider than currently believed, with potential implications for the iatrogenic transmission risk of this disease. </div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/infectivity-in-bone-marrow-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/infectivity-in-bone-marrow-from.html</a></div>
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*** Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery *** </div>
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Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892. </div>
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Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8006664&dopt=Abstract" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8006664&dopt=Abstract</a></div>
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THURSDAY, AUGUST 10, 2017 </div>
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*** Minimise transmission risk of CJD and vCJD in healthcare settings Updated 10 August 2017</div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/minimise-transmission-risk-of-cjd-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/minimise-transmission-risk-of-cjd-and.html</a></div>
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National Prion Center could lose all funding just as concern about CWD jumping to humans rises</div>
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SATURDAY, JULY 15, 2017 </div>
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*** National Prion Center could lose all funding just as concern about CWD jumping to humans rises</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/07/national-prion-center-could-lose-all.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/07/national-prion-center-could-lose-all.html</a></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-7337636385752772792017-04-23T19:29:00.001-07:002017-04-23T19:29:47.533-07:00FDA Sec. 589.1 589.2 Substances prohibited from use in animal food or feed Animal, proteins prohibited in ruminant feed current of April 1 2016<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">
FDA Sec. 589.1 589.2 Substances prohibited from use in animal food or feed Animal, proteins prohibited in ruminant feed current of April 1 2016</div>
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<a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=589&showFR=1" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=589&showFR=1</a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div>
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Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div>
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Location: Virus and Prion Research</div>
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Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</div>
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Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin</div>
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Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</div>
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Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent. Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 challenge="" groups="" month="" pigs="" remaining="" the="">6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC. Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 5="" 6="" at="" by="" detected="" eia.="" examined="" group="" in="" intracranial="" least="" lymphoid="" month="" months="" of="" one="" pigs="" positive="" prpsc="" quic="" the="" tissues="" was="">6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 4="" and="" group="" months="" oral="">6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </6></6></6></div>
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Conclusions: </div>
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This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. </div>
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CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. </div>
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This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. </div>
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Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div>
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<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div>
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CONFIDENTIAL</div>
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EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div>
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While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div>
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snip...see much more here ; </div>
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WEDNESDAY, APRIL 05, 2017 </div>
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Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html</a></div>
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Friday, December 14, 2012</div>
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DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</div>
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In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div>
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Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:</div>
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1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and</div>
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2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div>
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Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.</div>
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The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.</div>
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Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.</div>
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There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</div>
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36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).</div>
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The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).</div>
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Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison.</div>
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The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).</div>
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In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion.</div>
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In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.</div>
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Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.</div>
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What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</div>
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<a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div>
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I strenuously once again urge the FDA and its industry constituents, to make it MANDATORY that all ruminant feed be banned to all ruminants, and this should include all cervids, as well as non-ruminants such as cats and dogs as well, as soon as possible for the following reasons...</div>
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31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT</div>
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*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? ***</div>
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31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT</div>
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Terry Singeltary Sr. comment ;</div>
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<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a></div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.in/2016/04/docket-no-fda-2013-n-0764-for-animal.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.in/2016/04/docket-no-fda-2013-n-0764-for-animal.html</a></div>
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THIS LOOPHOLE MUST BE CLOSED!</div>
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IF LEFT AS NON-BINDING LIKE THE LAST 15 YEARS, IT WILL BE AS WORTHLESS AS THE LAST 15 YEARS, NOTHING BUT INK ON PAPER!</div>
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SEE MARCH 2016 UPDATE OF THIS VERY IMPORTANT DOCKET ;</div>
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Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission</div>
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Greetings again FDA and Mr. Pritchett et al,</div>
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I would kindly like to comment on ;</div>
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Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission</div>
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#158</div>
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Guidance for Industry</div>
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Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</div>
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This version of the guidance replaces the version made available September15, 2003.</div>
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This document has been revised to update the docket number, contact information, and standard disclosures. Submit comments on this guidance at any time.</div>
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Submit electronic comments to <a href="http://www.regulations.gov/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.regulations.gov</a>. Submit written comments to the Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. All comments should be identified with the Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186).</div>
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For further information regarding this guidance, contact Burt Pritchett, Center for Veterinary Medicine (HFV-222), Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, 240-402-6276, E-mail: <a href="mailto:burt.pritchett@fda.hhs.gov" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">burt.pritchett@fda.hhs.gov</a>.</div>
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Additional copies of this guidance document may be requested from the Policy and Regulations Staff (HFV-6), Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, and may be viewed on the Internet at either <a href="http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/default.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/default.htm</a> or <a href="http://www.regulations.gov/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.regulations.gov</a>.</div>
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine March 2016</div>
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Contains Nonbinding Recommendations</div>
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Guidance for Industry Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</div>
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This guidance represents the current thinking of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA or Agency) on this topic. It does not establish any rights for any person and is not binding on FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if it satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. To discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA office responsible for this guidance as listed on the title page.</div>
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I. Introduction</div>
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Under FDA’s BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. This guidance document describes FDA’s recommendations regarding the use in all animal feed of all material from deer and elk that are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or are considered at high risk for CWD. The potential risks from CWD to humans or non-cervid animals such as poultry and swine are not well understood. However, because of recent recognition that CWD is spreading rapidly in white-tailed deer, and because CWD’s route of transmission is poorly understood, FDA is making recommendations regarding the use in animal feed of rendered materials from deer and elk that are CWD-positive or that are at high risk for CWD.</div>
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In general, FDA’s guidance documents do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency’s current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word should in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or recommended, but not required.</div>
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II. Background</div>
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CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the animal family cervidae (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer, white-tailed deer, North American elk, and in farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). These include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow” disease) in cattle; scrapie in sheep and goats; and classical and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD and vCJD) in humans. There is no known treatment for these diseases, and there is no vaccine to prevent them. In addition, although validated postmortem diagnostic tests are available, there are no validated diagnostic tests for CWD that can be used to test for the disease in live animals.</div>
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Contains Nonbinding Recommendations</div>
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III. Use in animal feed of material from CWD-positive deer and elk</div>
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Material from CWD-positive animals may not be used in any animal feed or feed ingredients. Pursuant to Sec. 402(a)(5) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, animal feed and feed ingredients containing material from a CWD-positive animal would be considered adulterated. FDA recommends that any such adulterated feed or feed ingredients be recalled or otherwise removed from the marketplace.</div>
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IV. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD Deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD include: (1) animals from areas declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div>
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FDA recommends that materials from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD no longer be entered into the animal feed system. Under present circumstances, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk from a non-endemic area be recalled if a State later declares the area endemic for CWD or a CWD eradication zone. In addition, at this time, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk believed to be from a captive herd that contained no CWD-positive animals be recalled if that herd is subsequently found to contain a CWD-positive animal.</div>
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V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. Deer and elk not considered at high risk include: (1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div>
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Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission</div>
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Greetings again FDA and Mr. Pritchett et al,</div>
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MY comments and source reference of sound science on this very important issue are as follows ;</div>
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Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission</div>
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I kindly wish to once again submit to Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed.</div>
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Thank you kindly for allowing me to comment again, ...and again...and again, on a topic so important, why it is ‘NON-BINDING’ is beyond me.</div>
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this should have been finalized and made ‘BINDING’ or MANDATORY OVER A DECADE AGO.</div>
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but here lay the problem, once made ‘BINDING’ or ‘MANDATORY’, it is still nothing but ink on paper.</div>
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we have had a mad cow feed ban in place since August 1997, and since then, literally 100s of millions of pounds BANNED MAD COW FEED has been sent out to commerce and fed out (see reference materials).</div>
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ENFORCEMENT OF SAID BINDING REGULATIONS HAS FAILED US TOO MANY TIMES.</div>
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so, in my opinion, any non-binding or voluntary regulations will not work, and to state further, ‘BINDING’ or MANDATORY regulations will not work unless enforced.</div>
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with that said, we know that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion easily transmits to other cervid through the oral route.</div>
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the old transmission studies of BSE TSE floored scientist once they figured out what they had, and please don’t forget about those mink that were fed 95%+ dead stock downer cow, that all came down with TME. please see ;</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradleys surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061003022720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20061003022720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
it is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradleys surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
snip...</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle...</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Sunday, March 20, 2016</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/09676b86-bbc2-4c69-9032-c319f13a7ad0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/09676b86-bbc2-4c69-9032-c319f13a7ad0</a></div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION DISEASE USA FDA PART 589 BSE CWD FEED LOOPHOLE</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007 </div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
___________________________________</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
PRODUCT</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
CODE</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
REASON</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
42,090 lbs.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
DISTRIBUTION</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
WI</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
___________________________________</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
PRODUCT</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
CODE</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
REASON</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
9,997,976 lbs.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
DISTRIBUTION</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
ID and NV</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<a href="https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm120446.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm120446.htm</a></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Saturday, August 14, 2010</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY </div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
*** (see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS) </div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
REASON</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
DISTRIBUTION AL</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
______________________________</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a> </div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<a href="http://www.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120414.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120414.htm</a></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: arial;">
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE - CLASS II</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________ </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-115-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Hiseville Feed & Seed Co., Hiseville, KY, by telephone and letter on or about July 14, 2006. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FDA initiated recall is ongoing. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approximately 2,223 tons DISTRIBUTION KY</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________ </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-116-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Rips Farm Center, Tollesboro, KY, by telephone and letter on July 14, 2006. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FDA initiated recall is ongoing. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 1,220 tons DISTRIBUTION KY</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________ </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-117-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Kentwood Co-op, Kentwood, LA, by telephone on June 27, 2006. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FDA initiated recall is completed. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Possible contamination of animal feed ingredients, including ingredients that are used in feed for dairy animals, with ruminant derived meat and bone meal. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 40 tons DISTRIBUTION LA and MS</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________ </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bulk Dairy Feed, Recall V-118-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Cal Maine Foods, Inc., Edwards, MS, by telephone on June 26, 2006. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FDA initiated recall is complete. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Possible contamination of animal feed ingredients, including ingredients that are used in feed for dairy animals, with ruminant derived meat and bone meal. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,150 tons DISTRIBUTION MS</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________ </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes, Recall # V-119-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Walthall County Co-op, Tylertown, MS, by telephone on June 26, 2006. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Firm initiated recall is complete. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 87 tons DISTRIBUTION MS</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________ </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes, Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Firm initiated recall is complete. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________ </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6; b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6; c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6; d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6; e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6; f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6; g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6 CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants". </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">###</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: arial;">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120414.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120414.htm</a></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________ </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6; </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6; </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6; </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6; </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6; </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CODE </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FDA initiated recall is complete. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants". </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________ </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6 CODE All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Firm initiated recall is complete. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 27,694,240 lbs DISTRIBUTION MI</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________ </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal. </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ????? DISTRIBUTION KY</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">###</span></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120413.htm</a></span></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
______________________________</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
PRODUCT</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
a) Bulk</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
b) None</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
c) Bulk</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
d) Bulk</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
REASON</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div>
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###</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<a href="http://www.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120410.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120410.htm</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
please see full text ;</div>
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<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div>
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TUESDAY, JANUARY 17, 2017 </div>
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<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE 2016 to 2017 BSE TSE PRION </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/</a></div>
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<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
Saturday, July 23, 2016</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a> </div>
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<br /></div>
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<div>
Sunday, September 27, 2015</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
TEXAS CONFIRMATION OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION IN ONE SAMPLE OF SORGHUM DDGS OUT OF 168 DG SAMPLES</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/09/texas-confirmation-of-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/09/texas-confirmation-of-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/09/29003001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/09/29003001.pdf</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
MONDAY, OCTOBER 26, 2015 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div>
Tuesday, December 23, 2014</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, December 15, 2013</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Thursday, June 6, 2013</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE TSE PRION USDA FDA MAD COW FEED COMPLIANCE REPORT and NAI, OAI, and VAI ratings as at June 5, 2013</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2013/06/bse-tse-prion-usda-fda-mad-cow-feed.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2013/06/bse-tse-prion-usda-fda-mad-cow-feed.html</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">THURSDAY, APRIL 20, 2017 </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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WILL TEXAS LEGISLATURE DERAIL MORE REGULATIONS TO HELP STOP CWD TSE PRION AKA MAD DEER DISEASE JUST TO SATISFY DEER BREEDERS?</div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/will-texas-legislature-derail-more.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/will-texas-legislature-derail-more.html</a></div>
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MONDAY, APRIL 17, 2017 </div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">
Wildlife advocates see wolves as 'best natural defense' against chronic wasting disease</div>
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NO WAY! this is an extremely stupid move, and very, very, dangerous... </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/wildlife-advocates-see-wolves-as-best.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/wildlife-advocates-see-wolves-as-best.html</a></div>
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TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">
EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP</div>
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<a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Greetings,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Another Big Myth about Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, is that TSE will not transmit to dogs. This is simply NOT TRUE. IT is perfectly legal to feed dogs and cats here in the USA bovine meat and bone meal. Canine dementia is real. how many dogs and cats here in the USA are tested for mad cow disease ? I just received this F.O.I.A. request, and thought I would post it here with a follow up on MAD DOG DISEASE. This is a follow up with additional data I just received on a FOIA request in 2009 ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Rockville MD 20857</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Terry Singeltary </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Bacliff, TX USA 77518</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Dear Requestor</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">In reply refer to: F2009-7430</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">This is in response to your Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request received by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on September 10,2009 which you ask for Recall V-258-2009. I apologize for the delay in our response to you. Enclosed you will find the records you requested. The following charges will be included in a monthly invoice:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Reproduction Search Review Total 5 Pages hour $.50 $ $.50</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The above charges may not reflect final charges for this request. Please DO NOT send any payment until you receive an invoice from the Agency's Freedom of Information Staff (HFI-35).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Sincerely yours,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Sandy McGeehan Paralegal Specialist Communications Staff Center for Veterinary Medicine</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Memorandum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Date August 26, 2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">From CVM Animal Health Hazard Evaluation Committee</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Subject Problem:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Fargam Land & Grain recalled 429,128 pounds of ground corn because it may have been contaminated with prohibited material (material prohibited for use in ruminant feed by the 1997 BSE feed regulation) and was not labeled with the cautionary statement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The feed mill received two semi trailer loads of barley that had been recalled by Mars Petcare US because it had been contaminated by dog food, some of which is formulated to contain bovine origin meat and bone meal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The auger used to receive the barley was used to receive two truck loads of corn before the feed mill became aware of the problem with the barley. This potentially allowed some of the dog food in the barley to be carried over into the corn.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Recall Event IDIRES #: 52103</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">DAF/Surveillance #: 09234</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">CVM Recall and Emergency Coordinator (Kathy Hemming-Thompson), HFV -234</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Field/RES Report Data:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Recalling firm: Fargam Land & Grain 505 Burlington Rd Saginaw, TX 76179</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Manufacturer: Mars Petcare US 1 Doane Rd Clinton, OK 73601</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Product & Code: Bulk ground corn; 70AY -02</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Quantity Manufactured: 429,128 pounds</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Quantity Distributed: 429,128 pounds</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Recall Contact: Phil Farr, Owner, Fargam Land & Grain, Saginaw, TX</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">FDA District: Dallas</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Field Recommended Classification: Class III</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Effectiveness Check Level: Direct Accounts</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Page 2 of 4 - DAF 09234 - Health Hazard Evaluation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Background: The firm is a feed mill that stores and manufactures products intended for use in animal feed. Its business is commingled with Saginaw Flakes, a feed mill which is under the same ownership, and located across the street from Fargam Land & Grain. A limited inspection was conducted to determine compliance with CP 7371.009 after the firm notified the Office of the Texas State Chemist that it had received four semi trailer loads of barley that may have contained dog food.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">ReView:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Sample collection:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Aseptic technique [ ] Yes [ ] No [X] NA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Number of subsamples</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">FDA/FACTS #</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Was chain of custody documented correctly?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Yes</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] No Explain in narrative box:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[X] NA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Analytical method: [ ] Yes [ ] No [X] NA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Official method</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] FDA method</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Other method, explain in narrative box:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Was analysis properly conducted? [ ]Yes [ ] No Explain in narrative box: [X] NA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Laboratory analysis: [ ] Yes [ ] No [X] NA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Done by:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] FDA laboratory</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] State laboratory</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Other laboratory</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] None</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Have any adverse reaction reports or other indication of injuries or diseases been reported relating to this problem or for similar situations?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[X] No</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Yes Attach copies or explain in narrative box:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] NA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Is the problem easily identified by the user?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[X] No</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Yes</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">What are the animal and human populations at risk?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Cattle, particularly calves, is the population that is most susceptible to BSE and at greatest risk ofexposure to the BSE agent through these shipments of ground corn that may have contained prohibited material and were not labeled with the cautionary statement. Other susceptible populations, such as humans, domestic cats, and zoo animals are best protected by keeping BSE out of the cattle population.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Page 3 of 4 - DAF 09234 - Health Hazard Evaluation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">What is the hazard associated with use of the product?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[X ] Life-threatening (death has or could occur) .</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Results in permanent impaiiment of a body function or permanent damage to a body structure</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Necessitates medical or surgical intervention to preclude or reverse permanent damage to a body structure orpermanent impairment of a body function</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Temporary-or reversible (without medical intervention)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Limited (transient, minor impairment or complaints)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] No adverse health consequences</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Hazard cannot be assessed with the data currently available</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">What is the likelihood of an adverse event occurring?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Probable</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Possible</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[X] Unlikely</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Unknown</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">CVM's AHHE Committee recommends the following:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">a) Recall Classification: [21 CFR 7.41(b) and RPM 5-00-20 (j)].</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">l-Class I [ ]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2-Class ll [ ]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">3-Class III [X]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">4-Market withdrawal [ ] Skip parts b & c</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">5-0ther [ ] Skip parts b & c.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">b) Depth of Recall: [21 CFR 7 .42(b )(1) and RPM 5-00-20(k)].</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">l-Consumer or User Level [X]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2- Retail Level/Veterinarian [ ]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">3- Wholesale Level [ ]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">4-NA [ ]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">c) Level of Audit Checks: [Investigations Operations Manual Chapter 7, Section 7.3.2.2]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Level A-I 00% of the total number of consignees to be contacted.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Level B - Greater than 10% but less than 100% of the total number of consignees to be contacted.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Level C - 10% of the total number of consignees to be contacted.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ ] Level D - 2% of the total number of consignees to be contacted.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[ X] Level E - No checks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Narrative Summary:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Fargam Land & Grain, Saginaw, TX recalled 429,128 pounds of ground corn that may have contained prohibited material. The com was not labeled with the required cautionary statement to alert users of the product that it should not be fed to ruminants or be used as an ingredient in</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Page 4 of 4 - DAF 09234 - Health Hazard Evaluation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">ruminant feed. The corn was shipped to eleven dairy farms in Texas and one dairy farm in Louisiana between May 13th and May 15th, 2009. This is a sub-recall of a recall by Mars Petcare US, Clinton, OK of bulk whole barley that was cross-contaminated with dog food during storage and loading at the Mars Petcare plant. A receiving auger at Fargam Land and Grain that was used to unload the contaminated barley was used to unload whole corn before the problem was discovered. This potentially allowed some of the dog food in the barley to be carried over into the corn.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">BSE is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system of cattle and is always fatal. It is characterized by a long incubation period of three to eight years, followed by a much shorter course of illness. The BSE agent is also the cause of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, which is also always fatal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">While the health hazard is life threatening, It is highly unlikely that deaths or illnesses would result from the use of the recalled product. The meat and bone meal ingredient of the dog food carried over into the barley as a result of cross contamination, and then potentially carried over into the corn through cross-contamination, would have to have been derived from a BSE infected animal for the BSE agent to be present in the dog food-barley, and corn. This is unlikely due to the low prevalence of BSE in the U.S. cattle population. In 2006, USDA estimated the prevalence of BSE in the United States to be less than one infected animal per million adult cattle. This estimate was based on results of 735,213 cattle tested over a seven year period. The most recent of only three BSE cases ever detected in the United States was found in March 2006.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">CVM Animal Health Hazard Evaluation Committee recommends a class _III_ recall and we concur with the effectiveness check level of _100_ percent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Animal Health Hazard Evaluation Committee</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Lynn Post, DVM, Ph.D., D.A.B.V.T., Chair</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Sharon Benz, Ph.D., PAS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Terry Proescholdt, Leader, Feed Safety Team</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Prepared by :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Burt Pritchett, DVM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">end...March 4, 2010...TSS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">HISTORY F.O.I.A.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Thursday, September 3, 2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/429128-lbs-feed-for-ruminant-animals.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/429128-lbs-feed-for-ruminant-animals.html</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Friday, September 4, 2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Tuesday, November 3, 2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">To: <a href="mailto:CVMHomeP@cvm.fda.gov" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">CVMHomeP@cvm.fda.gov</a></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Cc: <a href="mailto:FOIASTAFF@oig.usda.gov" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">FOIASTAFF@oig.usda.gov</a> ; <a href="mailto:paffairs@oig.hhs.gov" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">paffairs@oig.hhs.gov</a> ; <a href="mailto:HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov</a> ; <a href="mailto:phyllis.fong@oig.usda.gov" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">phyllis.fong@oig.usda.gov</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">September 4, 2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TO:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Food and Drug Administration</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Division of Freedom of Information (HFI-35)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Office of Shared Services</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Office of Public Information and Library Services</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">5600 Fishers Lane</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Rockville, MD 20857</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Or requests may be sent via fax to: fax number 301-443-1726 or 301-443-1719. If experience difficulty sending a fax, please call (301) 443-2414.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">FROM:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Bacliff, Texas USA 77518</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Greetings FDA FOIE, and the Honorable Phyllis Fong et al @ OIG FOIA,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">ANOTHER FOIA REQUEST PLEASE !</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">I apologize for wasting your time. this could have been handled differently if the FDA et al would just clearly identify these feed recalls with exactly what was in them, and what type recall it is.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">I was told that the only way to find any more information on the following recall, i would have to submit a FOIA ? why, i do not know ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">----- Original Message -----</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">From: Pritchett, Burt</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">To: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Sent: Thursday, August 27, 2009 3:26 PM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Subject: RE: hello Mr. Pritchett Sir !!! mad cow feed question</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Terry,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">That is the extent of the public information on the recall. If you wish to obtain additional information, you should submit a freedom of information act request through our communications staff. You could send an email request to: <a href="mailto:CVMHomeP@cvm.fda.gov" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">CVMHomeP@cvm.fda.gov</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Burt</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">================end...TSS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Greetings again FDA, OIG et al,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">I am trying to find out more information on another recall, that contains possible mad cow protein? but we do not know for sure, the way the recall warning letters are being wrote up now.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">I had to file FOIA last week for the same thing. see ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">and I recieved 'confirmation' of my request in the postal mail with Log No. xx-xxxxx.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">HOWEVER, SADLY, I requested another explaination again from Pritchett, Burt on this newest suspect mad cow feed recall this week below, explaining to him that this is rediculous to have to file a FOIA on every feed recall now, and that all he had to do was to explain exactly what we are speaking of in these recalls, and I have gotten no response to date. SO, I will continue to write these FOIA request, until we get this straightened out, even if it takes another 6+ years to find the truth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">F.O.I.A request on the following please ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">PRODUCT Bulk ground corn; distributed by Saginaw Flakes, Saginaw, TX, Recall # V-258-2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">CODE Bulk ground corn shipped between 05/13/-14/09</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Fargam Land & Grain, Saginaw, TX, by telephone on May 21, 2009. Manufacturer: Mars Petcare US, Clinton, OK.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">REASON Bulk ground corn used as feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 429,128 lbs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">DISTRIBUTION TX, LA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR SEPTEMBER 2, 2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">###</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm181251.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm181251.htm</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">IS this is a BSE/TSE feed ban violation of some sort, or exactly what ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">NOT KNOWING EXACTLY what this recall is about, we must assume it is just more mad cow feed in commerce, but they refuse to tell us exactly what it is.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">exactly what was it ???</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">under regs just previously posted, if i understand this right, you now have 3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Subpart B-Listing of Specific Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food or Feed ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">§ 589.1000 Gentian violet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">§ 589.1001 Propylene glycol in or on cat food.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">§ 589.2000 Animal proteins prohibited in ruminant feed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=8f6d4f71330c3337921d820e1854476e&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:6.0.1.1.26&idno=21" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=8f6d4f71330c3337921d820e1854476e&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:6.0.1.1.26&idno=21</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">SO, which one is it ???</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">THIS recall is not confusing ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</span></div>
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<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">MONDAY, MARCH 8, 2010 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Canine Spongiform Encephalopathy aka MAD DOG DISEASE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, APRIL 17, 2017 </span><div id="aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_c13ec4c6-1e98-4c87-b0f7-77f2c12b2ac2">
<div class="aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.3333px;">
Wildlife advocates see wolves as 'best natural defense' against chronic wasting disease</div>
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<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.3333px;">
NO WAY! <span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">this is an extremely stupid move, and very, very, dangerous... </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.3333px;">
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/wildlife-advocates-see-wolves-as-best.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/wildlife-advocates-see-wolves-as-best.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
snip...</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
BSE bovine brain inoculum 100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%) Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%) RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%) PrPres biochemical detection The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Published online January 27, 2005</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
P04.27</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Background:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Aims:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Methods:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Results:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Conclusions:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian v CJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The work referenced was performed in partial fulfillment of the study "BSE in primates" supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a></div>
<div>
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<div>
Calves were challenged by mouth with homogenised brain from confirmed cases of BSE. Some received 300g (3 doses of 100g), some 100g, 10g or 1g. They were then left to develop BSE, but were not subjected to the normal stresses that they might have encountered in a dairy herd. Animals in all four groups developed BSE. There has been a considerable spread of incubation period in some of the groups, but it appears as if those in the 1 and 10g challenge groups most closely fit the picture of incubation periods seen in the epidemic. Experiments in progress indicate that oral infection can occur in some animals with doses as low as 0.01g and 0.001g. .........</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/science-research/pathog.html#dose" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/science-research/pathog.html#dose</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20061003022720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk:80/files/ws/s145d.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20061003022720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk:80/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20061003022724/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20061003022724/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02183.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02183.pdf</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05101.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05101.pdf</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div>
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<div>
FDA ANNOUNCES TEST RESULTS FROM TEXAS FEED LOT</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Today the Food and Drug Administration announced the results of tests taken on feed used at a Texas feedlot that was suspected of containing meat and bone meal from other domestic cattle -- a violation of FDA's 1997 prohibition on using ruminant material in feed for other ruminants. Results indicate that a very low level of prohibited material was found in the feed fed to cattle.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams - approximately a quarter ounce -- of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
It is important to note that the prohibited material was domestic in origin (therefore not likely to contain infected material because there is no evidence of BSE in U.S. cattle), fed at a very low level, and fed only once. The potential risk of BSE to such cattle is therefore exceedingly low, even if the feed were contaminated.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
According to Dr. Bernard Schwetz, FDA's Acting Principal Deputy Commissioner, "The challenge to regulators and industry is to keep this disease out of the United States. One important defense is to prohibit the use of any ruminant animal materials in feed for other ruminant animals. Combined with other steps, like U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) ban on the importation of live ruminant animals from affected countries, these steps represent a series of protections, to keep American cattle free of BSE."</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Despite this negligible risk, Purina Mills, Inc., is nonetheless announcing that it is voluntarily purchasing all 1,222 of the animals held in Texas and mistakenly fed the animal feed containing the prohibited material. Therefore, meat from those animals will not enter the human food supply. FDA believes any cattle that did not consume feed containing the prohibited material are unaffected by this incident, and should be handled in the beef supply clearance process as usual. ...</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
snip...</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html</a></div>
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WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
PRODUCT: Custom Vaquero Supplement for Cattle identified by Purina Mills. Recall #V-027- 1. CODE: 7V87. MANUFACTURER: Purina Mills, Inc., Gonzalez, Texas. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, contacted the one consignee on January 17, 2001. </div>
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DISTRIBUTION: Texas. QUANTITY: 44,355 pounds. </div>
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REASON: The ruminant feed product contains meat and bone meal (MBM) of bovine origin.</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00692.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00692.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
PRODUCT: a) Manna Pro Floating Fish Food for Catfish . Recall #V-028-1; b) Manna Pro Floating Fish Food - 26% For All Freshwater Fish. Recall #V-029-1. Both are packaged in 50 pound, plastic-lined, paper sacks. CODE: a) 10160164, 12090164, 01050264, 03020264, and 03140264; b) 09110164, 09190164, 09230164, 10090164, 10160164, 11170164, 12090164 and 3200264. MANUFACTURER: Doane Pet Care, Brentwood, Tennessee. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by telephone on March 26, 2001. Firm-initiated recall complete. DISTRIBUTION: California, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kansas, Colorado, Georgia, and Florida. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
QUANTITY: 27,300 pounds of Catfish Food and 86,100 pounds of Freshwater Fish. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
REASON: The products, which contain meat by-products, were shipped without the required BSE warning label.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00691.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00691.html</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle CDC Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017 *** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Dispatch</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Abstract</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
To determine oral transmissibility of the L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion, we orally inoculated 16 calves with brain homogenates of the agent. Only 1 animal, given a high dose, showed signs and died at 88 months. These results suggest low risk for oral transmission of the L-BSE agent among cattle.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle is thought to be caused by oral infection through consumption of feed containing the BSE agent (prion). Since 2003, different neuropathologic and molecular phenotypes of BSE have been identified as causing ≈110 cases of atypical BSE worldwide, mainly in aged cattle. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of atypical BSE are not yet fully understood, atypical BSE prions possibly cause sporadic cases of BSE (1).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
The L-type BSE prion (L-BSE) has been experimentally transmitted to cattle by intracerebral challenge, and the incubation period was is shorter than that for classical BSE (C-BSE) prions (2–6). The origin of transmissible mink encephalopathy in ranch-raised mink is thought to be caused by ingestion of L-BSE–infected material (7). Although L-BSE has been orally transmitted to mouse lemurs (8), it remains to be established whether L-BSE can be transmitted to cattle by oral infection. We therefore investigated the transmissibility of L-BSE by the oral route and tissue distribution of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) in cattle. All experiments involving animals were performed with the approval of the Animal Ethical Committee and the Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Institute of Animal Health (approval nos. 07–88 and 08–010).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The Study</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
We divided a group of 16 Holstein female calves, 3–5 months of age, into 4 groups of 2–6 animals each. Each group of calves was orally administered 1 g (n = 4), 5 g (n = 6), 10 g (n = 4), or 50 g (n = 2) of pooled whole-brain homogenate prepared from cattle experimentally infected with L-BSE (3,6) (Table(<a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416-t1" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416-t1</a>)). The endpoint titer of the pooled brain homogenate assayed in bovinized transgenic (TgBoPrP) mice was 106.9 of 50% lethal dose/g tissue (data not shown). As noninfected controls, 3 female calves were obtained at 3–4 months of age and euthanized at 60, 92, and 103 months of age, and samples were analyzed as for the experimental animals.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
At 88 months after inoculation, 1 of the animals (91 months of age) that had received 50 g of L-BSE–infected brain homogenate was unable to get up. The animal extended her forelimbs and hind limbs rigidly forward but did not show persistent knuckling of her fetlock; she did not have difficulty eating and drinking. Seven days after appearance of clinical signs, the animal was found dead, having shown no characteristic signs of L-BSE, such as dullness, lowering of the head, and overreactivity to external stimuli, which had previously been observed after intracerebral inoculation of animals under experimental conditions (4).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Histopathologic examination of tissues from this animal revealed minimal or mild spongiform changes of the gray matter neuropil in the thalamic and brainstem nuclei; however, these changes were not visible in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, the olfactory bulb, or the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve at the obex. Higher amounts of proteinase K–resistant PrPSc, analyzed by Western blotting with monoclonal antibody T2 (9), were detected in the thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord, and retina (Figure 1, lanes 8–16; Figures 2, panels A, B), whereas PrPSc accumulation was lower in the cerebral cortices and the olfactory bulb (Figure 1, lanes 1–6). The molecular characteristics of proteinase K–resistant PrPSc, such as the molecular weight and the glycoform profile in the brain of the animal, were identical to those observed in the inoculum. The most conspicuous PrPSc finding, obtained by using immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibody F99/97.6.1 (VMRD, Pullman, WA, USA), was fine and coarse granular deposits in the neuropil of the thalamus, brainstem, and gray matter of the spinal cord, and in the retina. Perineuronal PrPSc staining was conspicuous in the large neurons of the thalamic and brainstem nuclei (Figure 2, panel C) but less common in other brain areas. Fewer PrPSc deposits were dispersed in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve at the obex (Figure 2, panel A). No amyloid plaques were detectable in any brain section. In the extracerebral tissues, PrPSc was lower in most of the samples from the nerve ganglia (trigeminal, dorsal root, stellate, cervical cranial, nodose, and celiac and mesenteric), cauda equina, vagal nerve, optic nerve, neurohypophysis, ocular muscle, and adrenal medulla (Figure 1, lanes 17–33; Figures 2, panels D–H). However, no PrPSc signal was detected in most of the somatic nerve fibers (Figure 1, lanes 25, 26, 29, 30), the enteric nervous system (Figure 1, lanes 32, 33), and any lymphoid organs including the remaining Peyer’s patches (data not shown).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The only other animal inoculated with 50 g of L-BSE brain material was alive and clinically healthy as of postinoculation month 94 (December 2016). Calves that received 1 g, 5 g, or 10 g of L-BSE brain tissues showed no clinical signs of BSE and were euthanized and underwent necropsy 51–86 months after inoculation (Table(<a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416-t1" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416-t1</a>)). For all of these animals and the uninfected controls, PrPSc results were negative by Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Conclusions</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Our results suggest that the risk for oral transmission of L-BSE among cattle may be very low; after 88 months, the only case of transmission occurred in a cow that had been inoculated with a high dose of L-BSE–infected brain homogenate. The incubation period was much longer for cattle dosed orally with L-BSE–infected brain homogenate than for cattle dosed orally with C-BSE–infected tissue (34−74 mo for C-BSE) (10). This finding may suggest that the L-BSE prion requires much longer to propagate from the gut to the central nervous system. In addition, the lack of clinical signs, except for difficulty in rising, may present a genuine clinical picture of L-BSE under natural conditions (11). In most cases of naturally occurring atypical BSE identified so far, the animals were >8 years of age, except for 3 cases: 1 H-BSE and 1 L-BSE in Spain (1) and 1 H-BSE in Germany (12). Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that L-BSE developed sporadically/spontaneously. However, this case may not have naturally occurred, in view of the low prevalence of L-BSE in Japan during October 2001–August 2016, which was 0.065 cases/1 million tested adult animals. In our study, the remaining live animal, challenged with 50 g of L-BSE brain homogenate, will provide the further information about the oral transmissibility to cattle. Bioassays of brain samples in TgBoPrP mice are ongoing.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The neuroanatomical PrPSc distribution pattern of orally challenged cattle differed somewhat from that described in cattle naturally and intracerebrally challenged with L-BSE (2–6,11,13,14), The conspicuous differences between the case we report and cases of natural and experimental infection are 1) higher amounts of PrPSc in the caudal medulla oblongata and the spinal cord coupled with that in the thalamus and the more rostral brainstem and 2) relatively low amounts of PrPSc in the cerebral cortices and the olfactory bulb. Furthermore, fewer PrPSc deposits in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve may indicate that the parasympathetic retrogressive neuroinvasion pathway does not contribute to transport of the L-BSE prion from the gut to the brain, which is in contrast to the vagus-associated transport of the agent in C-BSE (15). PrPSc accumulation in the extracerebral tissues may be a result of centrifugal trafficking of the L-BSE prion from the central nervous system along somatic or autonomic nerve fibers rather than centripetal propagation of the agent (4,6,9). Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Dr. Okada is a veterinary pathologist and chief researcher at the National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan. His research focuses on the pathogenesis of animal prion diseases in ruminants as natural hosts and in experimentally infected animals.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Acknowledgments</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
We thank Naoko Tabeta, Naomi Furuya, Junko Yamada, Ritsuko Miwa, Noriko Shinozaki, and the animal caretakers for their expert technical assistance.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
This work was supported by grants-in-aid from the BSE and Other Prion Disease project and the Improving Food Safety and Animal Health project of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
References</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
To assess the risk of the transmission of ruminant prions to ruminants and humans at the molecular level, we investigated the ability of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) of typical and atypical BSEs (L-type and H-type) and typical scrapie to convert normal prion protein (PrPC) from bovine, ovine, and human to proteinase K-resistant PrPSc-like form (PrPres) using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Six rounds of serial PMCA was performed using 10% brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing bovine, ovine or human PrPC in combination with PrPSc seed from typical and atypical BSE- or typical scrapie-infected brain homogenates from native host species. In the conventional PMCA, the conversion of PrPC to PrPres was observed only when the species of PrPC source and PrPSc seed matched. However, in the PMCA with supplements (digitonin, synthetic polyA and heparin), both bovine and ovine PrPC were converted by PrPSc from all tested prion strains. On the other hand, human PrPC was converted by PrPSc from typical and H-type BSE in this PMCA condition.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human transgenic mice, our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
***P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Sandor Dudas, John G Gray, Renee Clark, and Stefanie Czub Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Lethbridge, AB Canada</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Keywords: Atypical BSE, oral transmission, RT-QuIC</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
The detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has had a significant negative impact on the cattle industry worldwide. In response, governments took actions to prevent transmission and additional threats to animal health and food safety. While these measures seem to be effective for controlling classical BSE, the more recently discovered atypical BSE has presented a new challenge. To generate data for risk assessment and control measures, we have challenged cattle orally with atypical BSE to determine transmissibility and mis-folded prion (PrPSc) tissue distribution. Upon presentation of clinical symptoms, animals were euthanized and tested for characteristic histopathological changes as well as PrPSc deposition.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The H-type challenged animal displayed vacuolation exclusively in rostral brain areas but the L-type challenged animal showed no evidence thereof. To our surprise, neither of the animals euthanized, which were displaying clinical signs indicative of BSE, showed conclusive mis-folded prion accumulation in the brain or gut using standard molecular or immunohistochemical assays. To confirm presence or absence of prion infectivity, we employed an optimized real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay developed at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, USA.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Detection of PrPSc was unsuccessful for brain samples tests from the orally inoculated L type animal using the RT-QuIC. It is possible that these negative results were related to the tissue sampling locations or that type specific optimization is needed to detect PrPSc in this animal. We were however able to consistently detect the presence of mis-folded prions in the brain of the H-type inoculated animal. Considering the negative and inconclusive results with other PrPSc detection methods, positive results using the optimized RT-QuIC suggests the method is extremely sensitive for H-type BSE detection. This may be evidence of the first successful oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle and additional investigation of samples from these animals are ongoing.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29370" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29370</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-typical-and-atypical-bse-and.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-typical-and-atypical-bse-and.html</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
Oral transmission and early lymphoid tropism of chronic wasting disease PrPres in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus ) Christina J. Sigurdson1, Elizabeth S. Williams2, Michael W. Miller3, Terry R. Spraker1,4, Katherine I. O'Rourke5 and Edward A. Hoover1 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523- 1671, USA1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA 2 Colorado Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Research Center, 317 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526-2097, USA3 Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1671, USA4 Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 337 Bustad Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7030, USA5 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Author for correspondence: Edward Hoover.Fax +1 970 491 0523. e-mail <a href="mailto:ehoover@lamar.colostate.edu" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">ehoover@lamar.colostate.edu</a> </div>
<div>
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Mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus) were inoculated orally with a brain homogenate prepared from mule deer with naturally occurring chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion-induced transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Fawns were necropsied and examined for PrP res, the abnormal prion protein isoform, at 10, 42, 53, 77, 78 and 80 days post-inoculation (p.i.) using an immunohistochemistry assay modified to enhance sensitivity. PrPres was detected in alimentary-tract-associated lymphoid tissues (one or more of the following: retropharyngeal lymph node, tonsil, Peyer's patch and ileocaecal lymph node) as early as 42 days p.i. and in all fawns examined thereafter (53 to 80 days p.i.). No PrPres staining was detected in lymphoid tissue of three control fawns receiving a control brain inoculum, nor was PrPres detectable in neural tissue of any fawn. PrPres-specific staining was markedly enhanced by sequential tissue treatment with formic acid, proteinase K and hydrated autoclaving prior to immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody F89/160.1.5. These results indicate that CWD PrP res can be detected in lymphoid tissues draining the alimentary tract within a few weeks after oral exposure to infectious prions and may reflect the initial pathway of CWD infection in deer. The rapid infection of deer fawns following exposure by the most plausible natural route is consistent with the efficient horizontal transmission of CWD in nature and enables accelerated studies of transmission and pathogenesis in the native species. </div>
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These results indicate that mule deer fawns develop detectable PrP res after oral exposure to an inoculum containing CWD prions. In the earliest post-exposure period, CWD PrPres was traced to the lymphoid tissues draining the oral and intestinal mucosa (i.e. the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, tonsil, ileal Peyer's patches and ileocaecal lymph nodes), which probably received the highest initial exposure to the inoculum. Hadlow et al. (1982) demonstrated scrapie agent in the tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, ileum and spleen in a 10-month-old naturally infected lamb by mouse bioassay. Eight of nine sheep had infectivity in the retropharyngeal lymph node. He concluded that the tissue distribution suggested primary infection via the gastrointestinal tract. The tissue distribution of PrPres in the early stages of infection in the fawns is strikingly similar to that seen in naturally infected sheep with scrapie. These findings support oral exposure as a natural route of CWD infection in deer and support oral inoculation as a reasonable exposure route for experimental studies of CWD. </div>
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snip... </div>
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<a href="http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/80/10/2757%C2%A0" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/80/10/2757</a> </div>
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snip...see full text ; </div>
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-------- Original Message -------- </div>
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Subject: DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability </div>
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Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 -0500 </div>
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From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." </div>
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To: <a href="mailto:fdadockets@oc.fda.gov" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">fdadockets@oc.fda.gov</a> </div>
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Greetings FDA, </div>
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i would kindly like to comment on; </div>
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Docket 03D-0186 </div>
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FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability </div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html%C2%A0" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html</a> </div>
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Article </div>
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Experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to red deer </div>
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(Cervus elaphus elaphus): Early detection and late stage distribution </div>
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of protease-resistant prion protein </div>
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Aru Balachandran, Noel P. Harrington, James Algire, Andrei Soutyrine, Terry R. Spraker, </div>
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Martin Jeffrey, Lorenzo González, Katherine I. O'Rourke </div>
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Abstract - Chronic wasting disease (CWD), an important emerging prion disease of cervids, is readily transmitted by intracerebral or oral inoculation from deer-to-deer and elk-to-elk, suggesting the latter is a natural route of exposure. Studies of host range susceptibility to oral infection, particularly of those species found in habitats where CWD currently exists are imperative. This report describes the experimental transmission of CWD to red deer following oral inoculation with infectious CWD material of elk origin. At 18 to 20 months post-inoculation, mild to moderate neurological signs and weight loss were observed and animals were euthanized and tested using 3 conventional immunological assays. The data indicate that red deer are susceptible to oral challenge and that tissues currently used for CWD diagnosis show strong abnormal prion (PrPCWD) accumulation. Widespread peripheral PrPCWD deposition involves lymphoreticular tissues, endocrine tissues, and cardiac muscle and suggests a potential source of prion infectivity, a means of horizontal transmission and carrier state. </div>
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SNIP... </div>
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There is a strong correlation between the presence of PrPTSE and infectivity in prion diseases. Although the epidemiologic evidence strongly suggests that CWD is not transmissible to humans, this study and others suggest caution in this regard. The finding of PrPCWD in various organs, albeit in clinical CWD, suggests that humans who consume or handle meat from CWD-infected red deer may be at risk of exposure to CWD prions. This study found that red deer tissues other than nervous and lymphoid tissue can support CWD prion replication and accumulation. As a result, the consumption or handling of meat from CWD-infected red deer will put humans at risk of exposure to CWD prions. In spite of a well-documented species barrier, a cautious approach would involve preventing such tissues from entering the animal and human food chains. Future studies will require sensitive and quantitative techniques such as bioassays in transgenic mice that assess tissue infectivity and quantitative immunoassays adapted to PrPCWD detection in peripheral tissues. </div>
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SNIP... </div>
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The exact mode of transmission of CWD in nature remains unclear but is believed to involve direct animal-to-animal contact or environmental contamination. As TSE agents are extremely resistant in the environment (39), oral exposure is the most plausible pathway by which the CWD prion may be introduced to deer in nature and represents a significant obstacle to eradication of CWD from either farmed or free-ranging cervid populations. The distribution of PrPCWD in gut-associated lymphoid tissues, salivary glands, and nasal mucosa in the red deer of this study suggests potential routes of PrPCWD shedding into the environment via fluids such as saliva or feces. However, this study did not identify the point at which an animal may become infectious during the course of infection. An improved understanding of the mechanisms of shedding and transmission will be important in the future management of CWD. </div>
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SNIP... </div>
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In summary, this study demonstrates the potential for oral transmission of CWD to red deer and describes the pattern of PrPCWD accumulation for this species. The current surveillance testing regime for cervids would be expected to identify CWD-infected red deer should it occur in North America. These results confirm the usefulness of rapid tests such as ELISA but with generally slightly lower sensitivity when compared with IHC when testing tissues with patchy or sporadic PrPCWD deposition. The finding of PrPCWD in several extraneural tissues including cardiac muscle and the endocrine system suggests that further investigation and monitoring of the potential transmissibility to other species including humans is warranted. </div>
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SNIP... </div>
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(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières) </div>
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Can Vet J 2010;51:169-178 </div>
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Ottawa Laboratory - Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario (Balachandran, Harrington, Algire, </div>
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Soutyrine); Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (Spraker); Veterinary </div>
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Laboratory Agency, Department for the Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, Lasswade, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom </div>
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(Jeffrey, González); Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, </div>
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Washington, USA (O'Rourke). </div>
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Address all correspondence to Dr. Aru Balachandran; e-mail: <a href="mailto:BalachandranA@inspection.gc.ca" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">BalachandranA@inspection.gc.ca</a> </div>
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<a href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1109&context=zoonoticspub%C2%A0" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1109&context=zoonoticspub</a> </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/01/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-cervids.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/01/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-cervids.html</a></div>
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Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle</div>
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Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME.</div>
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snip...</div>
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The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle...</div>
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<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a></div>
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In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells</div>
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3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. ...</div>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div>
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The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite its subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province! ...page 26.</div>
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<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div>
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*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep.</div>
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<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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SPONTANEOUS ATYPICAL BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div>
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***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div>
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<a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573%C2%A0" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div>
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CWD of deer and elk is spreading across North America and cannot be stopped.</div>
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The tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen.</div>
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The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit.</div>
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You cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE.</div>
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Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well.</div>
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The TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes.</div>
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IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades.</div>
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You can bury it and it will not go away.</div>
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The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area.</div>
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it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with.</div>
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that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent.</div>
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cwd to humans, consumption, exposure, sub-clinical, iatrogenic, what if ?</div>
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i strenuously urge you all to rethink this cutting of funds for research of the TSE Prion disease. </div>
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Subject: TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION MAD COW TYPE DISEASE UPDATE</div>
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Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion aka mad deer disease </div>
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THURSDAY, MARCH 30, 2017 </div>
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Norway CWD Skrantesjuke: VKM report supports the National Veterinary Institute perception management </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/norway-cwd-skrantesjuke-vkm-report.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/norway-cwd-skrantesjuke-vkm-report.html</a></div>
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MONDAY, MARCH 27, 2017 </div>
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Wyoming CWD Postive Mule Deer Doe Near Pinedale </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/wyoming-cwd-postive-mule-deer-doe-near.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/wyoming-cwd-postive-mule-deer-doe-near.html</a></div>
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MONDAY, MARCH 20, 2017 </div>
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Wisconsin CWD TSE Prion Annual Roundup 441 positive </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/wisconsin-cwd-tse-prion-annual-roundup.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/wisconsin-cwd-tse-prion-annual-roundup.html</a></div>
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TUESDAY, MARCH 14, 2017 </div>
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Iowa 12 deer test positive for chronic wasting disease from 2016-17 hunting seasons </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/iowa-12-deer-test-positive-for-chronic.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/iowa-12-deer-test-positive-for-chronic.html</a></div>
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MONDAY, MARCH 13, 2017 </div>
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CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UDATE March 13, 2017 </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div>
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FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 2017 </div>
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Nebraska Tests confirm spread of CWD to Lancaster County </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/nebraska-tests-confirm-spread-of-cwd-to.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/nebraska-tests-confirm-spread-of-cwd-to.html</a></div>
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THURSDAY, MARCH 09, 2017 </div>
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Missouri MDC REPORTS TWO CASES OF CWD IN ST. CLAIR COUNTY </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/missouri-mdc-reports-two-cases-of-cwd.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/missouri-mdc-reports-two-cases-of-cwd.html</a></div>
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WEDNESDAY, MARCH 01, 2017 </div>
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South central Pennsylvania Captive Deer Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/south-central-pennsylvania-captive-deer.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/south-central-pennsylvania-captive-deer.html</a></div>
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SATURDAY, MARCH 04, 2017 </div>
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Maryland DNR Six Deer Test Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/maryland-dnr-six-deer-test-positive-for.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/maryland-dnr-six-deer-test-positive-for.html</a></div>
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FRIDAY, MARCH 31, 2017 </div>
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TPWD UPDATE CWD TSE Prion 49 confirmed cases and unwanted firsts for Texas </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/tpwd-update-cwd-tse-prion-49-confirmed.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/tpwd-update-cwd-tse-prion-49-confirmed.html</a></div>
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FRIDAY, JANUARY 27, 2017 </div>
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TEXAS, Politicians, TAHC, TPWD, and the spread of CWD TSE Prion in Texas </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-politicians-tahc-tpwd-and-spread.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-politicians-tahc-tpwd-and-spread.html</a></div>
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MONDAY, MARCH 13, 2017 </div>
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CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UDATE March 13, 2017 </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div>
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SATURDAY, JANUARY 14, 2017 </div>
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CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION GLOBAL UPDATE JANUARY 14, 2017 </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">*** WDA 2016 NEW YORK *** </span></div>
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We found that CWD adapts to a new host more readily than BSE and that human PrP was unexpectedly prone to misfolding by CWD prions. In addition, we investigated the role of specific regions of the bovine, deer and human PrP protein in resistance to conversion by prions from another species. We have concluded that the human protein has a region that confers unusual susceptibility to conversion by CWD prions. </div>
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Student Presentations Session 2 </div>
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The species barriers and public health threat of CWD and BSE prions </div>
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Ms. Kristen Davenport1, Dr. Davin Henderson1, Dr. Candace Mathiason1, Dr. Edward Hoover1 1Colorado State University </div>
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through cervid populations in the USA. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow disease) arose in the 1980s because cattle were fed recycled animal protein. These and other prion diseases are caused by abnormal folding of the normal prion protein (PrP) into a disease causing form (PrPd), which is pathogenic to nervous system cells and can cause subsequent PrP to misfold. CWD spreads among cervids very efficiently, but it has not yet infected humans. On the other hand, BSE was spread only when cattle consumed infected bovine or ovine tissue, but did infect humans and other species. The objective of this research is to understand the role of PrP structure in cross-species infection by CWD and BSE. To study the propensity of each species’ PrP to be induced to misfold by the presence of PrPd from verious species, we have used an in vitro system that permits detection of PrPd in real-time. We measured the conversion efficiency of various combinations of PrPd seeds and PrP substrate combinations. We observed the cross-species behavior of CWD and BSE, in addition to feline-adapted CWD and BSE. We found that CWD adapts to a new host more readily than BSE and that human PrP was unexpectedly prone to misfolding by CWD prions. In addition, we investigated the role of specific regions of the bovine, deer and human PrP protein in resistance to conversion by prions from another species. </div>
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***We have concluded that the human protein has a region that confers unusual susceptibility to conversion by CWD prions. </div>
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CWD is unique among prion diseases in its rapid spread in natural populations. BSE prions are essentially unaltered upon passage to a new species, while CWD adapts to the new species. This adaptation has consequences for surveillance of humans exposed to CWD. </div>
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Wildlife Disease Risk Communication Research Contributes to Wildlife Trust Administration Exploring perceptions about chronic wasting disease risks among wildlife and agriculture professionals and stakeholders </div>
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<a href="http://www.wda2016.org/uploads/5/8/6/1/58613359/wda_2016_conference_proceedings_low_res.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.wda2016.org/uploads/5/8/6/1/58613359/wda_2016_conference_proceedings_low_res.pdf</a></div>
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PRION 2016 TOKYO </div>
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Zoonotic Potential of CWD Prions: An Update </div>
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a widespread and highly transmissible prion disease in free-ranging and captive cervid species in North America. The zoonotic potential of CWD prions is a serious public health concern, but the susceptibility of human CNS and peripheral organs to CWD prions remains largely unresolved. We reported earlier that peripheral and CNS infections were detected in transgenic mice expressing human PrP129M or PrP129V. Here we will present an update on this project, including evidence for strain dependence and influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms on CWD zoonosis as well as the characteristics of experimental human CWD prions. </div>
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PRION 2016 TOKYO In Conjunction with Asia Pacific Prion Symposium 2016 PRION 2016 Tokyo Prion 2016 </div>
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<a href="http://prion2016.org/dl/newsletter_03.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://prion2016.org/dl/newsletter_03.pdf</a></div>
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Cervid to human prion transmission </div>
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Kong, Qingzhong </div>
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Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States </div>
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Abstract </div>
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Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: </div>
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(1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; </div>
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(2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; </div>
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(3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and </div>
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(4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div>
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Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of "humanized" Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental "human CWD" samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div>
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Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div>
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Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental "human CWD" samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div>
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Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans. </div>
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Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans. </div>
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<a href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1</a></div>
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Key Molecular Mechanisms of TSEs </div>
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Zabel, Mark D. </div>
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Colorado State University-Fort Collins, Fort Collins, CO, United States Abstract Prion diseases, or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are fatal neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans, cervids, bovids, and ovids. The absolute requirement of PrPC expression to generate prion diseases and the lack of instructional nucleic acid define prions as unique infectious agents. Prions exhibit species-specific tropism, inferring that unique prion strains exist that preferentially infct certain host species and confront transmission barriers to heterologous host species. However, transmission barriers are not absolute. Scientific consensus agrees that the sheep TSE scrapie probably breached the transmission barrier to cattle causing bovine spongiform encephalopathy that subsequently breached the human transmission barrier and likely caused several hundred deaths by a new-variant form of the human TSE Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK and Europe. The impact to human health, emotion and economies can still be felt in areas like farming, blood and organ donations and the threat of a latent TSE epidemic. This precedent raises the real possibility of other TSEs, like chronic wasting disease of cervids, overcoming similar human transmission barriers. A groundbreaking discovery made last year revealed that mice infected with heterologous prion strains facing significant transmission barriers replicated prions far more readily in spleens than brains6. Furthermore, these splenic prions exhibited weakened transmission barriers and expanded host ranges compared to neurogenic prions. These data question conventional wisdom of avoiding neural tissue to avoid prion xenotransmission, when more promiscuous prions may lurk in extraneural tissues. Data derived from work previously funded by NIH demonstrate that Complement receptors CD21/35 bind prions and high density PrPC and differentially impact prion disease depending on the prion isolate or strain used. Recent advances in live animal and whole organ imaging have led us to generate preliminary data to support novel, innovative approaches to assessing prion capture and transport. We plan to test our unifying hypothesis for this proposal that CD21/35 control the processes of peripheral prion capture, transport, strain selection and xenotransmission in the following specific aims. 1. Assess the role of CD21/35 in splenic prion strain selection and host range expansion. 2. Determine whether CD21/35 and C1q differentially bind distinct prion strains 3. Monitor the effects of CD21/35 on prion trafficking in real time and space 4. Assess the role of CD21/35 in incunabular prion trafficking </div>
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Public Health Relevance Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, or prion diseases, are devastating illnesses that greatly impact public health, agriculture and wildlife in North America and around the world. The impact to human health, emotion and economies can still be felt in areas like farming, blood and organ donations and the threat of a latent TSE epidemic. This precedent raises the real possibility of other TSEs, like chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids, overcoming similar human transmission barriers. Early this year Canada reported its first case of BSE in over a decade audits first case of CWD in farmed elk in three years, underscoring the need for continued vigilance and research. Identifying mechanisms of transmission and zoonoses remains an extremely important and intense area of research that will benefit human and other animal populations. </div>
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<a href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R56-AI122273-01A1" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R56-AI122273-01A1</a></div>
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PMCA Detection of CWD Infection in Cervid and Non-Cervid Species </div>
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Hoover, Edward Arthur </div>
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Colorado State University-Fort Collins, Fort Collins, CO, United States </div>
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<a href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS061902-07" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS061902-07</a></div>
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LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ </div>
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*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div>
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<a href="https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/28124/?nocache=112223249" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/28124/?nocache=112223249</a></div>
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Monday, May 02, 2016 </div>
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*** Zoonotic Potential of CWD Prions: An Update Prion 2016 Tokyo *** </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/zoonotic-potential-of-cwd-prions-update.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/zoonotic-potential-of-cwd-prions-update.html</a></div>
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*** DECEMBER 2016 CDC EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL CWD HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION</div>
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<a href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/12/16-0635_article" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/12/16-0635_article</a></div>
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*** INFECTIOUS AGENT OF SHEEP SCRAPIE MAY PERSIST IN THE ENVIRONMENT FOR AT LEAST 16 YEARS ***</div>
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GUDMUNDUR GEORGSSON1, SIGURDUR SIGURDARSON2 AND PAUL BROWN3</div>
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<a href="http://jgv.sgmjournals.org/content/87/12/3737.full" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://jgv.sgmjournals.org/content/87/12/3737.full</a></div>
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Title: Pathological features of chronic wasting disease in reindeer and demonstration of horizontal transmission</div>
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<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=328261" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=328261</a></div>
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Using in vitro prion replication for high sensitive detection of prions and prionlike proteins and for understanding mechanisms of transmission.</div>
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Claudio Soto</div>
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Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's diseases and related Brain disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston.</div>
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Prion and prion-like proteins are misfolded protein aggregates with the ability to selfpropagate to spread disease between cells, organs and in some cases across individuals. I n T r a n s m i s s i b l e s p o n g i f o r m encephalopathies (TSEs), prions are mostly composed by a misfolded form of the prion protein (PrPSc), which propagates by transmitting its misfolding to the normal prion protein (PrPC). The availability of a procedure to replicate prions in the laboratory may be important to study the mechanism of prion and prion-like spreading and to develop high sensitive detection of small quantities of misfolded proteins in biological fluids, tissues and environmental samples. Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) is a simple, fast and efficient methodology to mimic prion replication in the test tube. PMCA is a platform technology that may enable amplification of any prion-like misfolded protein aggregating through a seeding/nucleation process. In TSEs, PMCA is able to detect the equivalent of one single molecule of infectious PrPSc and propagate prions that maintain high infectivity, strain properties and species specificity. Using PMCA we have been able to detect PrPSc in blood and urine of experimentally infected animals and humans affected by vCJD with high sensitivity and specificity. Recently, we have expanded the principles of PMCA to amplify amyloid-beta (Aβ) and alphasynuclein (α-syn) aggregates implicated in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, respectively. Experiments are ongoing to study the utility of this technology to detect Aβ and α-syn aggregates in samples of CSF and blood from patients affected by these diseases.</div>
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***Recently, we have been using PMCA to study the role of environmental prion contamination on the horizontal spreading of TSEs. These experiments have focused on the study of the interaction of prions with plants and environmentally relevant surfaces. Our results show that plants (both leaves and roots) bind tightly to prions present in brain extracts and excreta (urine and feces) and retain even small quantities of PrPSc for long periods of time. Strikingly, ingestion of prioncontaminated leaves and roots produced disease with a 100% attack rate and an incubation period not substantially longer than feeding animals directly with scrapie brain homogenate. Furthermore, plants can uptake prions from contaminated soil and transport them to different parts of the plant tissue (stem and leaves). Similarly, prions bind tightly to a variety of environmentally relevant surfaces, including stones, wood, metals, plastic, glass, cement, etc. Prion contaminated surfaces efficiently transmit prion disease when these materials were directly injected into the brain of animals and strikingly when the contaminated surfaces were just placed in the animal cage. These findings demonstrate that environmental materials can efficiently bind infectious prions and act as carriers of infectivity, suggesting that they may play an important role in the horizontal transmission of the disease.</div>
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Since its invention 13 years ago, PMCA has helped to answer fundamental questions of prion propagation and has broad applications in research areas including the food industry, blood bank safety and human and veterinary disease diagnosis.</div>
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<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28467" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28467</a></div>
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with CWD TSE Prions, I am not sure there is any absolute yet, other than what we know with transmission studies, and we know tse prion kill, and tse prion are bad. science shows to date, that indeed soil, dirt, some better than others, can act as a carrier. same with objects, farm furniture. take it with how ever many grains of salt you wish, or not. if load factor plays a role in the end formula, then everything should be on the table, in my opinion...tss</div>
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<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf</a></div>
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Oral Transmissibility of Prion Disease Is Enhanced by Binding to Soil Particles</div>
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Author Summary</div>
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Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of incurable neurological diseases likely caused by a misfolded form of the prion protein. TSEs include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (‘‘mad cow’’ disease) in cattle, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Scrapie and chronic wasting disease are unique among TSEs because they can be transmitted between animals, and the disease agents appear to persist in environments previously inhabited by infected animals. Soil has been hypothesized to act as a reservoir of infectivity and to bind the infectious agent. In the current study, we orally dosed experimental animals with a common clay mineral, montmorillonite, or whole soils laden with infectious prions, and compared the transmissibility to unbound agent. We found that prions bound to montmorillonite and whole soils remained orally infectious, and, in most cases, increased the oral transmission of disease compared to the unbound agent. The results presented in this study suggest that soil may contribute to environmental spread of TSEs by increasing the transmissibility of small amounts of infectious agent in the environment.</div>
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<a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/downloads/tools/johnson%20et%20al%20prions%20in%20soil.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/downloads/tools/johnson%20et%20al%20prions%20in%20soil.pdf</a></div>
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tse prion soil</div>
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<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058630" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058630</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567181/pdf/ppat.1003113.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567181/pdf/ppat.1003113.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.nature.com/srep/2015/150210/srep08358/full/srep08358.html?WT.ec_id=SREP-639-20150217" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/srep/2015/150210/srep08358/full/srep08358.html?WT.ec_id=SREP-639-20150217</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdfExtended/S2211-1247(15)00437-4" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdfExtended/S2211-1247(15)00437-4</a></div>
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Wednesday, December 16, 2015</div>
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Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div>
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<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div>
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The sources of dust borne prions are unknown but it seems reasonable to assume that faecal, urine, skin, parturient material and saliva-derived prions may contribute to this mobile environmental reservoir of infectivity. This work highlights a possible transmission route for scrapie within the farm environment, and this is likely to be paralleled in CWD which shows strong similarities with scrapie in terms of prion dissemination and disease transmission. The data indicate that the presence of scrapie prions in dust is likely to make the control of these diseases a considerable challenge.</div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4397813/pdf/13567_2015_Article_176.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4397813/pdf/13567_2015_Article_176.pdf</a></div>
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>>>Particle-associated PrPTSE molecules may migrate from locations of deposition via transport processes affecting soil particles, including entrainment in and movement with air and overland flow. <<<</div>
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Fate of Prions in Soil: A Review</div>
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Christen B. Smith, Clarissa J. Booth, and Joel A. Pedersen*</div>
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Several reports have shown that prions can persist in soil for several years. Significant interest remains in developing methods that could be applied to degrade PrPTSE in naturally contaminated soils. Preliminary research suggests that serine proteases and the microbial consortia in stimulated soils and compost may partially degrade PrPTSE. Transition metal oxides in soil (viz. manganese oxide) may also mediate prion inactivation. Overall, the effect of prion attachment to soil particles on its persistence in the environment is not well understood, and additional study is needed to determine its implications on the environmental transmission of scrapie and CWD.</div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160281/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160281/</a></div>
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P.161: Prion soil binding may explain efficient horizontal CWD transmission</div>
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Conclusion. Silty clay loam exhibits highly efficient prion binding, inferring a durable environmental reservoir, and an efficient mechanism for indirect horizontal CWD transmission.</div>
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<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></div>
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>>>Another alternative would be an absolute prohibition on the movement of deer within the state for any purpose. While this alternative would significantly reduce the potential spread of CWD, it would also have the simultaneous effect of preventing landowners and land managers from implementing popular management strategies involving the movement of deer, and would deprive deer breeders of the ability to engage in the business of buying and selling breeder deer. Therefore, this alternative was rejected because the department determined that it placed an avoidable burden on the regulated community.<<<</div>
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Wednesday, December 16, 2015</div>
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Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div>
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Timm Konold1*, Stephen A. C. Hawkins2, Lisa C. Thurston3, Ben C. Maddison4, Kevin C. Gough5, Anthony Duarte1 and Hugh A. Simmons1</div>
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1 Animal Sciences Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK, 2 Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK, 3 Surveillance and Laboratory Services, Animal and Plant Health Agency Penrith, Penrith, UK, 4 ADAS UK, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK, 5 School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK</div>
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Classical scrapie is an environmentally transmissible prion disease of sheep and goats. Prions can persist and remain potentially infectious in the environment for many years and thus pose a risk of infecting animals after re-stocking. In vitro studies using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) have suggested that objects on a scrapie affected sheep farm could contribute to disease transmission. This in vivo study aimed to determine the role of field furniture (water troughs, feeding troughs, fencing, and other objects that sheep may rub against) used by a scrapie-infected sheep flock as a vector for disease transmission to scrapie-free lambs with the prion protein genotype VRQ/VRQ, which is associated with high susceptibility to classical scrapie. When the field furniture was placed in clean accommodation, sheep became infected when exposed to either a water trough (four out of five) or to objects used for rubbing (four out of seven). This field furniture had been used by the scrapie-infected flock 8 weeks earlier and had previously been shown to harbor scrapie prions by sPMCA. Sheep also became infected (20 out of 23) through exposure to contaminated field furniture placed within pasture not used by scrapie-infected sheep for 40 months, even though swabs from this furniture tested negative by PMCA. This infection rate decreased (1 out of 12) on the same paddock after replacement with clean field furniture. Twelve grazing sheep exposed to field furniture not in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for 18 months remained scrapie free. The findings of this study highlight the role of field furniture used by scrapie-infected sheep to act as a reservoir for disease re-introduction although infectivity declines considerably if the field furniture has not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. PMCA may not be as sensitive as VRQ/VRQ sheep to test for environmental contamination.</div>
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Discussion</div>
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Classical scrapie is an environmentally transmissible disease because it has been reported in naïve, supposedly previously unexposed sheep placed in pastures formerly occupied by scrapie-infected sheep (4, 19, 20). Although the vector for disease transmission is not known, soil is likely to be an important reservoir for prions (2) where – based on studies in rodents – prions can adhere to minerals as a biologically active form (21) and remain infectious for more than 2 years (22). Similarly, chronic wasting disease (CWD) has re-occurred in mule deer housed in paddocks used by infected deer 2 years earlier, which was assumed to be through foraging and soil consumption (23).</div>
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Our study suggested that the risk of acquiring scrapie infection was greater through exposure to contaminated wooden, plastic, and metal surfaces via water or food troughs, fencing, and hurdles than through grazing. Drinking from a water trough used by the scrapie flock was sufficient to cause infection in sheep in a clean building. Exposure to fences and other objects used for rubbing also led to infection, which supported the hypothesis that skin may be a vector for disease transmission (9). The risk of these objects to cause infection was further demonstrated when 87% of 23 sheep presented with PrPSc in lymphoid tissue after grazing on one of the paddocks, which contained metal hurdles, a metal lamb creep and a water trough in contact with the scrapie flock up to 8 weeks earlier, whereas no infection had been demonstrated previously in sheep grazing on this paddock, when equipped with new fencing and field furniture. When the contaminated furniture and fencing were removed, the infection rate dropped significantly to 8% of 12 sheep, with soil of the paddock as the most likely source of infection caused by shedding of prions from the scrapie-infected sheep in this paddock up to a week earlier.</div>
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This study also indicated that the level of contamination of field furniture sufficient to cause infection was dependent on two factors: stage of incubation period and time of last use by scrapie-infected sheep. Drinking from a water trough that had been used by scrapie sheep in the predominantly pre-clinical phase did not appear to cause infection, whereas infection was shown in sheep drinking from the water trough used by scrapie sheep in the later stage of the disease. It is possible that contamination occurred through shedding of prions in saliva, which may have contaminated the surface of the water trough and subsequently the water when it was refilled. Contamination appeared to be sufficient to cause infection only if the trough was in contact with sheep that included clinical cases. Indeed, there is an increased risk of bodily fluid infectivity with disease progression in scrapie (24) and CWD (25) based on PrPSc detection by sPMCA. Although ultraviolet light and heat under natural conditions do not inactivate prions (26), furniture in contact with the scrapie flock, which was assumed to be sufficiently contaminated to cause infection, did not act as vector for disease if not used for 18 months, which suggest that the weathering process alone was sufficient to inactivate prions.</div>
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PrPSc detection by sPMCA is increasingly used as a surrogate for infectivity measurements by bioassay in sheep or mice. In this reported study, however, the levels of PrPSc present in the environment were below the limit of detection of the sPMCA method, yet were still sufficient to cause infection of in-contact animals. In the present study, the outdoor objects were removed from the infected flock 8 weeks prior to sampling and were positive by sPMCA at very low levels (2 out of 37 reactions). As this sPMCA assay also yielded 2 positive reactions out of 139 in samples from the scrapie-free farm, the sPMCA assay could not detect PrPSc on any of the objects above the background of the assay. False positive reactions with sPMCA at a low frequency associated with de novo formation of infectious prions have been reported (27, 28). This is in contrast to our previous study where we demonstrated that outdoor objects that had been in contact with the scrapie-infected flock up to 20 days prior to sampling harbored PrPSc that was detectable by sPMCA analysis [4 out of 15 reactions (12)] and was significantly more positive by the assay compared to analogous samples from the scrapie-free farm. This discrepancy could be due to the use of a different sPMCA substrate between the studies that may alter the efficiency of amplification of the environmental PrPSc. In addition, the present study had a longer timeframe between the objects being in contact with the infected flock and sampling, which may affect the levels of extractable PrPSc. Alternatively, there may be potentially patchy contamination of this furniture with PrPSc, which may have been missed by swabbing. The failure of sPMCA to detect CWD-associated PrP in saliva from clinically affected deer despite confirmation of infectivity in saliva-inoculated transgenic mice was associated with as yet unidentified inhibitors in saliva (29), and it is possible that the sensitivity of sPMCA is affected by other substances in the tested material. In addition, sampling of amplifiable PrPSc and subsequent detection by sPMCA may be more difficult from furniture exposed to weather, which is supported by the observation that PrPSc was detected by sPMCA more frequently in indoor than outdoor furniture (12). A recent experimental study has demonstrated that repeated cycles of drying and wetting of prion-contaminated soil, equivalent to what is expected under natural weathering conditions, could reduce PMCA amplification efficiency and extend the incubation period in hamsters inoculated with soil samples (30). This seems to apply also to this study even though the reduction in infectivity was more dramatic in the sPMCA assays than in the sheep model. Sheep were not kept until clinical end-point, which would have enabled us to compare incubation periods, but the lack of infection in sheep exposed to furniture that had not been in contact with scrapie sheep for a longer time period supports the hypothesis that prion degradation and subsequent loss of infectivity occurs even under natural conditions.</div>
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In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. These results suggest that the VRQ/VRQ sheep model may be more sensitive than sPMCA for the detection of environmentally associated scrapie, and suggest that extremely low levels of scrapie contamination are able to cause infection in susceptible sheep genotypes.</div>
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Keywords: classical scrapie, prion, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, sheep, field furniture, reservoir, serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification</div>
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<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div>
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Wednesday, December 16, 2015</div>
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*** Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission ***</div>
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<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/12/objects-in-contact-with-classical.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/12/objects-in-contact-with-classical.html</a></div>
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*** Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years ***</div>
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Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3</div>
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<a href="http://jgv.sgmjournals.org/content/87/12/3737.full" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://jgv.sgmjournals.org/content/87/12/3737.full</a></div>
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***at present, no cervid PrP allele conferring absolute resistance to prion infection has been identified.</div>
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P-145 Estimating chronic wasting disease resistance in cervids using real time quaking- induced conversion</div>
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Nicholas J Haley1, Rachel Rielinqer2, Kristen A Davenport3, W. David Walter4, Katherine I O'Rourke5, Gordon Mitchell6, Juergen A Richt2</div>
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1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, United States; 2Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University; 3Prion Research Center; Colorado State University; 4U.S. Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; 5Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture; 6Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National and OlE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWO</div>
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In mammalian species, the susceptibility to prion diseases is affected, in part, by the sequence of the host's prion protein (PrP). In sheep, a gradation from scrapie susceptible to resistant has been established both in vivo and in vitro based on the amino acids present at PrP positions 136, 154, and 171, which has led to global breeding programs to reduce the prevalence of scrapie in domestic sheep. In cervids, resistance is commonly characterized as a delayed progression of chronic wasting disease (CWD); at present, no cervid PrP allele conferring absolute resistance to prion infection has been identified. To model the susceptibility of various naturally-occurring and hypothetical cervid PrP alleles in vitro, we compared the amplification rates and efficiency of various CWD isolates in recombinant PrPC using real time quaking-induced conversion. We hypothesized that amplification metrics of these isolates in cervid PrP substrates would correlate to in vivo susceptibility - allowing susceptibility prediction for alleles found at 10 frequency in nature, and that there would be an additive effect of multiple resistant codons in hypothetical alleles. Our studies demonstrate that in vitro amplification metrics predict in vivo susceptibility, and that alleles with multiple codons, each influencing resistance independently, do not necessarily contribute additively to resistance. Importantly, we found that the white-tailed deer 226K substrate exhibited the slowest amplification rate among those evaluated, suggesting that further investigation of this allele and its resistance in vivo are warranted to determine if absolute resistance to CWD is possible.</div>
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***at present, no cervid PrP allele conferring absolute resistance to prion infection has been identified.</div>
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PRION 2016 CONFERENCE TOKYO </div>
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<a href="http://prion2016.org/dl/newsletter_03.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://prion2016.org/dl/newsletter_03.pdf</a></div>
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Pathways of Prion Spread during Early Chronic Wasting Disease in Deer </div>
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Clare E. Hoover1, Kristen A. Davenport1, Davin M. Henderson1,Nathaniel D. Denkers1, Candace K. Mathiason1, Claudio Soto2, Mark D. Zabel1and Edward A. Hoover1# +Author Affiliations</div>
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1Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA 2Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA ABSTRACT</div>
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Among prion infections, two scenarios of prion spread are generally observed: (a) early lymphoid tissue replication or (b) direct neuroinvasion without substantial antecedent lymphoid amplification. In nature, cervids are infected with chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions by oral and nasal mucosal exposure, and studies of early CWD pathogenesis have implicated pharyngeal lymphoid tissue as the earliest sites of prion accumulation. However, knowledge of chronological events in prion spread during early infection remains incomplete. To investigate this knowledge gap in early CWD pathogenesis, we exposed white-tailed deer to CWD prions by mucosal routes and performed serial necropsies to assess PrPCWD tissue distribution by real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and tyramide signal amplification immunohistochemistry (TSA-IHC). Although PrPCWD was not detected by either method in the initial days (1 and 3) post-exposure, we observed PrPCWD seeding activity and follicular immunoreactivity in oropharyngeal lymphoid tissues at 1 and 2 months post-exposure (MPE). At 3 MPE, PrPCWD replication had expanded to all systemic lymphoid tissues. By 4 MPE, the PrPCWD burden in all lymphoid tissues had increased, and approached levels observed in terminal disease, yet there was no evidence of nervous system invasion. These results indicate the first site of CWD prion entry is in the oropharynx and the initial phase of prion amplification occurs in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissues followed by rapid dissemination to systemic lymphoid tissues. This lymphoid replication phase appears to precede neuroinvasion.</div>
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IMPORTANCE Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a universally fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting cervids and natural infection occurs through oral and nasal mucosal exposure to infectious prions. Terminal disease is characterized by PrPCWD accumulation in the brain and lymphoid tissues of affected animals. However, the initial sites of prion accumulation and pathways of prion spread during early CWD infection remain unknown. To investigate the chronological events of early prion pathogenesis, we exposed deer to CWD prions and monitored the tissue distribution of PrPCWD over the first 4 months of infection. We show CWD uptake occurs in the oropharynx with initial prion replication in the draining oropharyngeal lymphoid tissues, rapidly followed by dissemination to systemic lymphoid tissues without evidence of neuroinvasion. This data highlights the two phases of CWD infection: a robust prion amplification in systemic lymphoid tissues prior to neuroinvasion or establishment of a carrier state.</div>
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FOOTNOTES</div>
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↵#Address correspondence to Edward A. Hoover, <a href="mailto:edward.hoover@colostate.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">edward.hoover@colostate.edu</a> Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. </div>
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<a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2017/02/23/JVI.00077-17.abstract" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2017/02/23/JVI.00077-17.abstract</a></div>
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this next bit of science is very important, please study this...terry</div>
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TUESDAY, MARCH 28, 2017 </div>
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*** Passage of scrapie to deer results in a new phenotype upon return passage to sheep ***</div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/passage-of-scrapie-to-deer-results-in.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/passage-of-scrapie-to-deer-results-in.html</a></div>
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WEDNESDAY, APRIL 05, 2017 </div>
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Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html</a></div>
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, aka mad cow disease. </div>
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WEDNESDAY, MARCH 15, 2017 </div>
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In vitro amplification of H-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy by protein misfolding cyclic amplification </div>
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"When considering the atypical L-BSE and H-BSE diseases of cattle, they have been assessed in both non-human primate and transgenic mouse bioassays (with mice transgenic for human PRNP) and both model systems indicate that H-BSE and L-BSE may have increased zoonotic potential compare with C-BSE. The detection of all types of BSE is therefore of significant importance." </div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/03/in-vitro-amplification-of-h-type.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/03/in-vitro-amplification-of-h-type.html</a></div>
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Monday, January 09, 2017 </div>
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Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle CDC Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017 </div>
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Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle. </div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/01/oral-transmission-of-l-type-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/01/oral-transmission-of-l-type-bovine.html</a></div>
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Wednesday, December 21, 2016 </div>
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TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES 2016 ANNUAL REPORT ARS RESEARCH </div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/12/transmission-differentiation-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/12/transmission-differentiation-and.html</a></div>
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Saturday, December 01, 2007</div>
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Phenotypic Similarity of Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy in Cattle and L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Mouse Model</div>
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<a href="http://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2007/12/phenotypic-similarity-of-transmissible.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2007/12/phenotypic-similarity-of-transmissible.html</a></div>
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Sunday, December 10, 2006</div>
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Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy TME</div>
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<a href="http://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2006/12/transmissible-mink-encephalopathy-tme.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2006/12/transmissible-mink-encephalopathy-tme.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/</a></div>
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Saturday, June 25, 2011</div>
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Transmissibility of BSE-L and Cattle-Adapted TME Prion Strain to Cynomolgus Macaque</div>
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"BSE-L in North America may have existed for decades"</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html</a></div>
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Wednesday, April 25, 2012</div>
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4th MAD COW DISEASE U.S.A. CALIFORNIA ATYPICAL L-TYPE BSE 2012</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/04/4th-mad-cow-disease-usa-california.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/04/4th-mad-cow-disease-usa-california.html</a></div>
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Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan.</div>
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*** This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada.</div>
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*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries. ***</div>
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see page 176 of 201 pages...tss</div>
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<a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</a></div>
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*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply;</div>
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<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a></div>
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Wednesday, July 15, 2015</div>
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Additional BSE TSE prion testing detects pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc by PMCA only, how many cases have we missed?</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div>
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***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div>
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***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div>
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*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div>
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Posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. on 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 15, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">In vitro amplification of H-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy by protein misfolding cyclic amplification </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">"When considering the atypical L-BSE and H-BSE diseases of cattle, they have been assessed in both non-human primate and transgenic mouse bioassays (with mice transgenic for human PRNP) and both model systems indicate that H-BSE and L-BSE may have increased zoonotic potential compare with C-BSE. The detection of all types of BSE is therefore of significant importance." </span></div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/03/in-vitro-amplification-of-h-type.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/03/in-vitro-amplification-of-h-type.html </a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Tuesday, September 06, 2016 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">A comparison of classical and H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism in wild type and EK211 cattle following intracranial inoculation </span></div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/09/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/09/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html </a></div>
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SPONTANEOUS ATYPICAL BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div>
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***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">
Brazil Meat Scandal: 63 Indictments vast corruption scheme within the Ministry of Agriculture</div>
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<a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2017/04/brazil-meat-scandal-63-indictments-vast.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2017/04/brazil-meat-scandal-63-indictments-vast.html</a></div>
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SUNDAY, APRIL 16, 2017</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">
MM1-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with 1-month total disease duration and early pathologic indicators</div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/mm1-type-sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/mm1-type-sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob.html</a></div>
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TUESDAY, APRIL 04, 2017</div>
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<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">
Please Support Funding for CDC and NPDPSC's Prion Disease Programs</div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/please-support-funding-for-cdc-and.html%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/please-support-funding-for-cdc-and.html</a> </div>
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<a href="https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-44971166645511489022016-04-19T09:35:00.001-07:002016-04-19T09:47:51.779-07:00Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission<div>
<div>
Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards A Notice by the Food and Drug Administration on 04/12/2016 <br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/04/12/2016-08331/agency-information-collection-activities-proposed-collection-comment-request-animal-feed-regulatory#open-comment">https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/04/12/2016-08331/agency-information-collection-activities-proposed-collection-comment-request-animal-feed-regulatory#open-comment</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-04-12/pdf/2016-08331.pdf">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-04-12/pdf/2016-08331.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for “Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards.”
Singeltary Comment, </div>
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</div>
<div>
Greetings FDA et al, </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
I would kindly like to comment on ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for “Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards.”
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
I implore that we close the mad cow feed loopholes with cervid, and we must
enforce existing feed regulations against the BSE TSE Prion. we have failed
terribly in this. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
the august 1997 mad cow feed ban was nothing but ink on paper, imo. please
see ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
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</div>
<div>
*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? *** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
see Singeltary comment ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
SEE WHAT DEFRA MAFF ET AL SAID JUST LAST MONTH ABOUT THIS ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, April 07, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great
Britain? An updated Qualitative Risk Assessment March 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with
affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD
(Sigurdson, 2008). </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and
mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle
have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how
susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle,
it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of
venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research, however, suggests that
human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for
CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008). It is apparent, though, that CWD
is affecting wild and farmed cervid populations in endemic areas with some deer
populations decreasing as a result. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
For the purpose of the qualitative risk assessment developed here it is
necessary to estimate the probability that a 30-ml bottle of lure contains urine
from an infected deer. This requires an estimate of the proportion of deer herds
in the USA which are infected with CWD together with the within herd prevalence.
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The distribution map of CWD in US shows it is present mainly in central
states (Figure 1). However, Virginia in the east of the country has recorded
seven recent cases of CWD (Anon 2015a). Some US manufacturers claim to take
steps to prevent urine being taken from infected animals eg by sourcing from
farms where the deer are randomly tested for CWD (Anon 2015a). However, if
disease is already present and testing is not carried out regularly, captive
populations are not necessarily disease free (Strausser 2014). Urine-based deer
lures have been known to be collected from domestic white-tailed deer herds and
therefore there is a recognised risk. This is reflected by 6 US States which
have </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
14 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
banned the use of natural deer urine for lures, as the deer urine may be
sourced from CWD-endemic areas in the USA as well as from areas free of CWD. For
example, the US State of Virginia is banning the use of urine-based deer lures
on July 2015 and Vermont from 2016 due to the risk of spread of CWD. Alaska
banned their use in 2012 (Anon 2015a). Pennsylvania Game Commission has banned
urine-based deer lures and acknowledged that there is no way to detect their use
(Strausser 2014). On the basis of unpublished data (J. Manson, Pers. Comm.) it
appears that up to 50% of deer herds can be infected with 80-90% of animals
infected within some herds. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** It is therefore assumed that probability that a 30-ml bottle of deer
urine lure imported from the USA is sources from an infected deer is medium.
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
SNIP... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. ***For elk and deer
considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not
enter the animal feed system. ***However, this recommendation is guidance and
not a requirement by law. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. The
amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to
GB cannot be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may
constitute a small percentage of the very low tonnage of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a greater than negligible
risk that (non-ruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB. There is uncertainty associated with this estimate
given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being
imported in these products. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
SNIP... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/sy...ing-disease.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/sy...ing-disease.pdf</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Summary and MORE HERE ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great
Britain? An updated Qualitative Risk Assessment March 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/what-is-risk-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/what-is-risk-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
10 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN
COMMERCE USA 2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
PRODUCT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried,
Recall # V-024-2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
CODE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Firm initiated recall is ongoing. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
REASON </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-
contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been
manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE
statement. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
42,090 lbs. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
WI </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
___________________________________ </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
PRODUCT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot-
Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M
CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B
DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal,
JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT
Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral,
BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC
LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall #
V-025-2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
CODE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with
commodity and weights identified. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm
initiated recall is complete. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
REASON </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross
contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear
cautionary BSE statement. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
9,997,976 lbs. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
ID and NV </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Monday, October 26, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR
FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2006 WAS A BANNER YEARS TOO FOR MAD COW PROTEIN IN COMMERCE IN USA.
...SNIP...END </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Subject: Re: TEXAS CONFIRMATION OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE
TSE PRION IN ONE SAMPLE OF SORGHUM DDGS OUT OF 168 DG SAMPLES </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***UDATED CORRECTION BY AUTHOR...SEE EMAIL TO ME...terry </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
From: Kyung-Min Lee Sent: Thursday, October 01, 2015 1:39 PM </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
To: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. ; BSE-L@LISTS.AEGEE.ORG </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Cc: CJD-L@LISTS.AEGEE.ORG ; cjdvoice@yahoogroups.com ;
bloodcjd@yahoogroups.com ; jcattanach@foodprotection.org ; cnc3@psu.edu ;
dloynachan@foodprotection.org ; lhovey@foodprotection.org ; Timothy J. Herrman
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Subject: RE: TEXAS CONFIRMATION OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE
TSE PRION IN ONE SAMPLE OF SORGHUM DDGS OUT OF 168 DG SAMPLES </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Dear Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thank for your interest and concern about our published article entitled
“Evaluation of Selected Nutrients and Contaminants in Distillers Grains from
Ethanol Production in Texas”. I should apologize you and others that there were
some errors and misleading statements in this article due to inappropriate
terminology. The statement you were concerned about was corrected to "One
sorghum DDGS out of 168 DG samples was contaminated with animal protein
prohibited for use in ruminant feed and was channeled to poultry feed." We
requested the journal editor to correct some errors and the relevant statements,
or to withdraw the article from the journal. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Again I sincerely apologize for any confusion and inconvenience this may
cause. Thanks. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
best wishes, </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Kyung-Min </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Kyung-Min Lee, Ph. D. Research Scientist Office of the Texas State Chemist
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Texas A&M AgriLife Research P.O. Box 3160, College Station, TX
77841-3160 Phone: 979-845-4113 (ext 132) Email:kml@otsc.tamu.edu Fax:
979-845-1389 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip...end...tss </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
my link corrected </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, September 27, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
TEXAS CONFIRMATION OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION IN ONE
SAMPLE OF SORGHUM DDGS OUT OF 168 DG SAMPLES </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/09/texas-confirmation-of-bovine-spongiform.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/09/texas-confirmation-of-bovine-spongiform.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/09/29003001.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/09/29003001.pdf</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, March 24, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FRANCE CONFIRMS BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE MAD COW (ESB) chez une
vache dans les Ardennes </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/03/france-confirms-bovine-spongiform.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/03/france-confirms-bovine-spongiform.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, October 5, 2014</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
France stops BSE testing for Mad Cow Disease</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***atypical spontaneous BSE in France LOL*** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FRANCE STOPS TESTING FOR MAD COW DISEASE BSE, and here’s why, to many
spontaneous events of mad cow disease $$$ </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
If you Compare France to other Countries with atypical BSE, in my opinion,
you cannot explain this with ‘spontaneous’. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Table 1: Number of Atypical BSE cases reported by EU Member States in the
period 2001–2014 by country and by type (L- and H-BSE) (extracted from EU BSE
databases on 1 July 2014). By 2015, these data might be more comprehensive
following a request from the European Commission to Member States for re-testing
and retrospective classification of all positive bovine isolates in the EU in
the years 2003–2009</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
BSE type</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013(a)
2014(a) Total</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
H-BSE Austria 1 1</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
France(b) 1 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 15</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Germany 1 1 2</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Ireland 1 1 2 1 5</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The Netherlands 1 1</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Poland 1 1 2</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Portugal 1 1</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Spain 1 1 2</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sweden 1 1</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
United Kingdom 1 1 1 1 1 5</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Total 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 5 1 4 1 35</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
L-BSE Austria 1 1 2</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Denmark 1 1</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
France(b) 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 14</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Germany 1 1 2</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Italy 1 1 1 1 1 5</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The Netherlands 1 1 1 3</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Poland 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 12</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Spain 2 2</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
United Kingdom 1 1 1 1 4</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Total 0 5 3 4 3 3 6 3 3 4 3 6 1 1 45</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Total Atypical cases (H + L)</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2 8 6 5 4 5 8 5 7 8 8 7 5 2 80</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
(a): Data for 2013-2014 are incomplete and may not include all
cases/countries reported.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
(b): France has performed extensive retrospective testing to classify BSE
cases, which is probably the explanation for the higher number of Atypical BSE
cases reported in this country. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The number of Atypical BSE cases detected in countries that have already
identified them seems to be similar from year to year. In France, a
retrospective study of all TSE-positive cattle identified through the compulsory
EU surveillance between 2001 and 2007 indicated that the prevalence of H-BSE and
L-BSE was 0.35 and 0.41 cases per million adult cattle tested, respectively,
which increased to 1.9 and 1.7 cases per million, respectively, in tested
animals over eight years old (Biacabe et al., 2008). No comprehensive study on
the prevalence of Atypical BSE cases has yet been carried out in other EU Member
States. All cases of Atypical BSE reported in the EU BSE databases have been
identified by active surveillance testing (59 % in fallen stock, 38 % in healthy
slaughtered cattle and 4 % in emergency slaughtered cattle). Cases were reported
in animals over eight years of age, with the exception of two cases (one H-BSE
and one L-BSE) detected in Spain in 2011/2012. One additional case of H-BSE was
detected in Switzerland in 2012 in a cow born in Germany in 2005 (Guldimann et
al., 2012).</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/3798.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/3798.pdf</span></a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wednesday, July 15, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Additional BSE TSE prion testing detects pathologic lesion in unusual brain
location and PrPsc by PMCA only, how many cases have we missed?</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67
PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in
unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure
***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. on 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics
of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these
countries. *** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular
characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases
from Europe and Japan. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated
feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these
countries. *** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
see page 176 of 201 pages...tss </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding
Infected Cattle </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the
farm died from TME. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or
dead dairy cattle... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
SEE THE DRASTIC REDUCTION OF CONFIRMED BSE CASES IN THE UK ONCE THE FEED
BAN TOOK HOLD FROM THE TOP YEAR DOWN TO THE FIRST ZERO YEAR ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
1992 36680 SLAUGHTERED SUSPECTS IN WHICH BSE CONFIRMED </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2013 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402151656/http://www.defra.gov.uk/ahvla-en/files/pub-tse-stats-gboverview.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402151656/http://www.defra.gov.uk/ahvla-en/files/pub-tse-stats-gboverview.pdf</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402151656/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/bse/documents/hillreport.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402151656/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/bse/documents/hillreport.pdf</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402151656/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/bse/controls-eradication/feedban-bornafterban.htm"><span style="color: blue;">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402151656/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/bse/controls-eradication/feedban-bornafterban.htm</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402151656/http://www.defra.gov.uk/ahvla-en/disease-control/notifiable/bse/"><span style="color: blue;">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402151656/http://www.defra.gov.uk/ahvla-en/disease-control/notifiable/bse/</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402151656/http://www.defra.gov.uk/ahvla-en/science/tse/surveillance-stats/"><span style="color: blue;">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402151656/http://www.defra.gov.uk/ahvla-en/science/tse/surveillance-stats/</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, April 16, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
APHIS [Docket No. APHIS-2016-0029] Secretary's Advisory Committee on Animal
Health; Meeting May 2, 2016, and June 16, 2016 Singeltary Submission </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/04/aphis-docket-no-aphis-2016-0029.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/04/aphis-docket-no-aphis-2016-0029.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, March 20, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
UPDATED MARCH 2016 URGENT Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186)
Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, April 12, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The first detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Europe</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/the-first-detection-of-chronic-wasting.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/the-first-detection-of-chronic-wasting.html</span></a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Friday, April 08, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Arkansas AGFC Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Confirms 23 Additional
Cases Total At 79 To Date </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/arkansas-agfc-chronic-wasting-disease.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/arkansas-agfc-chronic-wasting-disease.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, April 02, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
TEXAS TAHC BREAKS IT'S SILENCE WITH TWO MORE CASES CWD CAPTIVE DEER
BRINGING TOTAL TO 10 CAPTIVES REPORTED TO DATE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/texas-tahc-breaks-its-silence-with-two.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/texas-tahc-breaks-its-silence-with-two.html</span></a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Friday, February 26, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
TEXAS Hartley County Mule Deer Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease
CWD TSE Prion </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/02/texas-hartley-county-mule-deer-tests.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/02/texas-hartley-county-mule-deer-tests.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Friday, February 05, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
TEXAS NEW CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD CASE DISCOVERD AT CAPTIVE DEER
RELEASE SITE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/02/texas-new-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/02/texas-new-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, March 31, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Roundup USA April 1, 2016
***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Monday, March 28, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
National Scrapie Eradication Program February 2016 Monthly Report</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/03/national-scrapie-eradication-program.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/03/national-scrapie-eradication-program.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Docket No. APHIS-2007-0127 Scrapie in Sheep and Goats Terry Singeltary
Sr. Submission ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Monday, November 16, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Docket No. APHIS-2007-0127 Scrapie in Sheep and Goats Terry Singeltary
Sr. Submission ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2007-0127-0032"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2007-0127-0032</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/11/docket-no-aphis-2007-0127-scrapie-in.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/11/docket-no-aphis-2007-0127-scrapie-in.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Friday, March 18, 2016 CFSAN </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Constituent Update: FDA Announces Final Rule on Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy BSE MAD COW TSE PRION Center for Food Safety and Applied
Nutrition - Constituent Update </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2016/03/cfsan-constituent-update-fda-announces.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2016/03/cfsan-constituent-update-fda-announces.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, March 15, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Docket No. FDA-2016-N-0321 Risk Assessment of Foodborne Illness Associated
with Pathogens from Produce Grown in Fields Amended with Untreated Biological
Soil Amendments of Animal Origin; Request for Comments, Scientific Data, and
Information Singeltary Submission </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2016-n-0321-risk.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2016-n-0321-risk.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Monday, April 11, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DECLARATION OF EXTRAORDINARY EMERGENCY DUE TO A FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASE
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD IN
THE UNITED STATES AND NORTH AMERICA ?</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/declaration-of-extraordinary-emergency.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/declaration-of-extraordinary-emergency.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Friday, March 18, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
CFSAN Constituent Update: FDA Announces Final Rule on Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy BSE MAD COW TSE PRION </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition - Constituent Update</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2016/03/cfsan-constituent-update-fda-announces.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2016/03/cfsan-constituent-update-fda-announces.html</span></a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
PLEASE REMEMBER, IN 55 YEARS AND OLDER, THE RATE OF DOCUMENTED CJD JUMPS TO
ONE IN 9,000. the cases are mounting...</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, April 14, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Arizona 22 year old diagnosed with Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD
***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/arizona-22-year-old-diagnosed-with.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/arizona-22-year-old-diagnosed-with.html</span></a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 flounder9@verizon.net
</div>
</div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-84959946891440780142016-02-16T12:20:00.000-08:002016-02-16T12:27:42.208-08:00Real and perceived issues involving animal proteins C. R. Hamilton May 3, 2002, a review of USDA MAD COW DISEASE BSE FEED<h1>
</h1>
<h1>
</h1>
<h1>
Real and perceived issues involving animal proteins - C. R. Hamilton</h1>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<h1>
May 3, 2002</h1>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<h1>
FAO CORPORATE DOCUMENT REPOSITORY</h1>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Title: PROTEIN SOURCES FOR THE ANIMAL FEED INDUSTRY...</div>
<br />
<h1>
</h1>
<br />
<h1>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="name: bm16;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Real and perceived issues
involving animal proteins - C. R. Hamilton</span></a></h1>
<br />
<div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>C. R. Hamilton</b><br />Director
Research and Nutritional Services<br />Darling International
Incorporated<br />U.S.A.</span></div>
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">THE RENDERING INDUSTRY</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The rendering industry has and continues to be
closely integrated with animal and meat production in countries where these
industries are well established. On a global perspective, rendering provides an
important service to society and the animal feeding industries by processing
approximately 60 million tonnes per year of animal by-products derived from the
meat and animal production industries. During slaughter and processing, between
33 and 43 percent by weight of the live animal is removed and discarded as
inedible waste. These materials, which include fat trim, meat, viscera, bone,
blood and feathers are collected and processed by the rendering industry to
produce high quality fats and proteins that have traditionally been used in the
animal feed and oleochemical industries around the world. Without the rendering
industry, the accumulation of unprocessed animal byproducts would impede the
meat industries and pose a serious potential hazard to animal and human
health.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">One definition of rendering is to ‘clarify or
purify by melting’ (heat processing). Unprocessed animal by-products may contain
60 percent or more water (Figure 1).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The primary reasons for using heat when
processing these raw materials are to remove the moisture and facilitate fat
separation. Desiccation significantly reduces the total volume from 60 million
tonnes of raw material to about 8 million tonnes of animal proteins and 8.2
million tonnes of rendered fats. Stored properly, these finished products are
stable for long periods of time. Heat processing also benefits the finished
product customer. The temperatures used (115° to 145° C) are more than
sufficient to kill bacteria, viruses and many other micro-organisms, to produce
an aseptic protein product that is free of potential biohazards and
environmental threats. Done correctly, heat processing also denatures the
proteins slightly, which enhances their digestibility.</span><br />
<br />
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div align="center">
<img src="http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5019e/y5019e1h.jpg" /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Figure 1.</b> Raw material
composition</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Modern efficient rendering facilities are
concentrated in countries and regions possessing strong and well-established
animal production industries. Renderers in North America process nearly 25
million tonnes of animal byproducts per year, while those in the European Union
process about 15 million tonnes. Argentina, Australia, Brazil and New Zealand
collectively process another 10 million tonnes of animal byproducts per year.
The total value of finished rendered products, worldwide is estimated to be
between US$6 and US$8 billion per year.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">RENDERED PRODUCTS - NUTRITIONAL
VALUE</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Animal products include meat and bone meal,
blood meal, poultry by-product meal (poultry meal) and feather meal. These are
all concentrated sources of protein and amino acids and some are also good
sources of vitamins and essential minerals (Table 1).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">This makes them important feed ingredients for
livestock, poultry and companion animals in the United States and many other
countries of the world. Meat and bone meal, blood meal, feather meal and poultry
meal are suitable for use in feeds for a wide range of animal species, including
fish and shrimp (Table 2).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">As shown in Figure 2, more than two million
tonnes of meat and bone meal and poultry meal combined are used annually by the
United States feed industry alone. Animal proteins have traditionally been
important sources of proteins and other nutrients for livestock and poultry in
the United States and their acceptance in Latin America and Asia has grown
substantially in the past five years. Animal proteins are also used extensively
in pet foods. About 1.5 million tonnes of meat and bone meal and poultry meal is
used by the United States pet food industry each year. The use of non-marine
animal proteins in aquaculture feeds is a relatively new practice, but this
application is expected to continue to grow, especially as competition and
prices for fishmeal increase.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">TABLE 1<br /><b>Nutrient composition of animal
proteins<sup>a</sup></b></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" style="color: black; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Item</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Meat & Bone Meal</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Blood Meal<sup>b</sup></span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Feather Meal</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Poultry Meal</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Crude protein, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">50.4</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">88.9</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">81.0</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">60.0</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Fat, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">10.0</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1.0</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">7.0</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">13.0</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Calcium, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">10.3</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.4</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.3</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.0</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Phosphorus, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">5.1</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.3</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.5</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1.7</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">TME<sub>N</sub>, kcal/kg</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2666<sup>c</sup></span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3625</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3276</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3120</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Amino Acids</span></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Methionine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.7</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.6</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.6</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1.0</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Cystine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.7</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.5</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">4.3</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1.0</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Lysine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.6</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">7.1</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.3</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.1</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Threonine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1.7</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.2</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.8</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.2</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Isoleucine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1.5</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1.0</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.9</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.2</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Valine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.4</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">7.3</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">5.9</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.9</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Tryptophan, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.3</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1.3</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.6</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.4</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Arginine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.3</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.6</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">5.6</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.9</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Histidine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1.0</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.5</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.9</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1.1</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Leucine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.3</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">10.5</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">6.9</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">4.0</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Phenylalanine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1.8</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">5.7</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.9</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.3</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Tyrosine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1.2</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.1</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.5</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1.7</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Glycine</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">6.7</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">4.6</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">6.1</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">6.2</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Serine</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.2</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">4.3</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">8.5</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.7</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><sup>a</sup> NRC 1994; <sup>b </sup>Ring or
flash dried; <sup>c</sup> Dale, 1997</span></blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">TABLE 2<br /><b>Suitability of animal proteins to
supply a portion of the protein in feeds for various animal
species</b></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" style="color: black; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td colspan="4" valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Meal</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Specie</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Meat & Bone</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Blood</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Feather</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Poultry</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Chickens</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Turkeys</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Cattle</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Fish<sup>b</sup></span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Shrimp<sup>b</sup></span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">?</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Dogs<sup>c</sup></span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Yes</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><sup>a</sup> Guaranteed to be free of ruminant
material. <sup>b</sup> As a partial replacement for fishmeal. <sup>c</sup>
Approximately 25 to 40% of the dry matter in premium dog foods are animal
by-products.</span></blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some nutritionists underestimate the
digestibility and the nutritional value of animal proteins. This misperception
dates back many years to when poor processing techniques and equipment were used
to render animal by-products. Since that time, new processes, improved equipment
and greater understanding of the effects of time, temperature and processing
methods on amino acid availability have resulted in significant improvements in
the digestibility of animal proteins. Improved understanding as to how best to
incorporate them into commercial formulas and improved formulation procedures
also increased the nutritional value of animal proteins. Data published since
1984 demonstrate that the digestibility of essential amino acids, especially
lysine, threonine, tryptophan and methionine, in meat and bone meal, has
improved (Table 3).</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">BIOSECURITY AND FINISHED PRODUCT
SAFETY</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Biosecurity of food and food related products is
largely perception based on trust and education. Food and feed are derived
directly or indirectly from biological organisms. Natural variation, the
environment, storage conditions, usage and the potential interaction with other
biological organisms (such as micro-organisms) make it impractical to guarantee
food safety in absolute terms. Despite the best efforts on the part of
companies, farmers, regulatory agencies, politicians and others involved in the
food chain, all of the potential risks cannot be alleviated 100 percent of the
time. Therefore, it is necessary to manage these risks using sound scientific
principles and facts. In some recent crisis situations, politics, fear and
supposition have replaced logic and science in risk management
decisions.</span><br />
<br />
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div align="center">
<img src="http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5019e/y5019e03.gif" /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Figure 2. Animal protein usage by the United
States' feed industry</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">TABLE 3<br /><b>Digestibility of meat and bone
meal since 1984</b></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" style="color: black; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Amino Acid</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1984<sup>a</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1989<sup>b</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1990<sup>c</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1992<sup>d</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1995<sup>e</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2001<sup>f</sup></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Lysine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">65</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">70</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">78</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">84</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">94</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">92</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Threonine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">62</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">64</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">72</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">83</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">92</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">89</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Tryptophan, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">---</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">54</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">65</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">83</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">---</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">86</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Methionine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">82</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">---</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">86</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">85</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">96</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">92</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Cystine, %</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">---</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">---</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">---</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">81</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">77</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">76</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><sup>a</sup> Jorgensen <i>et al</i>., 1984;
<sup>b</sup> Knabe <i>et al</i>., 1996; <sup>c</sup> Batterham <i>et al</i>.,
1990.<sup>d</sup> Firman, 1992;<sup> e </sup>Parsons <i>et al</i>., 1997;<sup>
f</sup> Pearl, 2001b</span></blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">During the past decade, a number of
safety-related challenges have daunted the rendering industry. These challenges
resulted from perceived rather than proven risks. Public and political
perceptions were influenced by media sensationalism, a general movement of
society away from its agrarian roots, lack of scientific knowledge concerning
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and other hazards, inadequate analytical
procedures for routine detection of potential hazards such as dioxins, public
expectations that government and industry assure a safe food supply,
opportunistic marketing strategies and the political agendas of activist
organizations. The Precautionary Principle adopted by the European Union has
served to catalyze these perceptions because in its development and enforcement,
perceived risks and political image frequently overruled science.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The World rendering industry recognizes its role
in assuring food safety and in protecting human and animal health. The rendering
process is an effective method for ensuring biosecurity because processing
conditions and volumes, raw material characteristics and drying create an
unfavorable environment for viruses, bacteria and other micro-organisms to
survive and grow. Rendering is the most logical method for collecting and
processing animal by-products because it possesses the infrastructure to safely
and responsibly recycle these products, allow traceability and produce safe
finished products.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The rendering industry is closely regulated by
the appropriate agencies within the resident region, country or province. In the
United States, State and Federal agencies each routinely inspect rendering
facilities for compliance to applicable regulations and finished product safety
tolerances. Rendering facilities are inspected by the United States Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) for compliance to BSE related regulations. State Feed
Control Officials inspect and test finished products as they enforce quality,
adulteration and feed safety policies.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Rendering industry organizations provide
technical support and education in quality assurance and feed safety. Using
United States based organizations as examples, the Animal Protein Producers
Industry (APPI) administers industry-wide programmes for biosecurity, pathogen
reduction, continuing education and third-party certification for compliance to
BSE related regulations. The Fats and Proteins Research Foundation (FPRF)
solicits and funds industry and university research to address pertinent
biosecurity and nutrient value issues.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Three primary food safety issues dominate
discussions about the safety of feeding animal proteins to animals. These are
<i>Salmonella</i> contamination (bacterial pathogens), BSE and dioxins. Each of
these issues present legitimate concerns and all are known to threaten animal
and human health. However, in each case, the risk of spreading these risks
through finished rendered products is largely perceived rather than factual. The
value of the rendering process as a mechanism to control risks of microbial
pathogens as well as other hazards (with the possible exception of the agent
causing BSE) is illustrated in Table 4, which is based on a report from the
United Kingdom Department of Health (2001).</span><br />
<br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Salmonella</span></i></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><i>Salmonella</i> are destroyed by heat when
exposed to temperatures of 55° C for one hour or 60° C for 15 to 20 minutes
(Franco, 1993). Processing temperatures of between 115° C and 145° C are used to
render animal by-products. These temperatures are more than sufficient to kill
<i>Salmonella</i> and other pathogenic bacteria present in raw animal
by-products (Tables 4 and 5). However, <i>Salmonella</i> are opportunistic
organisms and may re-contaminate products after cooking or processing and during
storage, transport and handling. Post process contamination is of concern for
all feed ingredients and not restricted only to animal proteins. Despite this
fact, animal proteins continue to be more closely scrutinized for
<i>Salmonella</i> contamination than other feed ingredients.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Davies and Funk (1999) completed an extensive
review of <i>Salmonella</i> epidemiology and control. They summarized that while
feeds of animal origin receive the most attention as sources of
<i>Salmonella</i>, it is now recognized that feeds of plant origin, such as
soybean meal, are often contaminated with <i>Salmonella</i>. Data showing the
incidence of <i>Salmonella</i> contamination in various feed ingredients in
North America, Europe and the United Kingdom are shown in Table 6. These data
suggest that all feed ingredients may be contaminated with <i>Salmonella</i>.
Brooks (1989) demonstrated that the relative risk of <i>Salmonella</i>
contamination in complete feed is less for animal proteins than for soybean
meal, fishmeal and grain. Even if the <i>Salmonella</i> prevalence in animal
proteins is equal to or exceeds that of other ingredients, animal proteins pose
two- to threefold less risk of contaminating complete feed, because animal
proteins typically have much lower (2 to 5 percent) inclusion rates than other
ingredients (Table 7).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">More than 2 200 different serotypes of
<i>Salmonella</i> have been identified and only a few of these cause disease in
humans or animals. Almost all of the <i>Salmonella</i> serotypes that have been
identified in animal proteins are innocuous and do not cause disease (Davies and
Funk, 1999). Furthermore, dried animal proteins do not provide a favorable
environment for <i>Salmonella</i> organisms to proliferate, primarily because
the water activity is too low. Figure 3 illustrates this point.
<i>Salmonella</i> <i>choleraesuis</i> (a human pathogen) remained viable in meat
and bone meal for less than two days after inoculation. In order to limit
<i>Salmonella</i> (or other pathogenic organisms) in meat and other animal
products, it is necessary to control the most important sources of contamination
first. Feed is not the most important contributor to <i>Salmonella</i>
contamination of these products. Data collected from commercial swine production
facilities in the United States suggest that employees, cats, rodents, insects
and environmental factors are much more important <i>Salmonella</i> reservoirs
than feed (Table 8). Drinking water had more than a five-fold greater incidence
of <i>Salmonella</i> than feed.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">TABLE 4<br /><b>Summary of potential health risks
for various methods of handling animal by-products</b></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" style="color: black; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Disease/Hazardous Agent </span></td>
<td colspan="5" valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Exposure of humans to hazards from each handling
method</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Rendering</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Incineration</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Landfill</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Pyre</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Burial</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><i>Campylobacter, E. coli, Listeria,
Salmonella, Bacillus anthacis, C. botulinum, Leptospira, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis</i> var bovis, <i>Yersinia</i></span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">High</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><i>Cryptosporidium</i>, Giardia</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">High</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Clostridium tetani</span></i></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">High</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Prions for BSE, Scrapie</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">High</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Methane, CO<sub>2</sub></span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">High</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Fuel-specific chemicals, Metal
salts</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">High</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Particulates, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>2,
</sub>nitrous particles</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">High</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">PAHs, dioxins</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">High</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Disinfectants, detergents</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">High</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Hydrogen sulfide</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">High</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Radiation</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Low</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><sup>a</sup> Adapted from United Kingdom
Department of Health, 2001.</span></blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">TABLE 5<br /><b>Efficacy of the United States’
rendering system in the destruction of pathogenic bacteria</b></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" style="color: black; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Pathogen</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Raw
Tissue<sup>b</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Post
Process<sup>b</sup></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Clostridium perfringens</span></i></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">71.4 %</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0 %</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><i>Listeria</i> species</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">76.2 %</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0 %</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">L. monocytogenes</span></i></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">8.3 %</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0 %</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><i>Campylobacter</i> species</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">29.8 %</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0 %</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">C. jejuni</span></i></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">20.0 %</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0 %</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><i>Salmonella</i> species</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">84.5 %</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0
%</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><sup>a</sup> Trout <i>et al</i>., 2001. Samples
from 17 different rendering facilities taken during the winter and summer.
<sup>b</sup> Percent of the number of samples found to be positive for pathogens
out of the total samples collected.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">TABLE 6<br /><b>Incidence of <i>Salmonella</i> in
feed ingredients</b></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" style="color: black; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td rowspan="2" valign="middle"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Ingredient</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" valign="middle"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Item</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="5" valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Country</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Netherlands<sup>a</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Germany<sup>b</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">USA<sup>c</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Canada<sup>d</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">United
Kingdom<sup>e</sup></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Animal</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Samples</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2026</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">17</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">101</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Not reported</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">120</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Proteins</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">% Positive</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">6</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">6</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">56</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">20</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Vegetable</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Samples</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1298</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">196</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">50</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Not reported</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2002</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Proteins</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">% Positive</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">26</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">36</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">18</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">7</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Grains</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Samples</span></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">37</span></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Not reported</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1026</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">% Positive</span></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3</span></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">5</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td rowspan="2" valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Fish Meal</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Samples</span></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Not reported</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1316</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">% Positive</span></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td valign="top"><br /></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">22</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">22</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><sup>a</sup> Beumer and Van der Poel, 1997;
<sup>b</sup> Sreenivas, 1998; <sup>c</sup> McChesney <i>et al</i>., 1995;
<sup>d</sup> Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1999;<sup> e</sup> Brooks,
1989</span></blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">TABLE 7<br /><b>Relative risk of <i>Salmonella</i>
contamination in complete feed<sup>a</sup></b></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" style="color: black; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td rowspan="2" valign="middle"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Ingredient</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" valign="top"><div align="center">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Salmonella</span></i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Amount in formula
(%)</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Incidence (%)(+)</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Risk Factor</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Grain</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">66.9</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.9</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.602</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Soybean meal</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">24.9</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.7</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.672</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Fishmeal</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.2</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">13.2</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.290</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Meat Meal</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.0</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.0</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">0.09</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Fat</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">----</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">----</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">----</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Vitamin mineral mix</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">----</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">----</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">----</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><sup>a</sup> Brooks,
1989</span></blockquote>
<br />
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div align="center">
<img src="http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5019e/y5019e04.gif" /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Figure3. <i>Salmonella choleraesius
</i>viability in mammalian bone meal (MBM)<sup>a </sup>(7 to 25 percent
moisture) and stored at 28.8<sup>O</sup>C. <sup>a</sup>Sutton et al.
1992</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">TABLE 8<br /><b>Reservoirs of <i>Salmonella</i>
contamination on Illinois swine farms.<sup>a</sup></b></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" style="color: black; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Reservoir</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Number samples</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Percent
positive</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Employee footwear</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">93</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">17.2 %</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Cats</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">22</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">13.6 %</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Drinking water</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">33</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">12.1 %</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Mice/rodents</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">59</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">10.2 %</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Floor material</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">471</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">7.9 %</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Flies</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">95</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">7.4 %</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Feed</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">100</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.0
%</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><sup>a</sup> Weigel <i>et al</i>.
1999.</span></blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">These data all clearly demonstrate that animal
proteins should not be the primary focus of concern in feeding programs designed
to reduce the incidence of <i>Salmonella</i>. Why then, is <i>Salmonella</i> in
feed ingredients, especially animal proteins, scrutinized so closely? - Because
of perception - not fact. Requiring all animal proteins, or even all feed
ingredients, to be <i>Salmonella</i> free has little impact on overall food
safety without controlling the more important sources of contamination.
<i>Salmonella</i> reduction/prevention is a farm - to - plate issue affecting
all segments of the feed manufacturing, animal production, meat processing and
retail meats industries.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE)</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">What is BSE (‘Mad Cow Disease’)? ’Mad Cow
Disease’ is an inaccurate term used to describe Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
(BSE), because cows do not appear ’mad’ or ’crazy’ when they have the disease.
This was a term coined by the news media in order to gain public attention and
sensationalize the story. BSE is a more appropriate and accurate term to use
when the disease is discussed. BSE is one of several related diseases that
affect a number of different animal species and humans. These diseases are
collectively called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">BSE is a chronic degenerative disease that
affects the central nervous system of cattle. The only positive cases detected
outside of the United Kingdom and Mainland Europe were reported in Japan in late
2001. The incubation period is thought to be between two and eight years and it
has been associated with a new form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in
humans. CJD has been recognized for many years as a sporadic disease that
affects about 1 person per million. New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
(<sub>v</sub>CJD) differs in etiology and it affects people at a younger
age.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Fortunately, BSE is not easily passed from
animal to animal, so it is not a contagious disease. It also affects specific
tissues in cattle and is confined primarily to the brain, spinal cord and a few
other tissues. Muscle and fat do not appear to be affected by the disease and
are considered to be safe.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Why is BSE a growing concern? BSE is a complex
disease that is poorly understood, even by the scientists who have worked in the
field for many years. At least six different theories are used to explain its
cause and transmission. A complete understanding of the disease is hampered by
the long incubation period (up to 8 years for cattle). As a result, reporters,
activists and some scientists and government officials consider theories and
assumptions as fact. This combined with innuendo and the sensationalism
associated with a possible link between BSE and human disease has created undue
concern and panic among consumers. BSE is also compatible with the anti-meat and
organic food agendas of certain activist groups in the United States and in
Europe. These groups are organized and well funded and have developed focused
media campaigns in order to advance their causes.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">No single theory has been proven to explain the
cause of BSE and/or <sub>v</sub>CJD. Each theory can be supported by
circumstantial, experimental or epidemiological evidence. However, until more is
understood about the disease, theories will continue to be used to explain the
cause. It is clear that abnormal prion proteins are involved in the disease.
However, their role is not completely clear, so it is difficult to determine
whether prion proteins cause disease or are an effect produced by some
unidentified infectious agent or toxin.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b><i>Recognize regional differences</i></b>.
Efficient control and surveillance systems around the world make it possible to
successfully manage the BSE issue. In general, BSE remains a regional disease
and is largely confined to the United Kingdom and Mainland Europe. In the case
of Japan, the cattle found to be positive for BSE were assumed to have
contracted the disease through eating meat and bone meal that was exported from
the United Kingdom or Mainland Europe where BSE had previously occurred.
Therefore, animal proteins from the different countries where BSE has not
existed represent a different risk than countries having the disease. The North
American countries have implemented good BSE prevention efforts. Even though
other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), such as Scrapie in sheep
and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and elk exists in these countries,
these diseases have been shown to differ in their etiology from BSE. Australia
and New Zealand are free of these diseases.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b><i>Situation in the United States</i></b>.
The United States differs from Europe. A number of differences between the
United States and Europe, in terms of livestock feeding and rearing practices,
livestock demographics and governmental programmes, exist with respect to BSE
risk assessment.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Sheep and cattle numbers in the United Kingdom
are more concentrated than in the United States (Table 9). The United Kingdom is
roughly the size of the State of Oregon and it has about four times more sheep
than the entire United States. In addition to a dense sheep population, the
United Kingdom also has more than 11 million cattle. As a result, there are
almost 3 sheep for each bovine in the United Kingdom and 12 bovines for every
sheep in the United States. The United Kingdom and the rest of the European
Union have similar livestock demographics.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">TABLE 9<br /><b>Cattle and sheep demographics of
United Kingdom, European Union and United States</b></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" style="color: black; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Category</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">United Kingdom</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">United States</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">European Union</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Cattle and calves (million head)</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">11.2</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">99.7</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">82.7</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Cattle slaughter (million head)</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.3</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">35.6</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">27.9</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">All sheep (million head)</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">31.0</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">7.8</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">98.6</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Sheep slaughter (million head)</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">18.7</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">3.9</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">78.3</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Cattle to sheep ratio</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1:2.8</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">12:1</span></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1:1.2</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Because vegetable protein sources are not as
readily available in Europe as they are in the United States, ingredients used
to provide supplemental protein in animal feeds have differed for many years.
Compared to the United States, rendered animal proteins have historically been
used at much higher concentrations in animal feeds in Europe. Further, animal
proteins in Europe were commonly added to veal calf feeds and fed to cattle as
young as two days old. Most United States’ beef production is concentrated in
commercial feedlots where cattle are fed low forage rations consisting primarily
of soy and corn. However, few feedlots exist in Europe and cattle are fed
primarily on grass with protein supplements. Thus, the beef industry in Europe
consists primarily of veal meat and older beef. Because, sheep are the most
common ruminant animal in Europe, rendered animal proteins contained a higher
proportion of sheep material than in the United States. Assuming that all
rendered sheep protein was fed to dairy cows, those in the United Kingdom would
consume 1.54 kg of sheep derived protein per day compared to only 79 grams in
the United States. This comparison is even more dramatic because the US
renderers voluntarily stopped processing sheep material prior to
1995.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Some scientists believe that BSE originated from
Scrapie, a TSE that has been known to affect sheep for more than 300 years.
Given the differences in sheep concentration and production statistics between
the United States and Europe, the risk of BSE occurring in the United States is
markedly lower than in Europe. When differences in feeding practices are also
considered, the level of risk is further decreased.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b><i>The ’Triple Firewall’ strategy</i></b>.
The United States developed a series of ’firewalls’ to prevent BSE from
occurring within its borders. The United States’ risk analysis approach was very
different from that used in Europe, primarily because United States’ officials
recognized from the beginning that zero risk was not attainable. The United
States programme is a progressive and continuously evolving one designed to
proactively prevent the introduction of BSE (import restrictions), prevent
amplification, should the disease ever be introduced into the United States
(ruminant feed ban) and implement an aggressive targeted detection system
(surveillance). All steps were based on science and have been the result of
joint efforts among governmental agencies and all segments of the beef, dairy,
feed and rendering industries (Table 10).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Brain tissue from more than 22 900 cattle were
tested and found to be negative for BSE between 1990 and February of 2002. This
programme has primarily focused on the segment of the cattle population that
represents the greatest risk for BSE. As scientists in Europe have learned more
about the cattle most likely to test positive for the disease, surveillance in
the United States has been adjusted accordingly. The most recent modification to
include ’downer cows’ resulted in a substantial increase in sample submissions.
Target sample numbers for the year 2002 are double the targets for the preceding
year.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The record keeping requirements that rendering
companies and the feed industry are required to comply with also require a high
degree of traceability for animal proteins. Regulated by the FDA, it is possible
to trace finished proteins and fats from collection to use.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b><i>Actions by the US rendering
industry</i></b>. The United States’ rendering industry fully supports BSE
prevention programmes and efforts developed by the United States’ FDA, Animal
and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and other federal and state
governmental agencies. The rendering industry is committed to achieving 100
percent compliance to the FDA ban (No. 21 CFR 589.2000) which prohibits the
feeding of mammalian proteins (with some specified exemptions) to cattle and
other ruminant animals.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The rendering industry has been actively
involved in programmes to prevent BSE in the United States since before 1995,
when renderers voluntarily stopped rendering sheep material. This was to prevent
any scrapie-infected material from entering the food chain, especially through
feed for ruminant animals.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">When the FDA first considered preventative
measures in 1996, renderers and cattle producers voluntarily stopped using meat
and bone meal derived from ruminant animals in cattle feed. This later became
official when the FDA published the rule prohibiting the use of these materials
in feeds intended for cattle and other ruminant animals. The rendering industry
was actively involved in preparing this rule and fully supported it from its
introduction in 1997. The only meat and bone meal permitted for use in ruminant
animal feed in the United States is material that comes from processing plants
that slaughter or process only non-ruminant animals. material is prohibited from
use in feeds for cattle and other ruminant animals.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">TABLE 10<br /><b>Summary of United States BSE
prevention efforts</b></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" style="color: black; width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Year</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Prevention Programme</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1985</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Imports of British Beef
halted</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1986</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">BSE made a legally reportable
disease</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1989</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Ruminant animals from countries with BSE
banned</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1990</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">BSE surveillance program
initiated</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1990</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Veterinarian education efforts about BSE
increased</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1991</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Risk assessment conducted (an on-going
process)</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1993</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Surveillance programme
expanded</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1996</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Voluntary ban on use of ruminant derived
proteins in cattle feed initiated</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1997</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">FDA ban on use of ruminant derived proteins in
feed for cattle and other ruminants</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1997</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">European ruminant animals and products
banned</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1998</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Scrapie eradication program
published</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1999</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Surveillance programme expanded to include
“downer cows”</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2000</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">All animal proteins from European Union
banned</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2001</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Harvard Risk Assessment Study to be
completed</span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2001</span></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Risk potential and preventative measures
reassessed - on-going process</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">If the raw material cannot be verified to be of
100 percent non-ruminant origin, then the resulting finished. While hazard
analysis critical control point (HACCP) programmes target known hazards that can
be eliminated or controlled through the rendering process, they also include
in-plant enforcement of policies that apply to the acceptance or rejection of
raw material. This provides further assurance that material from suspect cattle
(such as those being tested for BSE through the APHIS surveillance programme),
sheep, goats and other animals susceptible to TSEs are not received and
processed.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The FDA feed ban includes requirements that
finished products are clearly labeled and records of raw material receipts and
finished product sales be kept and made available for inspection by the FDA.
This allows the FDA to verify the source of raw materials and verify compliance
to the feed ban among feed manufacturers, dealers, distributors and end users.
For renderers who process proteins exempted under the feed ban, safeguards to
prevent cross-contamination must be demonstrated in practice and in
writing.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The American Protein Producers Industry (APPI)
recently introduced a certification programme for rendering companies, to verify
compliance to the feed ban, based on inspections by third-party auditors. The
goal is to have 100 percent participation among all rendering companies in the
United States and 100 percent compliance to the feed ban. This program does not
replace FDA inspections, although results are available for FDA review. The
American Feed Ingredient Association (AFIA) developed a similar programme for
commercial feed manufacturers. The American Meat Industry (AMI) has also
developed a programme for cattle producers to certify that the cattle they are
offering for slaughter have been fed in accordance with FDA
regulations.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b><i>Harvard Risk Analysis</i></b>. The United
States Department of Agriculture commissioned the Harvard Center for Risk
Analysis at the Harvard University School of Medicine to evaluate the potential
for BSE to occur in the United States. The ’Harvard Risk Analysis’ was made
public in November 2001 (Cohen <i>et al</i>., 2001). The study concluded that
the United States is highly resistant to any introduction of BSE or similar
disease. Further, BSE is extremely unlikely to become established in this
country because measures taken by agencies of the United States’ government were
and continue to be effective at reducing the spread of BSE. The feed ban
introduced by the FDA in 1997 to prevent amplification of the disease should it
ever occur in the United States, was considered to be one of the most important
safeguards. The full report is available on the USDA web site located at
</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="href: "http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/bse/";" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/bse/</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b><i>Species that animal proteins are derived
from differ in risk</i></b>. Specie and type of tissue used to produce animal
protein affects the risk from BSE. Neither pork nor poultry derived proteins
have been implicated as potential sources of the BSE agent. Europe is in the
process of classifying its animal by-products in case its total ban on feeding
animal proteins is lifted. Materials derived from non-ruminant animals approved
for human consumption may eventually be available for use in animal feeds. Other
countries are not presently classifying animal by-products, although some
additional actions may occur in the United States as the various regulatory
agencies work to further strengthen BSE prevention efforts, even though
additional regulations are not scientifically warranted.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">A number of governmental agencies around the
world are working to develop testing methodologies to assist them in identifying
the type of material from which animal proteins were derived. For example, it is
possible to identify species-specific DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Species-specific DNA can be identified even if the DNA is partially degraded. It
is also possible to differentiate skeletal muscle in protein meals, using ELISA.
Detection limits and validation procedures are being completed for these
technologies. As these issues are resolved, acceptable thresholds will be
established by the appropriate regulatory agencies. At present the unit sample
cost is projected to be moderately high. However, as the technology is adopted,
the costs are expected to decrease.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Acceptable testing methodologies to identify
restricted use proteins in feed for cattle and other ruminant animals will make
it simpler to verify compliance to feed bans and restrictions. These regulatory
tools will make it possible to validate that animal proteins are used safely in
feeds, even in countries known to have BSE present. The greatest challenge will
be in establishing uniform threshold limits for the presence of prohibited
materials in these feeds.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b><i>Transmission studies</i></b>. The majority
of experiments designed to study transmission of BSE and other TSEs among
animals of the same species or from specie to specie, used the intra-cranial
route to introduce raw nervous tissue directly into the brain of the test
animals. Oral transmission is assumed to be much less effective because
intestinal absorption followed by transport and concentration of the infectious
agent in the target tissues must occur. Therefore, oral exposure (i.e. via
contaminated feed) is generally assumed to be one hundred thousand-fold less
effective than direct exposure by the intra-cranial route (Schreuder <i>et
al</i>., 1998). Given the potential losses that may occur via oral exposure, a
large number of infectious units must be consumed in order for the disease to
develop. For humans, the oral infectious dose (ID<sub>50</sub>) is estimated to
be 10<sup>13</sup> BSE prion molecules, which is a very large dose compared to
known bacterial and viral pathogens (Gunn, 2001). While heat processing does not
destroy the infectious agent, processing at 134° C for 3 minutes caused a 2.5
log reduction in infectivity (Schreuder <i>et al</i>., 1998). Therefore, the
risk of spreading BSE by feeding fully processed animal proteins is extremely
low.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Pearl (2001a) summarized several oral challenge
studies that are in progress in the United States and in the United Kingdom.
Because BSE has not been found in the United States, BSE challenge studies can
only be conducted in Europe. Scientists in the United States use scrapie and CWD
infected material in their challenge studies.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b><i>Chickens orally challenged with
BSE</i></b>. A 57- month study to determine the susceptibility of chickens to
BSE was conducted in the United Kingdom. Chickens were challenged with BSE
infected brain tissue by intra-cranial, intra-peritoneal and oral (esophageal
tube) routes. No infectivity was found in any of the chicken tissue assayed upon
completion of the study, regardless of the route used to introduce infective
material. These results suggest that BSE is not transmitted to
chickens.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b><i>Cattle orally challenged with
Scrapie.</i></b> An 8-year study conducted in the United States determined the
effects of orally or intra-cranially challenging 34 calves with rendered
proteins and fats from scrapie infected sheep. There was no evidence of oral
transmission at any time during the course of the study. A second experiment,
also in the United States, orally challenged 17 calves with rendered scrapie
positive brain tissue from sheep. All animals were negative for BSE (and
scrapie) after 8 years. However, 9 calves challenged with intra-cerebral
inoculations were positive for a scrapie-like infection.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b><i>Cattle orally challenged with chronic
wasting disease</i></b>. A total of 26 calves were inoculated (oral or
intra-cranial) with brain tissue from CWD infected mule deer in 1997. Three
calves from each challenge group (oral or intra-cranial) were sacrificed in 1999
and found to be negative for disease. The remaining animals are still alive and
all appear healthy.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">HAZARD ANALYSIS CRITICAL CONTROL
POINT</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Rendering companies in the United States, Europe
and other countries have adopted HACCP programmes as an important component of
their biosecurity and food safety programmes. HACCP programmes require an
evaluation of the entire rendering process, identification of potential hazards
(such as <i>Salmonella</i>), identification of critical points in the process
where the hazard(s) can be controlled and development of procedures to control
these processes and ensure destruction or removal of the hazard. Additional
controls may also be included at various points in the process to assure quality
(QA) of the finished product(s). A generalized HACCP - QA programme for a
typical rendering facility is shown in Figure 4. It is anticipated that the FDA
will require that the US rendering industry use HACCP programmes within the next
two years.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Dioxins</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Concern with dioxin increased because of a
clearly criminal act that occurred in Belgium. Prior to this event, most
rendering companies developed and implemented sampling and testing protocols to
ensure that finished fat and animal proteins were not contaminated with
potentially hazardous compounds, such as pesticides and PCB’s. The rendering
process does not produce dioxins, as shown in Table 4. Because of the extremely
expensive nature of analyzing production samples for dioxins, testing protocols
test for PCB’s which are recognized by regulatory agencies all over the world as
indicators of dioxins.</span><br />
<br />
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div align="center">
<img src="http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5019e/y5019e05.gif" /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Figure 4. Basic production flow-chart with HACCP
and quality control points</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Dioxins can enter rendered products by one of
two methods: (1) the most likely is by accidental or intentional contamination
and (2) the presence of dioxins in animal tissues. Maximum tolerances for PCB’s
already exist. The European Union and the United States FDA are both considering
adoption of maximum tolerance levels for all dioxins. As sensitive and
inexpensive analytical procedures to test for dioxin in the parts per trillion
range are developed, rendering companies will readily adopt the technology to
ensure that finished rendered products are safe from dioxins.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">SUMMARY</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Animal proteins are an important class of
ingredients for animal nutritionists to use in feed formulas. The United States’
rendering industry produces nutrient rich products that are highly digestible,
do not contain anti-growth factors and are safe to use in livestock, poultry,
pet and aquaculture feeds.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The rendering process kills <i>Salmonella</i>
and other food pathogens, although post process contamination can still occur.
All feed ingredients may be contaminated with <i>Salmonella</i>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">However, reservoirs of <i>Salmonella</i> present
in animal production facilities are a much greater hazard to food safety than
feed ingredients. Until these sources of contamination are controlled, little
benefit to controlling <i>Salmonella</i> prevalence in feed ingredients will be
realized.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy continues to be
surrounded by myth and misperceptions. If feed-contaminated animal proteins
spread this disease, countries that have never reported an incidence of BSE
represent a much lower risk than those where the disease has occurred. BSE has
never been reported in the United States, despite the presence of a progressive
surveillance programme that began in 1990. The United States complimented
surveillance with import bans and restrictions to prevent introduction of BSE
into the United States. In the event that BSE was ever found in the United
States, the FDA preemptively instituted a ban on the feeding of meat and bone
meal from ruminant animals to cattle and other ruminants to prevent
amplification and spread of the disease. Additionally, the rendering industry
voluntarily stopped processing sheep and goat material and recently introduced
an industry wide programme to verify compliance with the FDA feed ban using
third-party auditors.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Differences between the United States and Europe
in livestock demographics, feeding practices and governmental policies
pertaining to BSE make the occurrence of BSE in the United States unlikely. Oral
transmission via infected feed has not been proven and would require exposure to
an extraordinarily large number of infectious molecules. The sum of all of these
efforts and statistics make it highly unlikely that BSE will occur in the United
States. To date, BSE remains a European phenomenon, with 99 percent of all cases
in the world occurring in the United Kingdom.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Based on current accepted theories, the specific
tissues and animal specie from which the tissues were derived as well as the
country or regions of the world all interact to influence the risk of BSE. As
methodologies are developed that allow identification of the specie and type of
tissue that animal proteins are derived from, it will be much simpler for
governments to regulate the feeding of animal proteins.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The World Rendering Industry supports programmes
to prevent and control BSE. The US Rendering Industry fully complies with the
United States Food and Drug Administration’s ban on feeding certain mammalian
animal proteins to cattle and other ruminants. Rendering companies also support
industry programmes developed to certify compliance with this rule and
participate in the APPI compliance certification programme, using third-party
auditors.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">REFERENCES</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Batterham, E. S<i>., et al.</i></b> 1990.
<i>British Journal of Nutrition</i>, 64: 679.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Beumer, H. & Van der Poel, A. F. B.</b>
1997. <i>Feedstuffs</i>, Dec. 29.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Brooks, P.</b> 1989. Technical Service
Publication, National Renderers Association, Inc. Canadian Food Inspection
Agency, 1999.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Cohen, <i>et al</i>.</b> 2001. <i>Report from
the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis</i>, Harvard School of Public
Health.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Dale, N.</b> 1997. <i>Journal of Applied
Poultry Research</i>, 6: 169.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Davies, P. R. & Funk, J. A.</b> 1999.
Proc. 3<sup>rd</sup> International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of
<i>Salmonella</i> in Pork, August 5-7. p. 1-11.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Firman, J. D</b>. 1992. <i>Journal of Applied
Poultry Research</i>, 1: 350.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Franco, D. A.</b> 1993. Proceedings of the
54<sup>th</sup> Minnesota Nutrition Conference. p. 21-35.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Gunn, M.</b> 2001<i>. Irish Vetinerary
Record</i>, 54(4): 192.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Jorgensen, H., Sauer, W. C. &. Thacker,
P. A.</b> 1984. <i>Journal of Animal Science</i>, 58: 926.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Knabe, D. A.</b> 1996. <i>In: The Original
Recyclers</i>. p. 176-202. APPI, FPRF and NRA.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>McChesney, D. G., Kaplan G. & Gardner,
P.</b> 1995. <i>Feedstuffs</i>, Feb. 13. p. 20 & 23.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>NRC.</b> 1994. <i>Nutrient Requirements of
Poultry</i> (9<sup>th</sup> Rev. Ed.). Washington D. C, National Academy
Press.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Parsons, C. M., Castanon, F. & Han,
Y.</b> 1997. <i>Poultry Science</i>, 76: 361.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Pearl, G. G.</b> 2001a. Directors Digest #
308. Fats and Proteins Research Foundation.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Pearl, G. G.</b> 2001b. Proceedings Mid-West
Swine Nutrition Conference. Sept. 5. Indianapolis, IN, USA.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Schreuder, B. E. C., <i>et al.</i></b> 1998.
<i>Veterinary Record</i>, 142: 474.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Sreenivas., P. T.</b> 1998. <i>Feed
Mixing</i>, 6(5): 8.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Sutton, A. L., Scheidt, A. B. &
Patterson, J. A.</b> 1992. Final Research Report. Fats and Protein Research
Foundation.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Trout, H. F., Schaeffer, D., Kakoma, I. &
Pearl, G.</b> 2001. Directors Digest #312. Fats and Proteins Research
Foundation.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>United Kingdom Department of Health.</b>
2001. A rapid qualitative assessment of possible risks to public health from
current foot and mouth disposal options - Main Report. June.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Weigel, R., Barber, D., Isaacson, R. E.,
Bahnson P. B.& Jones, C. J.</b> 1999. Proceedings 3<sup>rd</sup>
International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of <i>Salmonella</i> in
Pork. August 5-7 p. 180-183.</span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5019e/y5019e0g.htm" title="http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5019e/y5019e0g.htm">http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5019e/y5019e0g.htm</a><br />
<br />
<a href="ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/y5019e/y5019e00.pdf" title="ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/y5019e/y5019e00.pdf">ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/y5019e/y5019e00.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
Real and perceived issues involving animal proteins C. R. Hamilton May 3,
2002, a review of USDA MAD COW DISEASE BSE FEED
</div>
<br />
<br />
<div>
FIRST, please see the drastic decrease of mad cow disease in the UK after
the mad cow feed ban went into force ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SUMMARY OF PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE REPORTS IN GREAT BRITAIN </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SUSPECTS RESTRICTIONS LIFTED DUE TO ALTERNATIVE SLAUGHTER NOT YET SUSPECTS
KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN SLAUGHTERED SUSPECTS WITH OUTCOME SLAUGHTERED SUSPECTS IN
WHICH BSE NOT SLAUGHTERED SUSPECTS IN WHICH BSE PRIVATE SUBMISSIONS IN WHICH
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
YEAR RESTRICTED DIAGNOSIS NOTIFIED SLAUGHTERED PENDING CONFIRMED CONFIRMED
BSE CONFIRMED </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Pre 18.07.88 1142 1 0 980 0 414 727 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1988 2512 140 0 2372 0 192 2180 4 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1989 8443 386 0 8057 0 924 7133 4 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1990 17323 682 0 16641 0 2460 14181 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1991 30003 982 0 29021 0 3995 25026 6 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1992 44844 1690 0 43154 0 6474 36680 2 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1993 42931 1847 0 41084 0 6714 34370 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1994 30259 1551 0 28708 0 4765 23943 2 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1995 17945 789 0 17156 0 2855 14301 1 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1996 10697 547 0 10150 0 2137 8013 3 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1997 5604 302 0 5302 0 992 4310 3 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1998 4291 260 0 4031 0 852 3179 1 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1999 2984 146 0 2838 0 582 2256 2 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2000 1870 117 0 1753 0 442 1311 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2001 1218 66 0 1152 0 371 781 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2002 877 68 0 809 0 364 445 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2003 456 43 0 413 0 240 173 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2004 351 41 0 310 0 228 82 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2005 186 30 0 156 0 117 39 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2006 144 26 0 118 0 103 15 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2007 69 11 0 58 0 51 7 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2008 39 7 0 32 0 30 2 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2009 22 7 0 15 0 14 1 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2010 19 7 0 12 0 12 0 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2011 11 2 0 9 0 9 0 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2012 5 2 0 3 0 3 0 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2013 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2014 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Total 223107 9749 0 213358 0 34930 178428 28</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Data valid to 31 January 2016</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/499418/pub-tse-stats-gboverview.pdf">https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/499418/pub-tse-stats-gboverview.pdf</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SECOND, what has MAFF...now DEFRA, what have they said about the mad cow
feed ban in the USA in 2012?</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, December 14, 2012</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a
requirement by law.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from
the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES.
It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible
risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data
on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these
products.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of
deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of
Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs
of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span
weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive
salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in
interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams,
2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected
with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be
introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer
populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with
CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via
affected venison.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and
can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al.,
2008).</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil
and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a
bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are
present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with
CWD prion.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving
between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling
to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing,
footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible.
For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the
increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant
uncertainty associated with these estimates.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher
probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer
given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists
and returning GB residents.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
THIRD, THE USDA FDA TRIPLE MAD COW DISEASE FIREWALL, WAS NOTHING MORE THAN
INK ON PAPER !</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
now, let’s just for a moment put away the corporate junk science, and let’s
look at recent updated BSE, CWD, Scrapie, TSE Prion sound science, could not
hurt...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, January 31, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) are susceptible to Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE by Oral Alimentary route</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/european-red-deer-cervus-elaphus.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/european-red-deer-cervus-elaphus.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I strenuously once again urge the FDA and its industry constituents, to
make it MANDATORY that all ruminant feed be banned to all ruminants, and this
should include all cervids as soon as possible for the following
reasons...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
======</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administrations BSE Feed Regulation (21
CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from
deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to
feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used
for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high
risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed
system. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
======</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
see Singeltary comment ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Oral transmission and early lymphoid tropism of chronic wasting disease
PrPres in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus ) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
These results indicate that CWD PrP res can be detected in lymphoid tissues
draining the alimentary tract within a few weeks after oral exposure to
infectious prions and may reflect the initial pathway of CWD infection in deer.
The rapid infection of deer fawns following exposure by the most plausible
natural route is consistent with the efficient horizontal transmission of CWD in
nature and enables accelerated studies of transmission and pathogenesis in the
native species.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
These results indicate that mule deer fawns develop detectable PrP res
after oral exposure to an inoculum containing CWD prions. In the earliest
post-exposure period, CWD PrPres was traced to the lymphoid tissues draining the
oral and intestinal mucosa (i.e. the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, tonsil, ileal
Peyer's patches and ileocaecal lymph nodes), which probably received the highest
initial exposure to the inoculum. Hadlow et al. (1982) demonstrated scrapie
agent in the tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, ileum and
spleen in a 10-month-old naturally infected lamb by mouse bioassay. Eight of
nine sheep had infectivity in the retropharyngeal lymph node. He concluded that
the tissue distribution suggested primary infection via the gastrointestinal
tract. The tissue distribution of PrPres in the early stages of infection in the
fawns is strikingly similar to that seen in naturally infected sheep with
scrapie. These findings support oral exposure as a natural route of CWD
infection in deer and support oral inoculation as a reasonable exposure route
for experimental studies of CWD.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/80/10/2757">http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/80/10/2757</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Title: Experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) to
red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus): early detection and late stage distribution
of protease-resistant protein (PrP-res)</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In this study, red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) were exposed to the prion
agent by oral administration of brain homogenates from infected Rocky Mountain
elk. Antemortem testing was performed at 7 months post infection and the deer
were euthanized when clinical disease was observed at approximately 18 months
after infection. The abnormal prion protein was assayed by immunohistochemistry,
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and western blot. Abnormal prion protein was
found in the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, midbrain, thalamus, and
cerebrum in all 4 infected red deer. Most of the lymph nodes throughout the body
were positive for abnormal prion proteins. Abnromal prion protein was observed
in some additional peripheral tissues in some but not all of the deer. In
particular, most areas of the gastrointestinal tract were positive for abnormal
prions, although the salivary glands were rarely positive. This study
demonstrates the potential for oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to
red deer and confirms the usefulness of the current testing methods for post
mortem diagnosis of the disease in this species.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=228787">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=228787</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics
of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these
countries. *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular
characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases
from Europe and Japan. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated
feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these
countries. *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
see page 176 of 201 pages...tss </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***atypical spontaneous BSE in France LOL*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FRANCE STOPS TESTING FOR MAD COW DISEASE BSE, and here’s why, to many
spontaneous events of mad cow disease $$$ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***so 20 cases of atypical BSE in France, compared to the remaining 40
cases in the remaining 12 Countries, divided by the remaining 12 Countries,
about 3+ cases per country, besides Frances 20 cases. you cannot explain this
away with any spontaneous BSe. ...TSS </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sunday, October 5, 2014 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
France stops BSE testing for Mad Cow Disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
10 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN
COMMERCE USA 2007</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried,
Recall # V-024-2007</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5,
2007.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-
contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been
manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE
statement.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
42,090 lbs.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WI</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
___________________________________</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot-
Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M
CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B
DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal,
JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT
Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral,
BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC
LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall #
V-025-2007</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with
commodity and weights identified.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm
initiated recall is complete.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross
contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear
cautionary BSE statement.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9,997,976 lbs.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
ID and NV</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2013</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sunday, December 15, 2013</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, December 23, 2014</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR
FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, October 26, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sunday, April 5, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed
On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180 ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a 04="" 2015="" guidance-for-industry-ensuring-safety.html="" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2015/04/guidance-for-industry-ensuring-safety.html" madcowfeed.blogspot.com="" title="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2015/04/guidance-for-industry-ensuring-safety.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2015/04/guidance-for-industry-ensuring-safety.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
P04.27</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral
Route</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3;
Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6;
Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique,
France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious
Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate
Center, Germany</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Background:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to
contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated
in cynomolgus monkeys.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Aims:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose
(MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to
assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the
disease to identify possible biomarkers.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Methods:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE
brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals
were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Results:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already
developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of
the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course
between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the
detection of biomarkers.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Conclusions:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route
using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation
period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years).
However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop
simian v CJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The work referenced was performed in partial fulfillment of the study “BSE
in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route
using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm)
caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in
primates</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog,
Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie
Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe
Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
(vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral
infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to
transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human
primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a
BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months
after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the
basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary
estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance
that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to
man.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE bovine brain inoculum</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%)
1/15 (7%)</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PrPres biochemical detection</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum
used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar
PrPres concentration that was</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals
positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in
the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic
ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected
orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Published online January 27, 2005</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Calves were challenged by mouth with homogenised brain from confirmed cases
of BSE. Some received 300g (3 doses of 100g), some 100g, 10g or 1g. They were
then left to develop BSE, but were not subjected to the normal stresses that
they might have encountered in a dairy herd. Animals in all four groups
developed BSE. There has been a considerable spread of incubation period in some
of the groups, but it appears as if those in the 1 and 10g challenge groups most
closely fit the picture of incubation periods seen in the epidemic. Experiments
in progress indicate that oral infection can occur in some animals with doses as
low as 0.01g and 0.001g. .........</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/science-research/pathog.html#dose">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/science-research/pathog.html#dose</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr
Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1
gram triggered infection.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061003022720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20061003022720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less
than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight;
particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses
his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the
oral route within the same species. This information did not become available
until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a
titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of
dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an
upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have
expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. The dose ranges chosen by the
most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one
hundred grams. It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared
Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1
gram triggered infection.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061003022724/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20061003022724/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding
Infected Cattle </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the
farm died from TME. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or
dead dairy cattle... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Title: Scrapie transmits to white-tailed deer by the oral route and has a
molecular profile similar to chronic wasting disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Authors </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
item Greenlee, Justin item Moore, S - item Smith, Jodi - item Kunkle,
Robert item West Greenlee, M - </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Submitted to: American College of Veterinary Pathologists Meeting
Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: August 12, 2015
Publication Date: N/A Technical Abstract: The purpose of this work was to
determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to the agent of sheep
scrapie and to compare the resultant PrPSc to that of the original inoculum and
chronic wasting disease (CWD). We inoculated WTD by a natural route of exposure
(concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n=5) with a US scrapie isolate. All
scrapie-inoculated deer had evidence of PrPSc accumulation. PrPSc was detected
in lymphoid tissues at preclinical time points, and deer necropsied after 28
months post-inoculation had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and
widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. Western
blotting (WB) revealed PrPSc with 2 distinct molecular profiles. WB on cerebral
cortex had a profile similar to the original scrapie inoculum, whereas WB of
brainstem, cerebellum, or lymph nodes revealed PrPSc with a higher profile
resembling CWD. Homogenates with the 2 distinct profiles from WTD with clinical
scrapie were further passaged to mice expressing cervid prion protein and
intranasally to sheep and WTD. In cervidized mice, the two inocula have distinct
incubation times. Sheep inoculated intranasally with WTD derived scrapie
developed disease, but only after inoculation with the inoculum that had a
scrapie-like profile. The WTD study is ongoing, but deer in both inoculation
groups are positive for PrPSc by rectal mucosal biopsy. In summary, this work
demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct
molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and
inoculum of either profile readily passes to deer. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=317901">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=317901</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=260467">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=260467</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Jodi D. Smith, Justin J. Greenlee, and Robert A. Kunkle; Virus and Prion
Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Interspecies transmission studies afford the opportunity to better
understand the potential host range and origins of prion diseases. Previous
experiments demonstrated that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep-derived
scrapie by intracranial inoculation. The purpose of this study was to determine
susceptibility of white-tailed deer to scrapie after a natural route of
exposure. Deer (n=5) were inoculated by concurrent oral (30 ml) and intranasal
(1 ml) instillation of a 10% (wt/vol) brain homogenate derived from a sheep
clinically affected with scrapie. Non-inoculated deer were maintained as
negative controls. All deer were observed daily for clinical signs. Deer were
euthanized and necropsied when neurologic disease was evident, and tissues were
examined for abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and
western blot (WB). One animal was euthanized 15 months post-inoculation (MPI)
due to an injury. At that time, examination of obex and lymphoid tissues by IHC
was positive, but WB of obex and colliculus were negative. Remaining deer
developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied
from 28 to 33 MPI. Tissues from these deer were positive for scrapie by IHC and
WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity included brain, tonsil, retropharyngeal
and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node, Peyer’s patches, and spleen. This work
demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep
scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation. In-depth analysis of tissues
will be done to determine similarities between scrapie in deer after
intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic wasting disease
resulting from similar routes of inoculation. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
see full text ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf">http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed
deer </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture;
Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
White-tailed deer are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie by
intracerebral inoculation </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
It is unlikely that CWD will be eradicated from free-ranging cervids, and
the disease is likely to continue to spread geographically [10]. However, the
potential that white-tailed deer may be susceptible to sheep scrapie by a
natural route presents an additional confounding factor to halting the spread of
CWD. This leads to the additional speculations that </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1) infected deer could serve as a reservoir to infect sheep with scrapie
offering challenges to scrapie eradication efforts and </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2) CWD spread need not remain geographically confined to current endemic
areas, but could occur anywhere that sheep with scrapie and susceptible cervids
cohabitate.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are
susceptible to sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation with a high attack
rate and that the disease that results has similarities to CWD. These
experiments will be repeated with a more natural route of inoculation to
determine the likelihood of the potential transmission of sheep scrapie to
white-tailed deer. If scrapie were to occur in white-tailed deer, results of
this study indicate that it would be detected as a TSE, but may be difficult to
differentiate from CWD without in-depth biochemical analysis. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199251/?tool=pubmed">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199251/?tool=pubmed</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed
deer </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture;
Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the
manifestation of CWD and scrapie in WTD after IC inoculation including early and
widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical signs of depression
and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation time of 21-23 months.
Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from the obex region have a
molecular profile similar to CWD and distinct from tissues of the cerebrum or
the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic and IHC examination
indicate that there are differences between the lesions expected in CWD and
those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were not noted in any
sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of immunoreactivity
by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to
scrapie. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were
necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for
PrPSc by IHC and WB. Similar to IC inoculated deer, samples from these deer
exhibited two different molecular profiles: samples from obex resembled CWD
whereas those from cerebrum were similar to the original scrapie inoculum. On
further examination by WB using a panel of antibodies, the tissues from deer
with scrapie exhibit properties differing from tissues either from sheep with
scrapie or WTD with CWD. Samples from WTD with CWD or sheep with scrapie are
strongly immunoreactive when probed with mAb P4, however, samples from WTD with
scrapie are only weakly immunoreactive. In contrast, when probed with mAb’s 6H4
or SAF 84, samples from sheep with scrapie and WTD with CWD are weakly
immunoreactive and samples from WTD with scrapie are strongly positive. This
work demonstrates that WTD are highly susceptible to sheep scrapie, but on first
passage, scrapie in WTD is differentiable from CWD. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2011 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were
susceptible to scrapie. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf">http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Jodi D. Smith, Justin J. Greenlee, and Robert A. Kunkle; Virus and Prion
Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Interspecies transmission studies afford the opportunity to better
understand the potential host range and origins of prion diseases. Previous
experiments demonstrated that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep-derived
scrapie by intracranial inoculation. The purpose of this study was to determine
susceptibility of white-tailed deer to scrapie after a natural route of
exposure. Deer (n=5) were inoculated by concurrent oral (30 ml) and intranasal
(1 ml) instillation of a 10% (wt/vol) brain homogenate derived from a sheep
clinically affected with scrapie. Non-inoculated deer were maintained as
negative controls. All deer were observed daily for clinical signs. Deer were
euthanized and necropsied when neurologic disease was evident, and tissues were
examined for abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and
western blot (WB). One animal was euthanized 15 months post-inoculation (MPI)
due to an injury. At that time, examination of obex and lymphoid tissues by IHC
was positive, but WB of obex and colliculus were negative. Remaining deer
developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied
from 28 to 33 MPI. Tissues from these deer were positive for scrapie by IHC and
WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity included brain, tonsil, retropharyngeal
and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node, Peyer’s patches, and spleen. This work
demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep
scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation. In-depth analysis of tissues
will be done to determine similarities between scrapie in deer after
intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic wasting disease
resulting from similar routes of inoculation. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
see full text ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf">http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I urge everyone to watch this video closely...terry</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** you can see video here and interview with Jeff's Mom, and scientist
telling you to test everything and potential risk factors for humans *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://zoomify.uzh.ch:8080/zoomify/videos/video-004/video-004.html">http://zoomify.uzh.ch:8080/zoomify/videos/video-004/video-004.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic
potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human
PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests
that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP
codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in
the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/28124/?nocache=112223249">https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/28124/?nocache=112223249</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent
incubation period </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Authors </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
item Comoy, Emmanuel - item Mikol, Jacqueline - item Luccantoni-Freire,
Sophie - item Correia, Evelyne - item Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nathalie - item
Durand, Valérie - item Dehen, Capucine - item Andreoletti, Olivier - item
Casalone, Cristina - item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin item Baron,
Thierry - item Benestad, Sylvie - item Hills, Bob - item Brown, Paul - item
Deslys, Jean-Philippe - </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Submitted to: Scientific Reports Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: May 28, 2015 Publication Date: June 30, 2015
Citation: Comoy, E.E., Mikol, J., Luccantoni-Freire, S., Correia, E.,
Lescoutra-Etchegaray, N., Durand, V., Dehen, C., Andreoletti, O., Casalone, C.,
Richt, J.A., Greenlee, J.J., Baron, T., Benestad, S., Brown, P., Deslys, J.
2015. Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent
incubation period. Scientific Reports. 5:11573. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Interpretive Summary: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (also called prion diseases)
are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect animals and humans. The agent
of prion diseases is a misfolded form of the prion protein that is resistant to
breakdown by the host cells. Since all mammals express prion protein on the
surface of various cells such as neurons, all mammals are, in theory, capable of
replicating prion diseases. One example of a prion disease, bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE; also called mad cow disease), has been shown to infect
cattle, sheep, exotic undulates, cats, non-human primates, and humans when the
new host is exposed to feeds or foods contaminated with the disease agent. The
purpose of this study was to test whether non-human primates (cynomologous
macaque) are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie. After an incubation
period of approximately 10 years a macaque developed progressive clinical signs
suggestive of neurologic disease. Upon postmortem examination and microscopic
examination of tissues, there was a widespread distribution of lesions
consistent with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. This information will
have a scientific impact since it is the first study that demonstrates the
transmission of scrapie to a non-human primate with a close genetic relationship
to humans. This information is especially useful to regulatory officials and
those involved with risk assessment of the potential transmission of animal
prion diseases to humans. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Technical Abstract: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is an animal prion
disease that also causes variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Over the
past decades, c-BSE's zoonotic potential has been the driving force in
establishing extensive protective measures for animal and human health. In
complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to
scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a
natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation
period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion
disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout
the CNS. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of
scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal
health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and
being eradicated. Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and
protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission
studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Docket No. APHIS-2007-0127 Scrapie in Sheep and Goats Terry Singeltary
Sr. Submission ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Docket No. APHIS-2007-0127 Scrapie in Sheep and Goats</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SUMMARY: We are reopening the comment period for our proposed rule that
would revise completely the scrapie regulations, which concern the risk groups
and categories established for individual animals and for flocks, the use of
genetic testing as a means of assigning risk levels to animals, movement
restrictions for animals found to be genetically less susceptible or resistant
to scrapie, and recordkeeping requirements. This action will allow interested
persons additional time to prepare and submit comments.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DATES: The comment period for the proposed rule published on September 10,
2015 (80 FR 54660-54692) is reopened. We will consider all comments that we
receive on or before December 9, 2015. ...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2007-0127-0001">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2007-0127-0001</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-11-16/html/2015-29179.htm">http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-11-16/html/2015-29179.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=APHIS-2007-0127">http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=APHIS-2007-0127</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
COMMENT SUBMISSION TERRY S. SINGELTARY SR.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WITH regards to Docket No. APHIS-2007-0127 Scrapie in Sheep and Goats, I
kindly submit the following ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
>>>The last major revision of the scrapie regulations occurred on
August 21, 2001, when we published in theFederal Register(66 FR 43964, Docket
No. 97-093-5) a final rule amending part 79 by imposing additional restrictions
on the interstate movement of sheep and goats.<<< </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Indeed, much science has changed about the Scrapie TSE prion, including
more science linking Scrapie to humans. sadly, politics, industry, and trade,
have not changed, and those usually trump sound science, as is the case with all
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease in livestock producing
animals and the OIE. we can look no further at the legal trading of the Scrapie
TSE prion both typical and atypical of all strains, and CWD all stains. With as
much science of old, and now more new science to back this up, Scrapie of all
types i.e. atypical and typical, BSE all strains, and CWD all strains, should be
regulated in trade as BSE TSE PRION. In fact, I urge APHIS et al and the OIE,
and all trading partners to take heed to the latest science on the TSE prion
disease, all of them, and seriously reconsider the blatant disregards for human
and animal health, all in the name of trade, with the continued relaxing of TSE
Prion trade regulations through the ‘NEGLIGIBLE BSE RISK’ PROGRAM, which was set
up to fail in the first place. If the world does not go back to the ‘BSE RISK
ASSESSMENTS’, enhance, and or change that assessment process to include all TSE
prion disease, i.e. ‘TSE RISK ASSESSMENT’, if we do not do this and if we
continue this farce with OIE and the USDA et al, and the ‘NEGLIGIBLE BSE RISK’
PROGRAM, we will never eradicate the TSE prion aka mad cow type disease, they
will continue to mutate and spread among species of human and animal origin, and
they will continue to kill. ...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
please see ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation
periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni,
Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys
Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies
reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The
transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that
an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the
absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a
transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are
reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD
summing 80% of human prion cases). Non-human primate models provided the first
evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic
potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for
BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their
phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to
assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid
origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical
scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD,
albeit requiring fourfold longe incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked
in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. We will present an
updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the
implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD
for human health. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
=============== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
=============== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
========================================== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to
sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA
products are infectious to these animals. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
========================================== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
.108: Successful oral challenge of adult cattle with classical BSE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sandor Dudas1,*, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Tammy Pickles1, Catherine
Graham2, and Stefanie Czub1 1Canadian Food Inspection Agency; NCAD Lethbridge;
Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; 2Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture; Pathology
Laboratory; Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Classical Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-type BSE) is a feed- and
food-borne fatal neurological disease which can be orally transmitted to cattle
and humans. Due to the presence of contaminated milk replacer, it is generally
assumed that cattle become infected early in life as calves and then succumb to
disease as adults. Here we challenged three 14 months old cattle per-orally with
100 grams of C-type BSE brain to investigate age-related susceptibility or
resistance. During incubation, the animals were sampled monthly for blood and
feces and subjected to standardized testing to identify changes related to
neurological disease. At 53 months post exposure, progressive signs of central
nervous system disease were observed in these 3 animals, and they were
euthanized. Two of the C-BSE animals tested strongly positive using standard BSE
rapid tests, however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts
S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE. Subsequent testing
resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and
PrPsc detection by PMCA only. Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult
cattle to oral transmission of classical BSE. We are further examining
explanations for the unusual disease presentation in the third challenged
animal.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult cattle to oral
transmission of classical BSE. *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to
sheep and human. *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants
and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama
National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To assess the risk of the transmission of ruminant prions to ruminants and
humans at the molecular level, we investigated the ability of abnormal prion
protein (PrPSc) of typical and atypical BSEs (L-type and H-type) and typical
scrapie to convert normal prion protein (PrPC) from bovine, ovine, and human to
proteinase K-resistant PrPSc-like form (PrPres) using serial protein misfolding
cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Six rounds of serial PMCA was performed using 10% brain homogenates from
transgenic mice expressing bovine, ovine or human PrPC in combination with PrPSc
seed from typical and atypical BSE- or typical scrapie-infected brain
homogenates from native host species. In the conventional PMCA, the conversion
of PrPC to PrPres was observed only when the species of PrPC source and PrPSc
seed matched. However, in the PMCA with supplements (digitonin, synthetic polyA
and heparin), both bovine and ovine PrPC were converted by PrPSc from all tested
prion strains. On the other hand, human PrPC was converted by PrPSc from typical
and H-type BSE in this PMCA condition.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports
describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human
transgenic mice, ***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of
H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether
the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
================</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
==========================================</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to
sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA
products are infectious to these animals.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
==========================================</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRION 2015 CONFERENCE FT. COLLINS CWD RISK FACTORS TO HUMANS </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** LATE-BREAKING ABSTRACTS PRION 2015 CONFERENCE *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
O18 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Zoonotic Potential of CWD Prions </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Liuting Qing1, Ignazio Cali1,2, Jue Yuan1, Shenghai Huang3, Diane Kofskey1,
Pierluigi Gambetti1, Wenquan Zou1, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 2Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy,
3Encore Health Resources, Houston, Texas, USA </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** These results indicate that the CWD prion has the potential to infect
human CNS and peripheral lymphoid tissues and that there might be asymptomatic
human carriers of CWD infection. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
================== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***These results indicate that the CWD prion has the potential to infect
human CNS and peripheral lymphoid tissues and that there might be asymptomatic
human carriers of CWD infection.*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
================== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
P.105: RT-QuIC models trans-species prion transmission </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Kristen Davenport, Davin Henderson, Candace Mathiason, and Edward Hoover
Prion Research Center; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Conversely, FSE maintained sufficient BSE characteristics to more
efficiently convert bovine rPrP than feline rPrP. Additionally, human rPrP was
competent for conversion by CWD and fCWD. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***This insinuates that, at the level of protein:protein interactions, the
barrier preventing transmission of CWD to humans is less robust than previously
estimated. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
================ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***This insinuates that, at the level of protein:protein interactions, the
barrier preventing transmission of CWD to humans is less robust than previously
estimated.*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
================ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
HD.13: CWD infection in the spleen of humanized transgenic mice</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Liuting Qing and Qingzhong Kong Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland,
OH USA</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a widespread prion disease in free-ranging
and captive cervid species in North America, and there is evidence suggesting
the existence of multiple CWD strains. The susceptibility of human CNS and
peripheral organs to the various CWD prion strains remains largely unclear.
Current literature suggests that the classical CWD strain is unlikely to infect
human brain, but the potential for peripheral infection by CWD in humans is
unknown. We detected protease-resistant PrPSc in the spleens of a few humanized
transgenic mice that were intracerebrally inoculated with natural CWD isolates,
but PrPSc was not detected in the brains of any of the CWD-inoculated mice. Our
ongoing bioassays in humanized Tg mice indicate that intracerebral challenge
with such PrPSc-positive humanized mouse spleen already led to prion disease in
most animals. These results indicate that the CWD prion may have the potential
to infect human peripheral lymphoid tissues.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.24865">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.24865</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sent: Saturday, November 15, 2014 9:29 PM </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE R. G. WILL 1984
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
R. G. WILL </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1984 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar
pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK
OF CJD (p = 0.04). (SEE LINK IN REPORT HERE...TSS) PLUS, THE CDC DID NOT PUT
THIS WARNING OUT FOR THE WELL BEING OF THE DEER AND ELK ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050425210551/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m26/tab01.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20050425210551/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m26/tab01.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
85%+ of all human tse prion disease is sporadic CJD.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
see what the NIH prion Gods say themselves ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
‘’In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was
attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant
CJD. That assumption would be wrong.’’</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
‘’Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion
disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong
evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other
forum is limited to the patients we investigated.’’ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic
potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human
PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests
that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP
codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in
the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/28124/?nocache=112223249">https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/28124/?nocache=112223249</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly
magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef
ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and
slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of
free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier.
Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE
and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion
diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease
through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can
be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size
of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic
individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a
potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf">http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
ARS VIRUS AND PRION RESEARCH / Research / Publication #277212 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Title: Susceptibility of cattle to the agent of chronic wasting disease
from elk after intracranial inoculation </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Authors </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
item Greenlee, Justin item Nicholson, Eric item Smith, Jodi item Kunkle,
Robert item Hamir, Amirali </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Submitted to: Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation Publication
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Date: July 12, 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Publication Date: November 1, 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Nicholson, E.M., Smith, J.D., Kunkle, R.A.,
Hamir, A.N. 2012. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Susceptibility of cattle to the agent of chronic wasting disease from elk
after intracranial inoculation. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 24(6):1087-1093. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Interpretive Summary: Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), a fatal
neurodegenerative disease that occurs in farmed and wild cervids (deer and elk)
of North America, is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). TSEs are
caused by infectious proteins called prions that are resistant to various
methods of decontamination and environmental degradation. Cattle could be
exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) by contact with infected farmed or
free-ranging cervids. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential
transmission of CWD from elk to cattle after intracranial inoculation, the most
direct route to test the potential of a host to replicate an isolate of the
prion agent. This study reports that only 2 of 14 calves inoculated with CWD
from elk had clinical signs or evidence of abnormal prion protein accumulation.
These results suggest that cattle are unlikely to be susceptible to CWD if
inoculated by a more natural route. This information could have an impact on
regulatory officials developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs and farmers
with concerns about ranging cattle on areas where CWD may be present. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Technical Abstract: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***Cattle could be exposed to the agent of chronic wasting disease (CWD)
through contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids or exposure to
contaminated premises. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for
CWD derived from elk to transmit to cattle after intracranial inoculation.
Calves (n=14) were inoculated with brain homogenate derived from elk with CWD to
determine the potential for transmission and define the clinicopathologic
features of disease. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Cattle were necropsied if clinical signs occurred or at the termination of
experiment (49 months post-inoculation (MPI)). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Clinical signs of poor appetite, weight loss, circling, and bruxism
occurred in two cattle (14%) at 16 and 17 MPI, respectively. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrP**Sc) in these cattle was
confined to the central nervous system with the most prominent immunoreactivity
in midbrain, brainstem, and hippocampus with lesser immunoreactivity in the
cervical spinal cord. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** The rate of transmission was lower than in cattle inoculated with CWD
derived from mule deer (38%) or white-tailed deer (86%). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Additional studies are required to fully assess the potential for cattle to
develop CWD through a more natural route of exposure, but a low rate of
transmission after intracranial inoculation suggests that risk of transmission
through other routes is low. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***A critical finding here is that if CWD did transmit to exposed cattle,
currently used diagnostic techniques would detect and differentiate it from
other prion diseases in cattle based on absence of spongiform change, distinct
pattern of PrP**Sc deposition, and unique molecular profile. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=277212">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=277212</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Project Number: 5030-32000-103-00 Project Type: Appropriated </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Start Date: Oct 01, 2011 End Date: Sep 30, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Objective: 1. Investigate the pathobiology of atypical transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in natural hosts. A. Investigate the
pathobiology of atypical scrapie. B. Investigate the pathobiology of atypical
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). 2. Investigate the horizontal
transmission of TSEs. A. Assess the horizontal transmission of sheep scrapie in
the absence of lambing. B. Determine routes of transmission in chronic wasting
disease (CWD) infected premises. C. Assess oral transmission of CWD in reindeer.
3. Investigate determinants of CWD persistence. A. Determine CWD host range
using natural routes of transmission. B. Investigate the pathobiology of CWD.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Approach: The studies will focus on three animal transmissible spongiform
encephalopathy (TSE) agents found in the United States: bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE); scrapie of sheep and goats; and chronic wasting disease
(CWD) of deer, elk, and moose. The research will address sites of accumulation,
routes of infection, environmental persistence, and ante mortem diagnostics with
an emphasis on controlled conditions and natural routes of infection. Techniques
used will include clinical exams, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and
biochemical analysis of proteins. The enhanced knowledge gained from this work
will help mitigate the potential for unrecognized epidemic expansions of these
diseases in populations of animals that could either directly or indirectly
affect food animals. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=421870">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=421870</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES 2014 Annual Report </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1a.Objectives (from AD-416): 1. Investigate the pathobiology of atypical
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in natural hosts. A.
Investigate the pathobiology of atypical scrapie. B. Investigate the
pathobiology of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). 2. Investigate
the horizontal transmission of TSEs. A. Assess the horizontal transmission of
sheep scrapie in the absence of lambing. B. Determine routes of transmission in
chronic wasting disease (CWD) infected premises. C. Assess oral transmission of
CWD in reindeer. 3. Investigate determinants of CWD persistence. A. Determine
CWD host range using natural routes of transmission. B. Investigate the
pathobiology of CWD. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1b.Approach (from AD-416): The studies will focus on three animal
transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents found in the United States:
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE); scrapie of sheep and goats; and chronic
wasting disease (CWD) of deer, elk, and moose. The research will address sites
of accumulation, routes of infection, environmental persistence, and ante mortem
diagnostics with an emphasis on controlled conditions and natural routes of
infection. Techniques used will include clinical exams, histopathology,
immunohistochemistry and biochemical analysis of proteins. The enhanced
knowledge gained from this work will help mitigate the potential for
unrecognized epidemic expansions of these diseases in populations of animals
that could either directly or indirectly affect food animals. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
3.Progress Report: Research efforts directed toward meeting objective 1 of
our project plan, Investigate the pathobiology of atypical transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in natural hosts, include work in previous
years starting with the inoculation of animals for studies designed to address
the pathobiology of atypical scrapie, atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE), as well as a genetic version of BSE. Animals inoculated with atypical
scrapie have not yet developed disease. Atypical BSE animals have developed
disease and evaluation of the samples is currently underway. Animals inoculated
with a genetic version of BSE have developed disease and the manuscript has been
published (2012). In addition, we have investigated the possibility that
atypical scrapie was present earlier than previously detected in the national
flock by analyzing archived field isolates using methods that were unavailable
at the time of original diagnosis. Sample quality was sufficiently degraded that
modern methods were not suitable for evaluation. In research pertaining to
objective 2, Investigate the horizontal transmission of TSEs, we have initiated
a study to determine if cohousing non-lambing scrapie inoculated sheep is
sufficient to transmit scrapie to neonatal lambs. At this time, scrapie free
ewes have lambed in the presence of scrapie inoculated animals and the lambs are
cohoused with these inoculated animals. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
4.Accomplishments 1. Evaluated enzyme immunoassay for rapid identification
of prion disease in livestock. Scrapie of sheep and bovine spongiform
encephalopathy of cattle are diseases that cause damage to the central nervous
system including the retina in the eye. The infectious agent is an abnormal
protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state and is resistant
to breakdown by the host cells. Current diagnostic methods require the testing
of brain material, which can be difficult to collect and may lead to
contamination of the environment and exposure of personnel to the infectious
agent. Eyes can be readily collected without opening the skull. ARS researchers
at Ames, Iowa demonstrated that the enzyme immunoassay results using eyes of
negative controls or samples collected from sheep or cattle with clinical signs
were in agreement with approved confirmatory assays (western blot or
immunohistochemistry). These results indicate the retina is a useful tissue for
rapid diagnosis of prion disease in clinically ill sheep and cattle and could be
considered to greatly increase the number of samples submitted for prion disease
diagnosis with a minimal investment of time and limited exposure of personnel to
prion agents. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2. Evaluated E211K cattle as a model for inherited human prion disease.
Prion diseases cause damage to the central nervous system of animals and humans.
The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded
from its normal state and is resistant to breakdown by the host cells and thus
accumulates and damages those cells. Some forms of prion disease are genetic and
can be inherited. Current models of genetic prion disease in humans rely on
mouse models expressing either the human prion protein (E200K) or a combination
of both mouse and human sequences. In addition to being an entirely artificial
system these mouse models have a short lifespan making them a less than ideal
system to study a naturally occurring genetic disorder with a long incubation
time and late onset of disease. Cattle, however, exhibit a number of
similarities to humans with regard to prion disease and perhaps most notable is
the late onset of genetic prion disease. ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa have
produced cattle containing both 1 and 2 chromosome copies of the cattle prion
gene (E211K) and evaluated many aspects of this prion protein from cattle
including protein stability, protein expression levels and ratios, as well as
evidence of oxidative stress. Taken together, these results highlight the
differences between mouse models of genetic prion disease and a naturally
occurring prion disease system in cattle and suggest that cattle will provide a
more relevant understanding of genetic prion disease in humans than do current
rodent models. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Review Publications Smith, J.D., Greenlee, J.J. 2014. Detection of
misfolded prion protein in retina samples of sheep and cattle by use of a
commercially available enzyme immunoassay. American Journal of Veterinary
Research. 75(3):268-272. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Haldar, S., Beveridge, A.J., Wong, J., Singh, A.J., Galimberti, D.,
Borroni, D., Zhu, X., Blevins, J., Greenlee, J., Perry, G., Mukhopadhyay, C.K.,
Schmotzer, C., Singh, N. 2014. A low-molecular-weight ferroxidase is increased
in the CSF of sCJD Cases: CSF ferroxidase and transferrin as diagnostic
biomarkers for sCJD. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 19(14):1662-1675.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=421870&fy=2014">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=421870&fy=2014</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** P.126: Successful transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) into
mice over-expressing bovine prion protein (TgSB3985) *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Larisa Cervenakova,1 Christina J Sigurdson,2 Pedro Piccardo,3 Oksana
Yakovleva,1 Irina Vasilyeva,1 Jorge de Castro,1 Paula Saá,1 and Anton Cervenak1
1American Red Cross, Holland Laboratory; Rockville, MD USA; 2University of
California; San Diego, CA USA; 3Lab TSE/OBRR /CBER/FDA; Rockville, MD USA </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Keywords: chronic wasting disease, transmission, transgenic mouse, bovine
prion protein </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Background. CWD is a disease affecting wild and farmraised cervids in North
America. Epidemiological studies provide no evidence of CWD transmission to
humans. Multiple attempts have failed to infect transgenic mice expressing human
PRNP gene with CWD. The extremely low efficiency of PrPCWD to convert normal
human PrPC in vitro provides additional evidence that transmission of CWD to
humans cannot be easily achieved. However, a concern about the risk of CWD
transmission to humans still exists. This study aimed to establish and
characterize an experimental model of CWD in TgSB3985 mice with the following
attempt of transmission to TgHu mice. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Materials and Methods. TgSB3985 mice and wild-type FVB/ NCrl mice were
intracranially injected with 1% brain homogenate from a CWD-infected Tga20 mouse
(CWD/Tga20). TgSB3985 and TgRM (over-expressing human PrP) were similarly
injected with 5% brain homogenates from CWD-infected white-tailed deer (CWD/WTD)
or elk (CWD/Elk). Animals were observed for clinical signs of neurological
disease and were euthanized when moribund. Brains and spleens were removed from
all mice for PrPCWD detection by Western blotting (WB). A histological analysis
of brains from selected animals was performed: brains were scored for the
severity of spongiform change, astrogliosis, and PrPCWD deposition in ten brain
regions. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Results. Clinical presentation was consistent with TSE. More than 90% of
TgSB3985 and wild-type mice infected with CWD/Tga20, tested positive for PrPres
in the brain but only mice in the latter group carried PrPCWD in their spleens.
We found evidence for co-existence or divergence of two CWD/ Tga20 strains based
on biochemical and histological profiles. In TgSB3985 mice infected with CWD-elk
or CWD-WTD, no animals tested positive for PrPCWD in the brain or in the spleen
by WB. However, on neuropathological examination we found presence of amyloid
plaques that stained positive for PrPCWD in three CWD/WTD- and two
CWD/Elk-infected TgSB3985 mice. The neuropathologic profiles in CWD/WTD- and
CWD/Elkinfected mice were similar but unique as compared to profiles of BSE,
BSE-H or CWD/Tg20 agents propagated in TgSB3985 mice. None of CWD-infected TgRM
mice tested positive for PrPCWD by WB or by immunohistochemical detection.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first established experimental
model of CWD in TgSB3985. We found evidence for co-existence or divergence of
two CWD strains adapted to Tga20 mice and their replication in TgSB3985 mice.
Finally, we observed phenotypic differences between cervid-derived CWD and
CWD/Tg20 strains upon propagation in TgSB3985 mice. Further studies are underway
to characterize these strains. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TSS </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
UPDATED CORRESPONDENCE FROM AUTHORS OF THIS STUDY I.E. COLBY, PRUSINER ET
AL, ABOUT MY CONCERNS OF THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THEIR FIGURES AND MY FIGURES OF
THE STUDIES ON CWD TRANSMISSION TO CATTLE ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CWD to cattle figures CORRECTION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Greetings, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I believe the statement and quote below is incorrect ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
"CWD has been transmitted to cattle after intracerebral inoculation,
although the infection rate was low (4 of 13 animals [Hamir et al. 2001]). This
finding raised concerns that CWD prions might be transmitted to cattle grazing
in contaminated pastures." </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Please see ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Within 26 months post inoculation, 12 inoculated animals had lost weight,
revealed abnormal clinical signs, and were euthanatized. Laboratory tests
revealed the presence of a unique pattern of the disease agent in tissues of
these animals. These findings demonstrate that when CWD is directly inoculated
into the brain of cattle, 86% of inoculated cattle develop clinical signs of the
disease. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=194089">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=194089</a>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
" although the infection rate was low (4 of 13 animals [Hamir et al.
2001]). " </div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
shouldn't this be corrected, 86% is NOT a low rate. ... </div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
kindest regards, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box 42 Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thank you! </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thanks so much for your updates/comments. We intend to publish as rapidly
as possible all updates/comments that contribute substantially to the topic
under discussion. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/letters/submit">http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/letters/submit</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
re-Prions David W. Colby1,* and Stanley B. Prusiner1,2 + Author
Affiliations </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 2Department of Neurology, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 Correspondence:
stanley@ind.ucsf.edu </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/3/1/a006833.full.pdf+html">http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/3/1/a006833.full.pdf+html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Mule deer, white-tailed deer, and elk have been reported to develop CWD. As
the only prion disease identified in free-ranging animals, CWD appears to be far
more communicable than other forms of prion disease. CWD was first described in
1967 and was reported to be a spongiform encephalopathy in 1978 on the basis of
histopathology of the brain. Originally detected in the American West, CWD has
spread across much of North America and has been reported also in South Korea.
In captive populations, up to 90% of mule deer have been reported to be positive
for prions (Williams and Young 1980). The incidence of CWD in cervids living in
the wild has been estimated to be as high as 15% (Miller et al. 2000). The
development of transgenic (Tg) mice expressing cervid PrP, and thus susceptible
to CWD, has enhanced detection of CWD and the estimation of prion titers
(Browning et al. 2004; Tamgüney et al. 2006). Shedding of prions in the feces,
even in presymptomatic deer, has been identified as a likely source of infection
for these grazing animals (Williams and Miller 2002; Tamgüney et al. 2009b). CWD
has been transmitted to cattle after intracerebral inoculation, although the
infection rate was low (4 of 13 animals [Hamir et al. 2001]). This finding
raised concerns that CWD prions might be transmitted to cattle grazing in
contaminated pastures. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/3/1/a006833.full.pdf+html">http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/3/1/a006833.full.pdf+html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
----- Original Message ----- </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
From: David Colby To: flounder9@verizon.net </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Cc: stanley@XXXXXXXX </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sent: Tuesday, March 01, 2011 8:25 AM </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: Re: FW: re-Prions David W. Colby1,* and Stanley B. Prusiner1,2 +
Author Affiliations </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Dear Terry Singeltary, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thank you for your correspondence regarding the review article Stanley
Prusiner and I recently wrote for Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives. Dr. Prusiner
asked that I reply to your message due to his busy schedule. We agree that the
transmission of CWD prions to beef livestock would be a troubling development
and assessing that risk is important. In our article, we cite a peer-reviewed
publication reporting confirmed cases of laboratory transmission based on
stringent criteria. The less stringent criteria for transmission described in
the abstract you refer to lead to the discrepancy between your numbers and ours
and thus the interpretation of the transmission rate. We stand by our assessment
of the literature--namely that the transmission rate of CWD to bovines appears
relatively low, but we recognize that even a low transmission rate could have
important implications for public health and we thank you for bringing attention
to this matter. Warm Regards, David Colby -- David Colby, PhDAssistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering University of Delaware </div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
===========END...TSS============== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2011/01/enlarging-spectrum-of-prion-like.html">http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2011/01/enlarging-spectrum-of-prion-like.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, August 14, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Susceptibility of cattle to the agent of chronic wasting disease from
elk after intracranial inoculation ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at
least 16 years *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://jgv.sgmjournals.org/content/87/12/3737.full">http://jgv.sgmjournals.org/content/87/12/3737.full</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD.
The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr.
Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at
this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had
previously been occupied by sheep. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PL1 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Using in vitro prion replication for high sensitive detection of prions and
prionlike proteins and for understanding mechanisms of transmission.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Claudio Soto</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's diseases and related Brain disorders,
Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion and prion-like proteins are misfolded protein aggregates with the
ability to selfpropagate to spread disease between cells, organs and in some
cases across individuals. I n T r a n s m i s s i b l e s p o n g i f o r m
encephalopathies (TSEs), prions are mostly composed by a misfolded form of the
prion protein (PrPSc), which propagates by transmitting its misfolding to the
normal prion protein (PrPC). The availability of a procedure to replicate prions
in the laboratory may be important to study the mechanism of prion and
prion-like spreading and to develop high sensitive detection of small quantities
of misfolded proteins in biological fluids, tissues and environmental samples.
Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) is a simple, fast and efficient
methodology to mimic prion replication in the test tube. PMCA is a platform
technology that may enable amplification of any prion-like misfolded protein
aggregating through a seeding/nucleation process. In TSEs, PMCA is able to
detect the equivalent of one single molecule of infectious PrPSc and propagate
prions that maintain high infectivity, strain properties and species
specificity. Using PMCA we have been able to detect PrPSc in blood and urine of
experimentally infected animals and humans affected by vCJD with high
sensitivity and specificity. Recently, we have expanded the principles of PMCA
to amplify amyloid-beta (Aβ) and alphasynuclein (α-syn) aggregates implicated in
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, respectively. Experiments are ongoing to
study the utility of this technology to detect Aβ and α-syn aggregates in
samples of CSF and blood from patients affected by these diseases.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
=========================</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***Recently, we have been using PMCA to study the role of environmental
prion contamination on the horizontal spreading of TSEs. These experiments have
focused on the study of the interaction of prions with plants and
environmentally relevant surfaces. Our results show that plants (both leaves and
roots) bind tightly to prions present in brain extracts and excreta (urine and
feces) and retain even small quantities of PrPSc for long periods of time.
Strikingly, ingestion of prioncontaminated leaves and roots produced disease
with a 100% attack rate and an incubation period not substantially longer than
feeding animals directly with scrapie brain homogenate. Furthermore, plants can
uptake prions from contaminated soil and transport them to different parts of
the plant tissue (stem and leaves). Similarly, prions bind tightly to a variety
of environmentally relevant surfaces, including stones, wood, metals, plastic,
glass, cement, etc. Prion contaminated surfaces efficiently transmit prion
disease when these materials were directly injected into the brain of animals
and strikingly when the contaminated surfaces were just placed in the animal
cage. These findings demonstrate that environmental materials can efficiently
bind infectious prions and act as carriers of infectivity, suggesting that they
may play an important role in the horizontal transmission of the disease.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
========================</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Since its invention 13 years ago, PMCA has helped to answer fundamental
questions of prion propagation and has broad applications in research areas
including the food industry, blood bank safety and human and veterinary disease
diagnosis. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
see ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28467">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28467</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058630">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058630</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567181/pdf/ppat.1003113.pdf">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567181/pdf/ppat.1003113.pdf</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/srep/2015/150210/srep08358/full/srep08358.html?WT.ec_id=SREP-639-20150217">http://www.nature.com/srep/2015/150210/srep08358/full/srep08358.html?WT.ec_id=SREP-639-20150217</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdfExtended/S2211-1247(15)00437-4">http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdfExtended/S2211-1247(15)00437-4</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Wednesday, December 16, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for
scrapie transmission </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for
scrapie transmission </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Timm Konold1*, Stephen A. C. Hawkins2, Lisa C. Thurston3, Ben C. Maddison4,
Kevin C. Gough5, Anthony Duarte1 and Hugh A. Simmons1 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1 Animal Sciences Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge,
Addlestone, UK, 2 Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency
Weybridge, Addlestone, UK, 3 Surveillance and Laboratory Services, Animal and
Plant Health Agency Penrith, Penrith, UK, 4 ADAS UK, School of Veterinary
Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK, 5 School
of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington,
UK </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Classical scrapie is an environmentally transmissible prion disease of
sheep and goats. Prions can persist and remain potentially infectious in the
environment for many years and thus pose a risk of infecting animals after
re-stocking. In vitro studies using serial protein misfolding cyclic
amplification (sPMCA) have suggested that objects on a scrapie affected sheep
farm could contribute to disease transmission. This in vivo study aimed to
determine the role of field furniture (water troughs, feeding troughs, fencing,
and other objects that sheep may rub against) used by a scrapie-infected sheep
flock as a vector for disease transmission to scrapie-free lambs with the prion
protein genotype VRQ/VRQ, which is associated with high susceptibility to
classical scrapie. When the field furniture was placed in clean accommodation,
sheep became infected when exposed to either a water trough (four out of five)
or to objects used for rubbing (four out of seven). This field furniture had
been used by the scrapie-infected flock 8 weeks earlier and had previously been
shown to harbor scrapie prions by sPMCA. Sheep also became infected (20 out of
23) through exposure to contaminated field furniture placed within pasture not
used by scrapie-infected sheep for 40 months, even though swabs from this
furniture tested negative by PMCA. This infection rate decreased (1 out of 12)
on the same paddock after replacement with clean field furniture. Twelve grazing
sheep exposed to field furniture not in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for
18 months remained scrapie free. The findings of this study highlight the role
of field furniture used by scrapie-infected sheep to act as a reservoir for
disease re-introduction although infectivity declines considerably if the field
furniture has not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several
months. PMCA may not be as sensitive as VRQ/VRQ sheep to test for environmental
contamination. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Discussion </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Classical scrapie is an environmentally transmissible disease because it
has been reported in naïve, supposedly previously unexposed sheep placed in
pastures formerly occupied by scrapie-infected sheep (4, 19, 20). Although the
vector for disease transmission is not known, soil is likely to be an important
reservoir for prions (2) where – based on studies in rodents – prions can adhere
to minerals as a biologically active form (21) and remain infectious for more
than 2 years (22). Similarly, chronic wasting disease (CWD) has re-occurred in
mule deer housed in paddocks used by infected deer 2 years earlier, which was
assumed to be through foraging and soil consumption (23). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Our study suggested that the risk of acquiring scrapie infection was
greater through exposure to contaminated wooden, plastic, and metal surfaces via
water or food troughs, fencing, and hurdles than through grazing. Drinking from
a water trough used by the scrapie flock was sufficient to cause infection in
sheep in a clean building. Exposure to fences and other objects used for rubbing
also led to infection, which supported the hypothesis that skin may be a vector
for disease transmission (9). The risk of these objects to cause infection was
further demonstrated when 87% of 23 sheep presented with PrPSc in lymphoid
tissue after grazing on one of the paddocks, which contained metal hurdles, a
metal lamb creep and a water trough in contact with the scrapie flock up to 8
weeks earlier, whereas no infection had been demonstrated previously in sheep
grazing on this paddock, when equipped with new fencing and field furniture.
When the contaminated furniture and fencing were removed, the infection rate
dropped significantly to 8% of 12 sheep, with soil of the paddock as the most
likely source of infection caused by shedding of prions from the
scrapie-infected sheep in this paddock up to a week earlier. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
This study also indicated that the level of contamination of field
furniture sufficient to cause infection was dependent on two factors: stage of
incubation period and time of last use by scrapie-infected sheep. Drinking from
a water trough that had been used by scrapie sheep in the predominantly
pre-clinical phase did not appear to cause infection, whereas infection was
shown in sheep drinking from the water trough used by scrapie sheep in the later
stage of the disease. It is possible that contamination occurred through
shedding of prions in saliva, which may have contaminated the surface of the
water trough and subsequently the water when it was refilled. Contamination
appeared to be sufficient to cause infection only if the trough was in contact
with sheep that included clinical cases. Indeed, there is an increased risk of
bodily fluid infectivity with disease progression in scrapie (24) and CWD (25)
based on PrPSc detection by sPMCA. Although ultraviolet light and heat under
natural conditions do not inactivate prions (26), furniture in contact with the
scrapie flock, which was assumed to be sufficiently contaminated to cause
infection, did not act as vector for disease if not used for 18 months, which
suggest that the weathering process alone was sufficient to inactivate prions.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PrPSc detection by sPMCA is increasingly used as a surrogate for
infectivity measurements by bioassay in sheep or mice. In this reported study,
however, the levels of PrPSc present in the environment were below the limit of
detection of the sPMCA method, yet were still sufficient to cause infection of
in-contact animals. In the present study, the outdoor objects were removed from
the infected flock 8 weeks prior to sampling and were positive by sPMCA at very
low levels (2 out of 37 reactions). As this sPMCA assay also yielded 2 positive
reactions out of 139 in samples from the scrapie-free farm, the sPMCA assay
could not detect PrPSc on any of the objects above the background of the assay.
False positive reactions with sPMCA at a low frequency associated with de novo
formation of infectious prions have been reported (27, 28). This is in contrast
to our previous study where we demonstrated that outdoor objects that had been
in contact with the scrapie-infected flock up to 20 days prior to sampling
harbored PrPSc that was detectable by sPMCA analysis [4 out of 15 reactions
(12)] and was significantly more positive by the assay compared to analogous
samples from the scrapie-free farm. This discrepancy could be due to the use of
a different sPMCA substrate between the studies that may alter the efficiency of
amplification of the environmental PrPSc. In addition, the present study had a
longer timeframe between the objects being in contact with the infected flock
and sampling, which may affect the levels of extractable PrPSc. Alternatively,
there may be potentially patchy contamination of this furniture with PrPSc,
which may have been missed by swabbing. The failure of sPMCA to detect
CWD-associated PrP in saliva from clinically affected deer despite confirmation
of infectivity in saliva-inoculated transgenic mice was associated with as yet
unidentified inhibitors in saliva (29), and it is possible that the sensitivity
of sPMCA is affected by other substances in the tested material. In addition,
sampling of amplifiable PrPSc and subsequent detection by sPMCA may be more
difficult from furniture exposed to weather, which is supported by the
observation that PrPSc was detected by sPMCA more frequently in indoor than
outdoor furniture (12). A recent experimental study has demonstrated that
repeated cycles of drying and wetting of prion-contaminated soil, equivalent to
what is expected under natural weathering conditions, could reduce PMCA
amplification efficiency and extend the incubation period in hamsters inoculated
with soil samples (30). This seems to apply also to this study even though the
reduction in infectivity was more dramatic in the sPMCA assays than in the sheep
model. Sheep were not kept until clinical end-point, which would have enabled us
to compare incubation periods, but the lack of infection in sheep exposed to
furniture that had not been in contact with scrapie sheep for a longer time
period supports the hypothesis that prion degradation and subsequent loss of
infectivity occurs even under natural conditions. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of
furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be
recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively
remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably
if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with
scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in
furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to
infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the
risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. These results
suggest that the VRQ/VRQ sheep model may be more sensitive than sPMCA for the
detection of environmentally associated scrapie, and suggest that extremely low
levels of scrapie contamination are able to cause infection in susceptible sheep
genotypes. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Keywords: classical scrapie, prion, transmissible spongiform
encephalopathy, sheep, field furniture, reservoir, serial protein misfolding
cyclic amplification </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Wednesday, December 16, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for
scrapie transmission ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/12/objects-in-contact-with-classical.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/12/objects-in-contact-with-classical.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Circulation of prions within dust on a scrapie affected farm</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Kevin C Gough1, Claire A Baker2, Hugh A Simmons3, Steve A Hawkins3 and Ben
C Maddison2*</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Abstract</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion diseases are fatal neurological disorders that affect humans and
animals. Scrapie of sheep/goats and Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) of deer/elk
are contagious prion diseases where environmental reservoirs have a direct link
to the transmission of disease. Using protein misfolding cyclic amplification we
demonstrate that scrapie PrPSc can be detected within circulating dusts that are
present on a farm that is naturally contaminated with sheep scrapie. The
presence of infectious scrapie within airborne dusts may represent a possible
route of infection and illustrates the difficulties that may be associated with
the effective decontamination of such scrapie affected premises.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Discussion</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
We present biochemical data illustrating the airborne movement of scrapie
containing material within a contaminated farm environment. We were able to
detect scrapie PrPSc within extracts from dusts collected over a 70 day period,
in the absence of any sheep activity. We were also able to detect scrapie PrPSc
within dusts collected within pasture at 30 m but not at 60 m distance away from
the scrapie contaminated buildings, suggesting that the chance of contamination
of pasture by scrapie contaminated dusts decreases with distance from
contaminated farm buildings. PrPSc amplification by sPMCA has been shown to
correlate with infectivity and amplified products have been shown to be
infectious [14,15]. These experiments illustrate the potential for low dose
scrapie infectivity to be present within such samples. We estimate low ng levels
of scrapie positive brain equivalent were deposited per m2 over 70 days, in a
barn previously occupied by sheep affected with scrapie. This movement of dusts
and the accumulation of low levels of scrapie infectivity within this
environment may in part explain previous observations where despite stringent
pen decontamination regimens healthy lambs still became scrapie infected after
apparent exposure from their environment alone [16]. The presence of sPMCA
seeding activity and by inference, infectious prions within dusts, and their
potential for airborne dissemination is highly novel and may have implications
for the spread of scrapie within infected premises. The low level circulation
and accumulation of scrapie prion containing dust material within the farm
environment will likely impede the efficient decontamination of such scrapie
contaminated buildings unless all possible reservoirs of dust are removed.
Scrapie containing dusts could possibly infect animals during feeding and
drinking, and respiratory and conjunctival routes may also be involved. It has
been demonstrated that scrapie can be efficiently transmitted via the nasal
route in sheep [17], as is also the case for CWD in both murine models and in
white tailed deer [18-20].</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The sources of dust borne prions are unknown but it seems reasonable to
assume that faecal, urine, skin, parturient material and saliva-derived prions
may contribute to this mobile environmental reservoir of infectivity. This work
highlights a possible transmission route for scrapie within the farm
environment, and this is likely to be paralleled in CWD which shows strong
similarities with scrapie in terms of prion dissemination and disease
transmission. The data indicate that the presence of scrapie prions in dust is
likely to make the control of these diseases a considerable challenge.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4397813/pdf/13567_2015_Article_176.pdf">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4397813/pdf/13567_2015_Article_176.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, November 3, 2014 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Persistence of ovine scrapie infectivity in a farm environment following
cleaning and decontamination</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/11/persistence-of-ovine-scrapie.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/11/persistence-of-ovine-scrapie.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PPo3-22:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Detection of Environmentally Associated PrPSc on a Farm with Endemic
Scrapie</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Ben C. Maddison,1 Claire A. Baker,1 Helen C. Rees,1 Linda A. Terry,2 Leigh
Thorne,2 Susan J. Belworthy2 and Kevin C. Gough3 1ADAS-UK LTD; Department of
Biology; University of Leicester; Leicester, UK; 2Veterinary Laboratories
Agency; Surry, KT UK; 3Department of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University
of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington, Loughborough UK</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Key words: scrapie, evironmental persistence, sPMCA</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Ovine scrapie shows considerable horizontal transmission, yet the routes of
transmission and specifically the role of fomites in transmission remain poorly
defined. Here we present biochemical data demonstrating that on a
scrapie-affected sheep farm, scrapie prion contamination is widespread. It was
anticipated at the outset that if prions contaminate the environment that they
would be there at extremely low levels, as such the most sensitive method
available for the detection of PrPSc, serial Protein Misfolding Cyclic
Amplification (sPMCA), was used in this study. We investigated the distribution
of environmental scrapie prions by applying ovine sPMCA to samples taken from a
range of surfaces that were accessible to animals and could be collected by use
of a wetted foam swab. Prion was amplified by sPMCA from a number of these
environmental swab samples including those taken from metal, plastic and wooden
surfaces, both in the indoor and outdoor environment. At the time of sampling
there had been no sheep contact with these areas for at least 20 days prior to
sampling indicating that prions persist for at least this duration in the
environment. These data implicate inanimate objects as environmental reservoirs
of prion infectivity which are likely to contribute to disease transmission.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.prion2010.org/bilder/prion_2010_program_latest_w_posters_4_.pdf?139&PHPSESSID=a30a38202cfec579000b77af81be3099">http://www.prion2010.org/bilder/prion_2010_program_latest_w_posters_4_.pdf?139&PHPSESSID=a30a38202cfec579000b77af81be3099</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE NEUROPATHOLOGY OF THE RED-NECKED OSTRICH (STRUTHIO
CAMELUS) - SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081105185647/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081105185647/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
4.21 Three cases of SE’s with an unknown infectious agent have been
reported in ostriches (Struthio Camellus) in two zoos in north west Germany
(Schoon @ Brunckhorst, 1999, Verh ber Erkeg Zootiere 33:309-314). These birds
showed protracted central nervous symptoms with ataxia, disturbances of balance
and uncoordinated feeding behaviour. The diet of these birds had included
poultry meat meal, some of which came from cattle emergency slaughter
cases.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030331182151/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s113.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030331182151/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s113.pdf</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SE1806</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TRANSMISSION STUDIES OF BSE TO DOMESTIC FOWL BY ORAL EXPOSURE TO BRAIN
HOMOGENATE</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1 challenged cock bird was necropsied (41 months p.i.) following a period
of ataxia, tremor, limb abduction and other neurological signs.
Histopathological examination failed to reveal any significant lesions of the
central or peripheral nervous systems...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1 other challenged cock bird is also showing ataxia (43 months p.i.).</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
94/01.19/7.1</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20020525205812/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20020525205812/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
A notification of Spongiform Encephalopathy was introduced in October 1996
in respect of ungulates, poultry and any other animal.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
4.23 MAFF have carried out their own transmission experiments with hens. In
these experiments, some of the chickens exposed to the BSE agent showed
neurological symptoms. However MAFF have not so far published details of the
symptoms seen in chickens. Examination of brains from these chickens did not
show the typical pathology seen in other SE’s. 4.24 A farmer in Kent in November
1996 noticed that one of his 20 free range hens, the oldest, aged about 30
months was having difficulty entering its den and appeared frightened and tended
to lose its balance when excited. Having previously experienced BSE cattle on
his farm, he took particular notice of the bird and continued to observe it over
the following weeks. It lost weight, its balance deteriorated and characteristic
tremors developed which were closely associated with the muscles required for
standing. In its attempts to maintain its balance it would claw the ground more
than usual and the ataxia progressively developed in the wings and legs, later
taking a typical form of paralysis with a clumsy involuntary jerky motion.
Violent tremors of the entire body, particularly the legs, became common,
sparked off by the slightest provocation. This is similar to that seen in many
BSE cases where any excitement may result in posterior ataxia, often with
dropping of the pelvis, kicking and a general nervousness. Three other farmers
and a bird breeder from the UK are known to have reported having hens with
similar symptoms. The bird breeder who has been exhibiting his birds for show
purposes for 20 years noticed birds having difficulty getting on to their perch
and holding there for any length of time without falling. Even though the bird
was eating normally, he noticed a weight loss of more than a pound in a bird the
original weight of which was 5 pounds. 4.25 Histological examination of the
brain revealed degenerative pathological changes in hens with a minimal
vacuolation. The presence of PrP immunostaining of the brain sections revealed
PrP-sc positive plaques and this must be regarded as very strong evidence to
demonstrate that the hens had been incubating Spongiform Encephalopathy.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030331182151/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s113.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030331182151/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s113.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
OPINION on : NECROPHAGOUS BIRDS AS POSSIBLE TRANSMITTERS OF TSE/BSE ADOPTED
BY THE SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE AT ITS MEETING OF 7-8 NOVEMBER 2002</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
OPINION</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1. Necrophagous birds as possible transmitters of BSE. The SSC considers
that the evaluation of necrophagous birds as possible transmitters of BSE,
should theoretically be approached from a broader perspective of mammals and
birds which prey on, or are carrion eaters (scavengers) of mammalian species.
Thus, carnivorous and omnivorous mammals, birds of prey (vultures, falcons,
eagles, hawks etc.), carrion eating birds (crows, magpies etc.) in general could
be considered possible vectors of transmission and/or spread of TSE infectivity
in the environment. In view also of the occurrence of Chronic Wasting Disease
(CWD) in various deer species it should not be accepted that domestic cattle and
sheep are necessarily the only source of TSE agent exposure for carnivorous
species. While some information is available on the susceptibility of
wild/exotic/zoo animals to natural or experimental infection with certain TSE
agents, nothing is known of the possibility of occurrence of TSE in wild animal
populations, other than among the species of deer affected by CWD in the
USA.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1 The carrion birds are animals whose diet regularly or occasionally
includes the consumption of carcasses, including possibly TSE infected ruminant
carcasses.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ssc/out295_en.pdf">http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ssc/out295_en.pdf</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... skroll down to the bottom ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/07/tse-road-map-2-strategy-paper-on-tse.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/07/tse-road-map-2-strategy-paper-on-tse.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Date: Mon, 11 Jun 2001 16:24:51 –0700</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sender: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." Subject: The Red-Neck Ostrich & TSEs
'THE AUTOPSY'</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half (bogus BSE
sampling FROM HEALTHY USDA CATTLE) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Date: June 21, 2007 at 2:49 pm PST </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February
2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The
owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified
BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to
USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those
cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the
owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem)
samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently
received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Topics that will be covered in ongoing or planned reviews under Goal 1
include: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
soundness of BSE maintenance sampling (APHIS), </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
implementation of Performance-Based Inspection System enhancements for
specified risk material (SRM) violations and improved inspection controls over
SRMs (FSIS and APHIS), </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The findings and recommendations from these efforts will be covered in
future semiannual reports as the relevant audits and investigations are
completed. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
-MORE Office of the United States Attorney District of Arizona FOR
IMMEDIATE RELEASE For Information Contact Public Affairs February 16, 2007 WYN
HORNBUCKLE Telephone: (602) 514-7625 Cell: (602) 525-2681 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CORPORATION AND ITS PRESIDENT PLEAD GUILTY TO DEFRAUDING GOVERNMENT’S MAD
COW DISEASE SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PHOENIX -- Farm Fresh Meats, Inc. and Roland Emerson Farabee, 55, of
Maricopa, Arizona, pleaded guilty to stealing $390,000 in government funds, mail
fraud and wire fraud, in federal district court in Phoenix. U.S. Attorney Daniel
Knauss stated, “The integrity of the system that tests for mad cow disease
relies upon the honest cooperation of enterprises like Farm Fresh Meats. Without
that honest cooperation, consumers both in the U.S. and internationally are at
risk. We want to thank the USDA’s Office of Inspector General for their
continuing efforts to safeguard the public health and enforce the law.” Farm
Fresh Meats and Farabee were charged by Information with theft of government
funds, mail fraud and wire fraud. According to the Information, on June 7, 2004,
Farabee, on behalf of Farm Fresh Meats, signed a contract with the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (the “USDA Agreement”) to collect obex samples from
cattle at high risk of mad cow disease (the “Targeted Cattle Population”). The
Targeted Cattle Population consisted of the following cattle: cattle over thirty
months of age; nonambulatory cattle; cattle exhibiting signs of central nervous
system disorders; cattle exhibiting signs of mad cow disease; and dead cattle.
Pursuant to the USDA Agreement, the USDA agreed to pay Farm Fresh Meats $150 per
obex sample for collecting obex samples from cattle within the Targeted Cattle
Population, and submitting the obex samples to a USDA laboratory for mad cow
disease testing. Farm Fresh Meats further agreed to maintain in cold storage the
sampled cattle carcasses and heads until the test results were received by Farm
Fresh Meats. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Evidence uncovered during the government’s investigation established that
Farm Fresh Meats and Farabee submitted samples from cattle outside the Targeted
Cattle Population. Specifically, Farm Fresh Meats and Farabee submitted, or
caused to be submitted, obex samples from healthy, USDA inspected cattle, in
order to steal government moneys. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Evidence collected also demonstrated that Farm Fresh Meats and Farabee
failed to maintain cattle carcasses and heads pending test results and falsified
corporate books and records to conceal their malfeasance. Such actions, to the
extent an obex sample tested positive (fortunately, none did), could have
jeopardized the USDA’s ability to identify the diseased animal and pinpoint its
place of origin. On Wednesday, February 14, 2007, Farm Fresh Meats and Farabee
pleaded guilty to stealing government funds and using the mails and wires to
effect the scheme. According to their guilty pleas: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(a) Farm Fresh Meats collected, and Farabee directed others to collect,
obex samples from cattle outside the Targeted Cattle Population, which were not
subject to payment by the USDA; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(b) Farm Fresh Meats 2 and Farabee caused to be submitted payment requests
to the USDA knowing that the requests were based on obex samples that were not
subject to payment under the USDA Agreement; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(c) Farm Fresh Meats completed and submitted, and Farabee directed others
to complete and submit, BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms to the USDA’s
testing laboratory that were false and misleading; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(d) Farm Fresh Meats completed and submitted, and Farabee directed others
to complete and submit, BSE Surveillance Submission Forms filed with the USDA
that were false and misleading; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(e) Farm Fresh Meats falsified, and Farabee directed others to falsify,
internal Farm Fresh Meats documents to conceal the fact that Farm Fresh Meats
was seeking and obtaining payment from the USDA for obex samples obtained from
cattle outside the Targeted Cattle Population; and </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(f) Farm Fresh Meats failed to comply with, and Farabee directed others to
fail to comply with, the USDA Agreement by discarding cattle carcasses and heads
prior to receiving BSE test results. A conviction for theft of government funds
carries a maximum penalty of 10 years imprisonment. Mail fraud and wire fraud
convictions carry a maximum penalty of 20 years imprisonment. Convictions for
the above referenced violations also carry a maximum fine of $250,000 for
individuals and $500,000 for organizations. In determining an actual sentence,
Judge Earl H. Carroll will consult the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, which provide
appropriate sentencing ranges. The judge, however, is not bound by those
guidelines in determining a sentence. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sentencing is set before Judge Earl H. Carroll on May 14, 2007. The
investigation in this case was conducted by Assistant Special Agent in Charge
Alejandro Quintero, United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Inspector
General. The prosecution is being handled by Robert Long, Assistant U.S.
Attorney, District of Arizona, Phoenix. CASE NUMBER: CR-07-00160-PHX-EHC RELEASE
NUMBER: 2007-051(Farabee) # # # </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2007/2007-051(Farabee).pdf">http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2007/2007-051(Farabee).pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WE can only hope that this is a single incident. BUT i have my doubts. I
remember when the infamous TOKEN Purina Feed Mill in Texas was feeding up to 5.5
grams of potentially and probably tainted BANNED RUMINANT feed to cattle, and
the FDA was bragging at the time that the amount of potentially BANNED product
was so little and the cattle were so big ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
"It is important to note that the prohibited material was domestic in
origin (therefore not likely to contain infected material because there is no
evidence of BSE in U.S. cattle), fed at a very low level, and fed only once. The
potential risk of BSE to such cattle is therefore exceedingly low, even if the
feed were contaminated." </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
On Friday, April 30 th , the Food and Drug Administration learned that a
cow with central nervous system symptoms had been killed and shipped to a
processor for rendering into animal protein for use in animal feed. ... FDA's
investigation showed that the animal in question had already been rendered into
"meat and bone meal" (a type of protein animal feed). Over the weekend FDA was
able to track down all the implicated material. That material is being held by
the firm, which is cooperating fully with FDA. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2004/NEW01061.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2004/NEW01061.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WE now know all that was a lie. WE know that literally Thousands of TONS of
BANNED and most likely tainted product is still going out to commerce. WE know
now and we knew then that .005 to a gram was lethal. WE know that CWD infected
deer and elk, scrapie infected sheep, BSE and BASE infected cattle have all been
rendered and fed back to livestock (including cattle) for human and animal
consumption. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Paul Brown, known and respected TSE scientist, former TSE expert for the
CDC said he had ''absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago'',
and this was on March 15, 2006 ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
"The fact the Texas cow showed up fairly clearly implied the existence of
other undetected cases," Dr. Paul Brown, former medical director of the National
Institutes of Health's Laboratory for Central Nervous System Studies and an
expert on mad cow-like diseases, told United Press International. "The question
was, 'How many?' and we still can't answer that." </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Brown, who is preparing a scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow
cases to estimate the maximum number of infected cows that occurred in the
United States, said he has "absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one
year ago" because of the agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that
initially tested positive. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
USDA officials finally retested the cow and confirmed it was infected seven
months later, but only at the insistence of the agency's inspector general.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
"Everything they did on the Texas cow makes everything USDA did before 2005
suspect," Brown said. ...snip...end </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.upi.com/ConsumerHealthDaily/view.php?StoryID=20060315-055557-1284r">http://www.upi.com/ConsumerHealthDaily/view.php?StoryID=20060315-055557-1284r</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CDC - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt ... Dr. Paul
Brown is Senior Research Scientist in the Laboratory of Central Nervous System
... Address for correspondence: Paul Brown, Building 36, Room 4A-05, ... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PAUL BROWN COMMENT TO ME ON THIS ISSUE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, September 12, 2006 11:10 AM </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
"Actually, Terry, I have been critical of the USDA handling of the mad cow
issue for some years, and with Linda Detwiler and others sent lengthy detailed
critiques and recommendations to both the USDA and the Canadian Food Agency."
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
OR, what the Honorable Phyllis Fong of the OIG found ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Finding 2 Inherent Challenges in Identifying and Testing High-Risk Cattle
Still Remain </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Table 1. Animal feed ingredients that are legally used in U.S. animal feeds
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Animal </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Rendered animal protein from Meat meal, meat meal tankage, meat and bone
meal, poultry meal, animal the slaughter of food by-product meal, dried animal
blood, blood meal, feather meal, egg-shell production animals and other meal,
hydrolyzed whole poultry, hydrolyzed hair, bone marrow, and animal animals
digest from dead, dying, diseased, or disabled animals including deer and elk
Animal waste Dried ruminant waste, dried swine waste, dried poultry litter, and
undried processed animal waste products </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Conclusions </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Food-animal production in the United States has changed markedly in the
past century, and these changes have paralleled major changes in animal feed
formulations. While this industrialized system of food-animal production may
result in increased production efficiencies, some of the changes in animal
feeding practices may result in unintended adverse health consequences for
consumers of animal-based food products. Currently, the use of animal feed
ingredients, including rendered animal products, animal waste, antibiotics,
metals, and fats, could result in higher levels of bacteria, antibioticresistant
bacteria, prions, arsenic, and dioxinlike compounds in animals and resulting
animal-based food products intended for human consumption. Subsequent human
health effects among consumers could include increases in bacterial infections
(antibioticresistant and nonresistant) and increases in the risk of developing
chronic (often fatal) diseases such as vCJD. Nevertheless, in spite of the wide
range of potential human health impacts that could result from animal feeding
practices, there are little data collected at the federal or state level
concerning the amounts of specific ingredients that are intentionally included
in U.S. animal feed. In addition, almost no biological or chemical testing is
conducted on complete U.S. animal feeds; insufficient testing is performed on
retail meat products; and human health effects data are not appropriately linked
to this information. These surveillance inadequacies make it difficult to
conduct rigorous epidemiologic studies and risk assessments that could identify
the extent to which specific human health risks are ultimately associated with
animal feeding practices. For example, as noted above, there are insufficient
data to determine whether other human foodborne bacterial illnesses besides
those caused by S. enterica serotype Agona are associated with animal feeding
practices. Likewise, there are insufficient data to determine the percentage of
antibiotic-resistant human bacterial infections that are attributed to the
nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feed. Moreover, little research has
been conducted to determine whether the use of organoarsenicals in animal feed,
which can lead to elevated levels of arsenic in meat products (Lasky et al.
2004), contributes to increases in cancer risk. In order to address these
research gaps, the following principal actions are necessary within the United
States: a) implementation of a nationwide reporting system of the specific
amounts and types of feed ingredients of concern to public health that are
incorporated into animal feed, including antibiotics, arsenicals, rendered
animal products, fats, and animal waste; b) funding and development of robust
surveillance systems that monitor biological, chemical, and other etiologic
agents throughout the animal-based food-production chain “from farm to fork” to
human health outcomes; and c) increased communication and collaboration among
feed professionals, food-animal producers, and veterinary and public health
officials. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REFERENCES...snip...end </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sapkota et al. 668 VOLUME 115 | NUMBER 5 | May 2007 • Environmental Health
Perspectives </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1867957&blobtype=pdf">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1867957&blobtype=pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
NOW, what about the product that is not reported ? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
HOW many more Farm Fresh Meats, Inc. and Roland Emerson Farabee's are out
there that submitted bogus samples for the infamous June 2004 ENHANCED BSE MAD
COW COVER-UP, but did not get caught ? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
IT was not bad enough to have the USDA et al bungle there own BSE Testing
Protocols up so bad, it took Weybridge and a year of hounding by s o m e, and
finally an act of Congress to finally get that cow confirmed, but once caught
there, i guess the next best thing would be to have bogus BSE testing samples
submitted for testing from healthy USDA cattle, what next ? not to forget about
the other stumbling and staggering Tejas mad cow they rendered without any test
at all, and the other Tejas mad cow that took 7+ months and an act of Congress
to finally get confirmed from Weybridge. my God, even the three stooges, laural
and hardy put all together could have thought up all this. $$$ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The beef import forecast for the second quarter was unchanged from last
month’s, despite pressure from higher-than-expected domestic cow slaughter that
has remained high through most of this period. Beef imports into the United
States from Australia, New Zealand, and Uruguay provide additional processing
beef that, along with domestic cow and bull beef, is mixed with 50-percent trim
from fed cattle to make ground beef. Forecast beef exports were raised slightly,
mainly on continued (though gradual) improvements in sales to major Asian
markets. In late May the World Animal Health Organization – known by its French
acronym, OIE – designated the United States as having “controlled risk status”
for bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE. This designation reflects the
OIE’s view that beef produced in the United States is safe for export, since BSE
control measures such as feed bans and removal of specified risk materials
result in negligible risk to consumers. However, the OIE standards are only
guidelines. Individual countries may adopt differing standards, and those
countries that do accept OIE standards must still undertake the bureaucratic
processes to revise their rules and procedures. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/ldp/2007/06Jun/ldpm156.pdf">http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/ldp/2007/06Jun/ldpm156.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate
declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The
OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status
based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other
significant events that were not promptly reported to then Central
Bureau............ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
daaa. ... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
P.S. Thank You Honorable Phyllis Fong for trying to keep them straight
anyway. ...TSS </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sunday, August 09, 2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CJD...Straight talk with...James Ironside...and...Terry Singeltary... 2009
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/08/cjdstraight-talk-withjames.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/08/cjdstraight-talk-withjames.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, August 18, 2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE-The Untold Story - joe gibbs and singeltary 1999 – 2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/08/bse-untold-story-joe-gibbs-and.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/08/bse-untold-story-joe-gibbs-and.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, December 12, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION REPORT DECEMBER 14, 2015
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, December 12, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION REPORT DECEMBER 14, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, December 12, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE CJD TSE PRION REPORT DECEMBER 14, 2015</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, February 6, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Secretary's Advisory Committee on Animal Health; Meeting [Docket No.
APHIS-2016-0007] Singeltary Submission ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/02/secretarys-advisory-committee-on-animal.html">http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/02/secretarys-advisory-committee-on-animal.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, February 05, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Report of the Committee on Wildlife Diseases FY2015 CWD TSE PRION
Detections in Farmed Cervids and Wild ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/02/report-of-committee-on-wildlife.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/02/report-of-committee-on-wildlife.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Wednesday, January 20, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Exportation of Live Animals, Hatching Eggs, and Animal Germplasm From the
United States [Docket No. APHIS-2012-0049] RIN 0579-AE00 2016-00962 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/01/exportation-of-live-animals-hatching.html">http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/01/exportation-of-live-animals-hatching.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, January 14, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** EMERGING ANIMAL DISEASES Actions Needed to Better Position USDA to
Address Future Risks Report to the Chairman, Committee on Energy and Commerce,
House of Representatives December 2015 GAO-16-132 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
GAO</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/01/emerging-animal-diseases-actions-needed_14.html">http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/01/emerging-animal-diseases-actions-needed_14.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, January 1, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
South Korea Lifts Ban on Beef, Veal Imports From Canada</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://usdavskorea.blogspot.com/2016/01/south-korea-lifts-ban-on-beef-veal.html">http://usdavskorea.blogspot.com/2016/01/south-korea-lifts-ban-on-beef-veal.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
US CONGRESS, another failed entity...tss</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, December 29, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Congress repeals country-of-origin labeling rule for beef and pork
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2015/12/congress-repeals-country-of-origin.html">http://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2015/12/congress-repeals-country-of-origin.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
December 28, 2015 at 2:21am </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Australian government assessing risk of importing beef from US, Japan
and the Netherlands </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://justgroundsonline.com/profiles/blogs/australian-government-assessing-risk-of-importing-beef-from-us?xg_source=msg_appr_blogpost">http://justgroundsonline.com/profiles/blogs/australian-government-assessing-risk-of-importing-beef-from-us?xg_source=msg_appr_blogpost</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, December 24, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Infectious disease spread is fueled by international trade </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/12/infectious-disease-spread-is-fueled-by.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/12/infectious-disease-spread-is-fueled-by.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, December 12, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
NOTICE: Environmental Impact Statement on Large Livestock Carcasses TSE
Prion REPORT December 14, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/12/notice-environmental-impact-statement.html" style="href: "http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/12/notice-environmental-impact-statement.html";">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/12/notice-environmental-impact-statement.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, December 17, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Annual report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2015 EFSA-Q-2015-00738
10 December 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2015/12/annual-report-of-scientific-network-on.html">http://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2015/12/annual-report-of-scientific-network-on.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sunday, October 18, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Institut Pasteur
Cooperating on animal disease and zoonosis research </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/10/world-organisation-for-animal-health.html">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/10/world-organisation-for-animal-health.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SSS SHOOT SHOVEL AND SHUT UP !</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** you can find some history of the BSE cases in Canada and Klein’s BSE
SSS policy comment here ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://usdavskorea.blogspot.com/2016/01/south-korea-lifts-ban-on-beef-veal.html">http://usdavskorea.blogspot.com/2016/01/south-korea-lifts-ban-on-beef-veal.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, August 12, 2014 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
MAD COW USDA TSE PRION COVER UP or JUST IGNORANCE, for the record AUGUST
2014 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/08/mad-cow-usda-tse-prion-cover-up-or-just.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/08/mad-cow-usda-tse-prion-cover-up-or-just.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, December 12, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION REPORT DECEMBER 14, 2015
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, October 22, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Former Ag Secretary Ann Veneman talks women in agriculture and we talk
mad cow disease USDA and what really happened ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Needless conflict ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Nature 485, 279–280 (17 May 2012) doi:10.1038/485279b </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Published online 16 May 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. said: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I kindly wish to submit the following please ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v485/n7398/full/485279b.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v485/n7398/full/485279b.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Comments on technical aspects of the risk assessment were then submitted to
FSIS. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Comments were received from Food and Water Watch, Food Animal Concerns
Trust (FACT), Farm Sanctuary, R-CALF USA, Linda A Detwiler, and Terry S.
Singeltary. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
This document provides itemized replies to the public comments received on
the 2005 updated Harvard BSE risk assessment. Please bear the following points
in mind: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Owens, Julie </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net] </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To: FSIS RegulationsComments </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Page 1 of 98 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FSIS, USDA, REPLY TO SINGELTARY </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Singeltary to APHIS FDA USDA et al ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2006-0026-0012;oldLink=false">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2006-0026-0012;oldLink=false</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0003">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0003</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid
angiopathy </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
07 02:27 AM </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. said: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
re-Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral
amyloid angiopathy </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2015-12-07 02:27 AM </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. said: re-Evidence for human transmission of
amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Nature 525, 247?250 (10 September 2015) doi:10.1038/nature15369 Received 26
April 2015 Accepted 14 August 2015 Published online 09 September 2015 Updated
online 11 September 2015 Erratum (October, 2015) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v525/n7568/full/nature15369.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v525/n7568/full/nature15369.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I would kindly like to comment on the Nature Paper, the Lancet reply, and
the newspaper articles.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
First, I applaud Nature, the Scientist and Authors of the Nature paper, for
bringing this important finding to the attention of the public domain, and the
media for printing said findings. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Secondly, it seems once again, politics is getting in the way possibly of
more important Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion scientific
findings. findings that could have great implications for human health, and
great implications for the medical surgical arena. but apparently, the
government peer review process, of the peer review science, tries to intervene
again to water down said disturbing findings.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
where have we all heard this before? it’s been well documented via the BSE
Inquiry. have they not learned a lesson from the last time?</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
we have seen this time and time again in England (and other Country’s) with
the BSE mad cow TSE Prion debacle.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...see full Singeltary Nature comment here; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v525/n7568/full/nature15369.html#/comments">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v525/n7568/full/nature15369.html#/comments</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
see Singeltary comments to Plos ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: 1992 IN CONFIDENCE TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO
PRIMATES POSSIBILITY ON A TRANSMISSIBLE PRION REMAINS OPEN </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE101/1 0136 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
IN CONFIDENCE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CMO </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
From: . Dr J S Metiers DCMO </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
4 November 1992 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1. Thank you for showing me Diana Dunstan's letter. I am glad that MRC have
recognised the public sensitivity of these findings and intend to report them in
their proper context. 'This hopefully will avoid misunderstanding and possible
distortion by the media to portray the results as having more greater
significance than the findings so far justify. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2. Using a highly unusual route of transmission (intra-cerebral injection)
the researchers have demonstrated the transmission of a pathological process
from two cases one of severe Alzheimer's disease the other of
Gerstmann-Straussler disease to marmosets. However they have not demonstrated
the transmission of either clinical condition as the "animals were behaving
normally when killed". As the report emphasises the unanswered question is
whether the disease condition would have revealed itself if the marmosets had
lived longer. They are planning further research to see if the conditions, as
opposed to the partial pathological process, is transmissible. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
what are the implications for public health? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
3. The route 'of transmission is very specific and in the natural state of
things highly unusual. However it could be argued that the results reveal a
potential risk, in that brain tissue from these two patients has been shown to
transmit a pathological process. Should therefore brain tissue from such cases
be regarded as potentially infective? Pathologists, morticians, neuro surgeons
and those assisting at neuro surgical procedures and others coming into contact
with "raw" human brain tissue could in theory be at risk. However, on a priori
grounds given the highly specific route of transmission in these experiments
that risk must be negligible if the usual precautions for handling brain tissue
are observed. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
92/11.4/1.1 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE101/1 0137 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
4. The other dimension to consider is the public reaction. To some extent
the GSS case demonstrates little more than the transmission of BSE to a pig by
intra-cerebral injection. If other prion diseases can be transmitted in this way
it is little surprise that some pathological findings observed in GSS were also
transmissible to a marmoset. But the transmission of features of Alzheimer's
pathology is a different matter, given the much greater frequency of this
disease and raises the unanswered question whether some cases are the result of
a transmissible prion. The only tenable public line will be that "more research
is required’’ before that hypothesis could be evaluated. The possibility on a
transmissible prion remains open. In the meantime MRC needs carefully to
consider the range and sequence of studies needed to follow through from the
preliminary observations in these two cases. Not a particularly comfortable
message, but until we know more about the causation of Alzheimer's disease the
total reassurance is not practical. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
J S METTERS Room 509 Richmond House Pager No: 081-884 3344 Callsign: DOH
832 llllYc!eS 2 92/11.4/1.2 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081106170650/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081106170650/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
>>> The only tenable public line will be that "more research is
required’’ <<<</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
>>> possibility on a transmissible prion remains
open<<<</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
O.K., so it’s about 23 years later, so somebody please tell me, when is
"more research is required’’ enough time for evaluation ?</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Self-Propagative Replication of Ab Oligomers Suggests Potential
Transmissibility in Alzheimer Disease</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Singeltary comment PLoS ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion
disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sunday, November 22, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Effect of heating on the stability of amyloid A (AA) fibrils and the
intra- and cross-species transmission of AA amyloidosis Abstract </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disease characterized by
extracellular deposition of AA fibrils. AA fibrils are found in several tissues
from food animals with AA amyloidosis. For hygienic purposes, heating is widely
used to inactivate microbes in food, but it is uncertain whether heating is
sufficient to inactivate AA fibrils and prevent intra- or cross-species
transmission. We examined the effect of heating (at 60 °C or 100 °C) and
autoclaving (at 121 °C or 135 °C) on murine and bovine AA fibrils using Western
blot analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and mouse model
transmission experiments. TEM revealed that a mixture of AA fibrils and
amorphous aggregates appeared after heating at 100 °C, whereas autoclaving at
135 °C produced large amorphous aggregates. AA fibrils retained antigen
specificity in Western blot analysis when heated at 100 °C or autoclaved at 121
°C, but not when autoclaved at 135 °C. Transmissible pathogenicity of murine and
bovine AA fibrils subjected to heating (at 60 °C or 100 °C) was significantly
stimulated and resulted in amyloid deposition in mice. Autoclaving of murine AA
fibrils at 121 °C or 135 °C significantly decreased amyloid deposition.
Moreover, amyloid deposition in mice injected with murine AA fibrils was more
severe than that in mice injected with bovine AA fibrils. Bovine AA fibrils
autoclaved at 121 °C or 135 °C did not induce amyloid deposition in mice. These
results suggest that AA fibrils are relatively heat stable and that similar to
prions, autoclaving at 135 °C is required to destroy the pathogenicity of AA
fibrils. These findings may contribute to the prevention of AA fibril
transmission through food materials to different animals and especially to
humans. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Purchase options Price * Issue Purchase USD 511.00 Article Purchase USD
54.00 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/13506129.2015.1095735?journalCode=iamy20">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/13506129.2015.1095735?journalCode=iamy20</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2015/11/effect-of-heating-on-stability-of.html">http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2015/11/effect-of-heating-on-stability-of.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes
contaminated during neurosurgery ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC.
Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a
middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the
accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger
patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More
than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and
repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were
implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became
ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by
reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform
encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8006664&dopt=Abstract">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8006664&dopt=Abstract</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
the warning shots fired over the bow of the boat that were never heard ;
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PITUITARY EXTRACT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
This was used to help cows super ovulate. This tissue was considered to be
of greatest risk of containing BSE and consequently transmitting the disease...
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090114081754/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08011001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090114081754/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08011001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
NON-LICENSED HUMAN TISSUE DEVICES WERE NOT COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I was quite prepared to believe in unofficial pituitary hormones, also in
the 1970's, whether as described by Dr. Little, or in other circumstances, for
animal use. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The fact that there were jars of pituitaries (or extract) around on shelves
is attested by the still potent 1943 pituitaries, described in Stockell Hartree
et al. (J/RF/17/291) which had come from the lab. at Mill Hill. Having taken the
trouble to collect them, they were not lightly thrown out... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174454/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s467bx.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174454/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s467bx.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
3. The extraction is from a pool of pituitary glands collected from
abbatoirs and the process used is unlikely to have any effect on the BSE agent.
Hormones extracted from human pituitary glands have been responsible for a small
number of Creutzfeldt Jacob disease in man. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/10001001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/10001001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SEE LOOPHOLE ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/13008001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/13008001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SEE LOOPHOLE SHOULD BE CLOSED ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/13010001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/13010001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/14006001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/14006001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...see at bottom ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, January 10, 2014 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE, an iatrogenic by-product of gss, ffi, familial type
prion disease, what it ??? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/01/vpspr-sgss-sffi-tse-iatrogenic-by.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/01/vpspr-sgss-sffi-tse-iatrogenic-by.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, August 4, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** FDA U.S. Measures to Protect Against BSE *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2015/08/fda-us-measures-to-protect-against-bse.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2015/08/fda-us-measures-to-protect-against-bse.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** now, from all the consumption and exposure above, now think iatrogenic
cjd tse prion at a hospital near you, what if? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, August 13, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Iatrogenic CJD due to pituitary-derived growth hormone with genetically
determined incubation times of up to 40 years </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/iatrogenic-cjd-due-to-pituitary-derived.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/iatrogenic-cjd-due-to-pituitary-derived.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, August 17, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** FDA Says Endoscope Makers Failed to Report Superbug Problems OLYMPUS
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** I told Olympus 15 years ago about these risk factors from endoscopy
equipment, disinfection, even spoke with the Doctor at Olympus, this was back in
1999. I tried to tell them that they were exposing patients to dangerous
pathogens such as the CJD TSE prion, because they could not properly clean them.
even presented my concern to a peer review journal GUT, that was going to
publish, but then it was pulled by Professor Michael Farthing et al... see ;
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/08/fda-says-endoscope-makers-failed-to.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/08/fda-says-endoscope-makers-failed-to.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, September 10, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
25th Meeting of the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Advisory
Committee Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring, Maryland June 1, 2015
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://tseac.blogspot.com/2015/09/25th-meeting-of-transmissible.html">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2015/09/25th-meeting-of-transmissible.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, January 14, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Preventable Tragedies: Superbugs and How Ineffective Monitoring of Medical
Device Safety Fails Patients REPORT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
how can it be, HOW CAN IT BE $$$ not a word about CJD GSS FFI VPSPR TSE
Prions that I saw...absolutely crazy, WE ARE MISSING THE BIGGER PICTURE!</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
how many victims that will never be reported ???</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/01/preventable-tragedies-superbugs-and-how.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/01/preventable-tragedies-superbugs-and-how.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, January 16, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Revised Preventive Measures to Reduce the Possible Risk of Transmission of
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease by Blood and
Blood Products Guidance for Industry </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/01/revised-preventive-measures-to-reduce.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/01/revised-preventive-measures-to-reduce.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, February 13, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The Risk of Prion Infection through Bovine Grafting Materials in dentistry
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/02/the-risk-of-prion-infection-through.html">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/02/the-risk-of-prion-infection-through.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, February 15, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Distinctive properties of plaque-type dura mater graft-associated
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in cell-protein misfolding cyclic amplification</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/02/distinctive-properties-of-plaque-type.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/02/distinctive-properties-of-plaque-type.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The Pathological Protein: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Mad Cow, Chronic Wasting, and Other Deadly Prion Diseases </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Philip Yam </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
''Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the US
undercounts CJD, Schonberger _conceded_ that the current surveillance system has
errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older
population''....end </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Pathological-Protein-Chronic-Diseases/dp/0387955089">http://www.amazon.com/The-Pathological-Protein-Chronic-Diseases/dp/0387955089</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/terry-s-singeltary-sr-publications-tse.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/terry-s-singeltary-sr-publications-tse.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14,
2001 JAMA </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1
reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported
cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that
misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of
persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although
only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination
necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD
reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be
reportable nationwide and internationally. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
26 March 2003 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment
on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD.
Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the
129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is
indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD
and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be
made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not
continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are
sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA
in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does
transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral
inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission
studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be
asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the
agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and
Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and
surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many
sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.neurology.org/content/60/2/176/reply#neurology_el_535">http://www.neurology.org/content/60/2/176/reply#neurology_el_535</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 3, Issue 8, Page 463, August 2003
doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1Cite or Link Using DOI </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Original </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Xavier Bosch </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
“My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my
mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever
since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer
and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem.” 49-year—old Singeltary is
one of a number of people who have remained largely unsatisfied after being told
that a close relative died from a rapidly progressive dementia compatible with
spontaneous Creutzfeldt—Jakob ... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(03)00715-1/abstract">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(03)00715-1/abstract</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Suspect symptoms </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
What if you can catch old-fashioned CJD by eating meat from a sheep
infected with scrapie? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
28 Mar 01 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Most doctors believe that sCJD is caused by a prion protein deforming by
chance into a killer. But Singeltary thinks otherwise. He is one of a number of
campaigners who say that some sCJD, like the variant CJD related to BSE, is
caused by eating meat from infected animals. Their suspicions have focused on
sheep carrying scrapie, a BSE-like disease that is widespread in flocks across
Europe and North America. Now scientists in France have stumbled across new
evidence that adds weight to the campaigners' fears. To their complete surprise,
the researchers found that one strain of scrapie causes the same brain damage in
mice as sCJD. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
"This means we cannot rule out that at least some sCJD may be caused by
some strains of scrapie," says team member Jean-Philippe Deslys of the French
Atomic Energy Commission's medical research laboratory in Fontenay-aux-Roses,
south-west of Paris. Hans Kretschmar of the University of Göttingen, who
coordinates CJD surveillance in Germany, is so concerned by the findings that he
now wants to trawl back through past sCJD cases to see if any might have been
caused by eating infected mutton or lamb... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16922840.300-like-lambs-to-the-slaughter.html">http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16922840.300-like-lambs-to-the-slaughter.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2 January 2000 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
British Medical Journal </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" style="href: "http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well";">http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
15 November 1999 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
British Medical Journal </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us" style="href: "http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us";">http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-89312212361140455302015-04-05T08:40:00.000-07:002015-04-05T08:40:36.321-07:00Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180<div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="color: black; display: inline; font-family: "Calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<div style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 10pt/normal Tahoma;">
<div>
</div>
<div style="background: rgb(245, 245, 245);">
<div style="font-color: black;">
<b>From:</b> <a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" title="flounder9@verizon.net">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</a> </div>
<div>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, March 23, 2015 9:50 PM</div>
<div>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:Phares.Okelo@fda.hhs.gov" title="Phares.Okelo@fda.hhs.gov">Phares.Okelo@fda.hhs.gov</a> </div>
<div>
<b>Subject:</b> Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed
Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">
</span><br />
<div style="color: black; display: inline; font-family: "Calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">
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<div dir="ltr">
<div style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri"; font-size: 12pt;">
<div>
Draft Guidance for Industry on Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained
and Fed On-Farm; Availability This Notice document was issued by the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA)</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
For related information, Open Docket Folder Docket folder icon </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Show agency attachment(s) DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and
Drug Administration [Docket No. FDA-2014-D-1180] Draft Guidance for Industry on
Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm; Availability Agency
Food and Drug Administration, HHS.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Action Notice.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Summary The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing the
availability of a draft guidance for industry #203 entitled “Ensuring Safety of
Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm.” This draft guidance is intended to help
animal producers (persons who feed animals) develop and implement on-farm
practices to ensure the safety of animal feed maintained and fed to animals on
the farm.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Dates Although you can comment on any guidance at any time (see 21 CFR
10.115(g)(5)), to ensure that the Agency considers your comment on this draft
guidance before it begins work on the final version of the guidance, submit
either electronic or written comments on the draft guidance by June 3,
2015.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Addresses Submit written requests for single copies of the draft guidance
to the Communications Staff (HFV-12), Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and
Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Pl., Rockville, MD 20855. Send one
self-addressed adhesive label to assist that office in processing your requests.
See the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section for electronic access to the draft
guidance document.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Submit electronic comments on the draft guidance to <a href="http://www.regulations.gov/">http://www.regulations.gov</a>. Submit written
comments to the Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug
Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
For Further Information Contact Phares Okelo, Center for Veterinary
Medicine (HFV-226), Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Pl., Rockville,
MD 20855, 240-453-6862, email: phares.okelo@fda.hhs.gov. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Supplementary Information I. Background FDA is announcing the availability
of a draft guidance for industry # 203 entitled “Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed
Maintained and Fed On-Farm.” This draft guidance is intended to help animal
producers (persons who feed animals) develop and implement on-farm practices to
ensure the safety of animal feed maintained and fed to animals on the farm. In
this document, “farm” means animal production units such as integrated poultry
grower operations, swine finishing units, and cattle feedlots. This document
outlines basic measures that may be taken to maintain the safety of all types of
feed held on the farm for use in animal production. This draft guidance
recommends establishing measures to ensure the acquisition of safe feed and
maintenance of its safety until the feed is offered to animals in the farm
environment. This document does not address feed manufacture, which also may
occur on farms.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
II. Significance of Guidance This level 1 draft guidance is being issued
consistent with FDA's good guidance practices regulation (21 CFR 10.115). The
draft guidance, when finalized, will represent the Agency's current thinking on
this topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and
does not operate to bind FDA or the public. An alternative approach may be used
if such approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and
regulations.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
III. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 FDA concludes that there are no
collections of information under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
IV. Comments Interested persons may submit either electronic comments
regarding this document to <a href="http://www.regulations.gov/">http://www.regulations.gov</a> or written
comments to the Division of Dockets Management (seeADDRESSES). It is only
necessary to send one set of comments. Identify comments with the docket number
found in brackets in the heading of this document. Received comments may be seen
in the Division of Dockets Management between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through
Friday and will be posted to the docket at <a href="http://www.regulations.gov/">http://www.regulations.gov</a>. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
V. Electronic Access Persons with access to the Internet may obtain the
draft guidance at either <a href="http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/default.htm">http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/default.htm</a>
or <a href="http://www.regulations.gov/">http://www.regulations.gov</a>. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Dated: March 16, 2015. Leslie Kux, Associate Commissioner for Policy. [FR
Doc. 2015-06390 Filed 3-19-15; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4164-01-P </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0001">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0001</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Contains Nonbinding Recommendations</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Draft — Not for Implementation</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
1</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
#203</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed
On-Farm Draft Guidance </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
This draft guidance document is for comment purposes only. Submit comments
on this draft guidance by the date provided in the Federal Register notice
announcing the availability of the draft guidance. Submit electronic comments to
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/">http://www.regulations.gov</a>. Submit
written comments to the Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug
Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Room 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. All comments
should be identified with the docket number listed in the notice of availability
that publishes in the Federal Register. For further information regarding this
draft guidance document, contact Phares Okelo, Center for Veterinary Medicine
(HFV-226), Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD
20855, 240-453-6862, E-mail: Phares.Okelo@fda.hhs.gov. Additional copies of this
draft guidance document may be requested from the Policy and Regulations Staff
(HFV-6), Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7519
Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, and may be viewed on the Internet at either
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/default.htm">http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/default.htm</a>
or <a href="http://www.regulations.gov/">http://www.regulations.gov</a>. U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for
Veterinary Medicine March 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
D. What feed safety precautions should I take in animal feeding? In
accordance with applicable federal regulations, you are required to: 1. Ensure
certain animal protein products, which could be a source of the Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) agent, are not used in feed for ruminant animals
(21 CFR § 589.2000) or certain cattle origin materials in the food or feed of
all animals (21 CFR 589.2001), as applicable.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
In addition, we recommend that you:</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip...</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Greetings FDA et al, </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
I wish to comment on Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed
Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Once again, I wish to kindly bring up the failed attempt of the FDA and the
ruminant to ruminant mad cow feed ban of August 4, 1997. This feed ban is still
failing today, as we speak. Even more worrisome, is the fact it is still legal
to feed cervids to cervids in the USA, in fact, the FDA only _recommends_ that
deer and elk considered to be of _high_ risk for CWD do not enter the animal
food chain, but there is NO law, it’s only voluntary, a recipe for a TSE prion
disaster, as we have seen with the ruminant to ruminant feed ban for cattle,
where in 2007, one decade post August 1997 mad cow feed ban, where in 2007
10,000,000 POUNDS OF BANNED BLOOD LACED MEAT AND BONE MEAL WHEN OUT INTO
COMMERCE, TO BE FED OUT. Since 2007, these BSE feed ban rules have been breached
time and time again. tons and tons of mad cow feed went out in Alabama as well,
where one of the mad cows were documented, just the year before in 2006, and in
2013 and 2014, breaches so bad (OAI) Official Action Indicated were issued.
those are like the one issued where 10 million pounds of banned blood laced meat
and bone meal were fed out. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
What is the use of having a ‘Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of
Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180’, if it
cannot be enforced, as we have seen with a mandatory ruminant to ruminant feed
ban?</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
I strenuously once again urge the FDA and it’s industry constituents, to
make it MANDATORY that all ruminant feed be banned to all ruminants, and this
should include all cervids as soon as possible for the following
reasons...</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">==================================<br /><br />In the USA,
under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000)
most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk
is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for
non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any
animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for
CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system.
<br /><br />***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by
law. <br /><br />================================= </span><br />
<div>
</div>
<div>
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from
the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES.
It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible
risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data
on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these
products. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Friday, December 14, 2012 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a
requirement by law. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from
the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES.
It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible
risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data
on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these
products. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of
deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of
Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs
of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span
weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive
salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in
interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams,
2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected
with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be
introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer
populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with
CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via
affected venison. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and
can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil
and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a
bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are
present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with
CWD prion. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving
between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling
to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing,
footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible.
For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the
increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant
uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher
probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer
given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists
and returning GB residents. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 20130822084033="" animal-diseases="" files="" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf="" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" target="_blank" webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk="" www.defra.gov.uk="">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Susceptibility of European Red Deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) to Alimentary
Challenge with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Mark P. Dagleish , * E-mail: mark.dagleish@moredun.ac.uk</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Affiliation: Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan,
Penicuik, Near Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Stuart Martin, Affiliation: Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories
Agency Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh
EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Philip Steele, Affiliation: Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science
Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Jeanie Finlayson, Affiliation: Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands
Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Samantha L. Eaton, Affiliation: Neurobiology Division, The Roslin
Institute at, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of
Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Sílvia Sisó, Affiliation: Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories
Agency Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh
EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Paula Stewart, Affiliation: Neurobiology Division, The Roslin Institute
at, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter
Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Natalia Fernández-Borges, Affiliation: CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de
Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Spain </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Scott Hamilton, Affiliation: Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands
Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Yvonne Pang, Affiliation: Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science
Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Francesca Chianini, Affiliation: Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands
Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Hugh W. Reid, Affiliation: Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science
Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Wilfred Goldmann, Affiliation: Neurobiology Division, The Roslin
Institute at, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of
Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Lorenzo González, Affiliation: Animal Health & Veterinary
Laboratories Agency Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near
Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ Joaquín Castilla, Affiliations: CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de
Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Spain, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao
48013, Bizkaia, Spain </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ [ ... ], Martin Jeffrey Affiliation: Animal Health & Veterinary
Laboratories Agency Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near
Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
⨯ [ view all ] [ view less ] Susceptibility of European Red Deer (Cervus
elaphus elaphus) to Alimentary Challenge with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Mark P. Dagleish, Stuart Martin, Philip Steele, Jeanie Finlayson, Samantha L.
Eaton, Sílvia Sisó, Paula Stewart, Natalia Fernández-Borges, … Scott Hamilton,
Yvonne Pang PLOS x Published: January 23, 2015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116094
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Abstract</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) are susceptible to the agent of
bovine spongiform encephalopathy, one of the transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies, when challenged intracerebrally but their susceptibility to
alimentary challenge, the presumed natural route of transmission, is unknown. To
determine this, eighteen deer were challenged via stomach tube with a large dose
of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent and clinical signs, gross and
histological lesions, presence and distribution of abnormal prion protein and
the attack rate recorded. Only a single animal developed clinical disease, and
this was acute with both neurological and respiratory signs, at 1726 days post
challenge although there was significant (27.6%) weight loss in the preceding
141 days. The clinically affected animal had histological lesions of vacuolation
in the neuronal perikaryon and neuropil, typical of transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies. Abnormal prion protein, the diagnostic marker of transmissible
encephalopathies, was primarily restricted to the central and peripheral nervous
systems although a very small amount was present in tingible body macrophages in
the lymphoid patches of the caecum and colon. Serial protein misfolding cyclical
amplification, an in vitro ultra-sensitive diagnostic technique, was positive
for neurological tissue from the single clinically diseased deer. All other
alimentary challenged deer failed to develop clinical disease and were negative
for all other investigations. These findings show that transmission of bovine
spongiform encephalopathy to European red deer via the alimentary route is
possible but the transmission rate is low. Additionally, when deer carcases are
subjected to the same regulations that ruminants in Europe with respect to the
removal of specified offal from the human food chain, the zoonotic risk of
bovine spongiform encephalopathy, the cause of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease, from consumption of venison is probably very low. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip...</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Discussion This investigation resulted in the first and only known case, to
date, of clinical disease or accumulation of abnormal PrPd in any cervid species
due to oral challenge with BSE. The increase in incubation period compared to
European red deer challenged with BSE intra-cerebrally (1060 days) [33] compared
to oral challenge (1727 days) is approximately 60% and similar to the
differences observed in incubation periods for sheep or goats when challenged
with TSE agents by these two routes [40,41]. The neurological clinical signs
observed could be broadly related to the spongiform encephalopathy and the
accumulation of PrPd in that the restlessness, stereotypic head movements and
pacing may be due to compromise of the nucleus accumbens [42], found in the
striatum, and the laboured breathing due to the lesions in the medulla, where
the respiratory centre is located [43]. Alternatively, the laboured and audible
mouth breathing may have been due to, or contributed to by, compromise of either
of the recurrent laryngeal nerves resulting in some degree of laryngeal
paralysis but we were unable to determine this. Apart from the gradual loss of
body weight, the speed of onset of clinical signs and progression was very rapid
but animal welfare requirements precluded any further longitudinal study of
these. The clinical signs described for this animal are broadly similar to those
reported for clinical BSE in European red deer challenged via the intracerebral
route [33], clinical cases of CWD in deer [44] and clinical cases of BSE in
cattle [45].</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip...see full text ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a article="" href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0116094" id="10.1371/journal.pone.0116094""" journals.plos.org="" plosone="">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0116094</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a annotation="" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351" listthread.action="" rel="nofollow" root="85351""" shape="rect" target="_blank" www.plosone.org="">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a>
</div>
<div>
<span style="size: +0;"></span> </div>
<div>
<br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia;">Oral transmission and early lymphoid
tropism of chronic wasting disease PrPres in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus
hemionus) <br /><br />The rapid infection of deer fawns following exposure by the
most plausible natural route is consistent with the efficient horizontal
transmission of CWD in nature and enables accelerated studies of transmission
and pathogenesis in the native species. Introduction <br /><br /><a href="http://vir.sgmjournals.org/content/80/10/2757.full.pdf">http://vir.sgmjournals.org/content/80/10/2757.full.pdf</a>
</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/wisconsin-16-age-limit-on-testing-dead.html" title="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/wisconsin-16-age-limit-on-testing-dead.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/wisconsin-16-age-limit-on-testing-dead.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN
COMMERCE USA 2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
PRODUCT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried,
Recall # V-024-2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
CODE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Firm initiated recall is ongoing. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
REASON </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-
contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been
manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE
statement. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
42,090 lbs. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
WI </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
___________________________________ </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
PRODUCT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot-
Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M
CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B
DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal,
JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT
Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral,
BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC
LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall #
V-025-2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
CODE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with
commodity and weights identified. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm
initiated recall is complete. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
REASON </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross
contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear
cautionary BSE statement. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
9,997,976 lbs. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
ID and NV </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 2007="" enforcementreports="" href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" recalls="" safety="" ucm120446.htm="" www.fda.gov="">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 12="" 2014="" fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html="" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" madcowusda.blogspot.com="">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2013</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 12="" 2013="" fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html="" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" madcowusda.blogspot.com="">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer
and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability </div>
<div>
Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 –0500 </div>
<div>
EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm";">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 03="" 100203.htm="" 100203="" dailys="" dockets="" href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm" oct03="" ohrms="" www.fda.gov="">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT SUBMISSION ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 07="" 2008="" docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html="" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html" madcowfeed.blogspot.com="">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>19 May 2010 at 21:21 GMT
</strong></span></div>
<div>
<strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></strong> </div>
<div>
*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics
of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a annotation="" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" jsessionid="635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143""" listthread.action="" www.plosone.org="">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, January 24, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Atypical Pros and Cons </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 01="" 2015="" bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html="" bse-atypical.blogspot.com="" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, January 31, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
RAPID ADVICE 17-2014 : Evaluation of the risk for public health of casings
in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and on the risk of
modification of the list of specified risk materials (SRM) with regard to BSE
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 01="" 2015="" bse-atypical.blogspot.com="" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/01/rapid-advice-17-2014-evaluation-of-risk.html" rapid-advice-17-2014-evaluation-of-risk.html="">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/01/rapid-advice-17-2014-evaluation-of-risk.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Conclusion/Significance: Our results point to a possibly higher degree of
pathogenicity of BASE than classical BSE in primates and also raise a question
about a possible link to one uncommon subset of cases of apparently sporadic
CJD. Thus, despite the waning epidemic of classical BSE, the occurrence of
atypical strains should temper the urge to relax measures currently in place to
protect public health from accidental contamination by BSE-contaminated
products. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a adoi="" article="" f10.1371="" fjournal.pone.0003017="" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003017" info="" www.plosone.org="">http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003017</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a annotation="" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=363" listthread.action="" root="363""" www.plosone.org="">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=363</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a annotation="" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" jsessionid="635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143""" listthread.action="" www.plosone.org="">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 07="" 2010="" href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2010/07/spontaneous-generation-of-mammalian.html" madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com="" spontaneous-generation-of-mammalian.html="">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2010/07/spontaneous-generation-of-mammalian.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, March 19, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Detection and Discrimination of Classical and Atypical L-Type Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy by Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 03="" 2015="" bse-atypical.blogspot.com="" detection-and-discrimination-of.html="" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/03/detection-and-discrimination-of.html" title="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/03/detection-and-discrimination-of.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/03/detection-and-discrimination-of.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wednesday, March 18, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Changes in Retinal Function and Morphology Are Early Clinical Signs of
Disease in Cattle with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 03="" 2015="" bovineprp.blogspot.com="" changes-in-retinal-function-and.html="" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/03/changes-in-retinal-function-and.html" title="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/03/changes-in-retinal-function-and.html">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/03/changes-in-retinal-function-and.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, February 19, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Inspections Circumvented for Condemned Cows STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE
PHYLLIS K. FONG INSPECTOR GENERAL </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 02="" 2015="" downercattle.blogspot.com="" href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2015/02/inspections-circumvented-for-condemned.html" inspections-circumvented-for-condemned.html="" title="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2015/02/inspections-circumvented-for-condemned.html">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2015/02/inspections-circumvented-for-condemned.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, February 17, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Could we spot the next BSE?, asks BVA President </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 02="" 2015="" bseusa.blogspot.com="" could-we-spot-next-bse-asks-bva.html="" href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2015/02/could-we-spot-next-bse-asks-bva.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2015/02/could-we-spot-next-bse-asks-bva.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, December 16, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves
Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle
Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia
Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1,
Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature
Communications Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821
Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014
Article tools Citation Reprints Rights & permissions Article metrics </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Abstract </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant
Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie
prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human
prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the
capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human
prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to
confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie
prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to
that of cattle BSE. The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in
these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to
those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. These results demonstrate that
scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the
possible link between animal and human prions.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 141216="" 2014="" full="" href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html" ncomms6821.html="" ncomms6821="" ncomms="" www.nature.com="">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely
create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for
man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large
enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough.
Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might
be best to retain that hypothesis. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
R. BRADLEY </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 09="" 1990="" 20080102222950="" 23001001.pdf="" collections.europarchive.org="" files="" href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" tna="" www.bseinquiry.gov.uk="" yb="">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Suspect symptoms</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
What if you can catch old-fashioned CJD by eating meat from a sheep
infected with scrapie?</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
28 Mar 01 Most doctors believe that sCJD is caused by a prion protein
deforming by chance into a killer. But Singeltary thinks otherwise. He is one of
a number of campaigners who say that some sCJD, like the variant CJD related to
BSE, is caused by eating meat from infected animals. Their suspicions have
focused on sheep carrying scrapie, a BSE-like disease that is widespread in
flocks across Europe and North America.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Now scientists in France have stumbled across new evidence that adds weight
to the campaigners' fears. To their complete surprise, the researchers found
that one strain of scrapie causes the same brain damage in mice as sCJD.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
"This means we cannot rule out that at least some sCJD may be caused by
some strains of scrapie," says team member Jean-Philippe Deslys of the French
Atomic Energy Commission's medical research laboratory in Fontenay-aux-Roses,
south-west of Paris. Hans Kretschmar of the University of Göttingen, who
coordinates CJD surveillance in Germany, is so concerned by the findings that he
now wants to trawl back through past sCJD cases to see if any might have been
caused by eating infected mutton or lamb...</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2001</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Suspect symptoms </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
What if you can catch old-fashioned CJD by eating meat from a sheep
infected with scrapie? </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
28 Mar 01 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Like lambs to the slaughter </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
31 March 2001 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
by Debora MacKenzie Magazine issue 2284. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FOUR years ago, Terry Singeltary watched his mother die horribly from a
degenerative brain disease. Doctors told him it was Alzheimer's, but Singeltary
was suspicious. The diagnosis didn't fit her violent symptoms, and he demanded
an autopsy. It showed she had died of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Most doctors believe that sCJD is caused by a prion protein deforming by
chance into a killer. But Singeltary thinks otherwise. He is one of a number of
campaigners who say that some sCJD, like the variant CJD related to BSE, is
caused by eating meat from infected animals. Their suspicions have focused on
sheep carrying scrapie, a BSE-like disease that is widespread in flocks across
Europe and North America.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Now scientists in France have stumbled across new evidence that adds weight
to the campaigners' fears. To their complete surprise, the researchers found
that one strain of scrapie causes the same brain damage in mice as sCJD.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
"This means we cannot rule out that at least some sCJD may be caused by
some strains of scrapie," says team member Jean-Philippe Deslys of the French
Atomic Energy Commission's medical research laboratory in Fontenay-aux-Roses,
south-west of Paris. Hans Kretschmar of the University of Göttingen, who
coordinates CJD surveillance in Germany, is so concerned by the findings that he
now wants to trawl back through past sCJD cases to see if any might have been
caused by eating infected mutton or lamb.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Scrapie has been around for centuries and until now there has been no
evidence that it poses a risk to human health. But if the French finding means
that scrapie can cause sCJD in people, countries around the world may have
overlooked a CJD crisis to rival that caused by BSE.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Deslys and colleagues were originally studying vCJD, not sCJD. They
injected the brains of macaque monkeys with brain from BSE cattle, and from
French and British vCJD patients. The brain damage and clinical symptoms in the
monkeys were the same for all three. Mice injected with the original sets of
brain tissue or with infected monkey brain also developed the same
symptoms.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
As a control experiment, the team also injected mice with brain tissue from
people and animals with other prion diseases: a French case of sCJD; a French
patient who caught sCJD from human-derived growth hormone; sheep with a French
strain of scrapie; and mice carrying a prion derived from an American scrapie
strain. As expected, they all affected the brain in a different way from BSE and
vCJD. But while the American strain of scrapie caused different damage from
sCJD, the French strain produced exactly the same pathology.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
"The main evidence that scrapie does not affect humans has been
epidemiology," says Moira Bruce of the neuropathogenesis unit of the Institute
for Animal Health in Edinburgh, who was a member of the same team as Deslys.
"You see about the same incidence of the disease everywhere, whether or not
there are many sheep, and in countries such as New Zealand with no scrapie." In
the only previous comparisons of sCJD and scrapie in mice, Bruce found they were
dissimilar.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
But there are more than 20 strains of scrapie, and six of sCJD. "You would
not necessarily see a relationship between the two with epidemiology if only
some strains affect only some people," says Deslys. Bruce is cautious about the
mouse results, but agrees they require further investigation. Other trials of
scrapie and sCJD in mice, she says, are in progress.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
People can have three different genetic variations of the human prion
protein, and each type of protein can fold up two different ways. Kretschmar has
found that these six combinations correspond to six clinical types of sCJD: each
type of normal prion produces a particular pathology when it spontaneously
deforms to produce sCJD.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
But if these proteins deform because of infection with a disease-causing
prion, the relationship between pathology and prion type should be different, as
it is in vCJD. "If we look at brain samples from sporadic CJD cases and find
some that do not fit the pattern," says Kretschmar, "that could mean they were
caused by infection."</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
There are 250 deaths per year from sCJD in the US, and a similar incidence
elsewhere. Singeltary and other US activists think that some of these people
died after eating contaminated meat or "nutritional" pills containing dried
animal brain. Governments will have a hard time facing activists like Singeltary
if it turns out that some sCJD isn't as spontaneous as doctors have
insisted.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Deslys's work on macaques also provides further proof that the human
disease vCJD is caused by BSE. And the experiments showed that vCJD is much more
virulent to primates than BSE, even when injected into the bloodstream rather
than the brain. This, says Deslys, means that there is an even bigger risk than
we thought that vCJD can be passed from one patient to another through
contaminated blood transfusions and surgical instruments.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a article="" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16922840.300-like-lambs-to-the-slaughter.html" mg16922840.300-like-lambs-to-the-slaughter.html="" www.newscientist.com="">http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16922840.300-like-lambs-to-the-slaughter.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Friday, January 30, 2015</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Scrapie: a particularly persistent pathogen ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 01="" 2015="" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/scrapie-particularly-persistent-pathogen.html" scrapie-particularly-persistent-pathogen.html="" transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com="">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/scrapie-particularly-persistent-pathogen.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wednesday, December 24, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
National Scrapie Eradication Program November 2014 Monthly Report Fiscal
Year 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 12="" 2014="" href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2014/12/national-scrapie-eradication-program.html" national-scrapie-eradication-program.html="" scrapie-usa.blogspot.com="">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2014/12/national-scrapie-eradication-program.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wednesday, March 18, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Confirmed Texas Trans Pecos March 18,
2015</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-confirmed.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-confirmed.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly
magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef
ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and
slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of
free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier.
Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE
and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion
diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease
through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can
be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size
of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic
individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a
potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a cdmrp.army.mil="" href="http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf" nprp="" nprp_summit_final_report.pdf="" prevfunded="">http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Monday, March 09, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE prion and human animal risk factor
there from </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 03="" 2015="" chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html="" chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com="" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, March 21, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Canada and United States Creutzfeldt Jakob TSE Prion Disease Incidence
Rates Increasing ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/03/canada-and-united-states-creutzfeldt.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/03/canada-and-united-states-creutzfeldt.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
COMMENT FROM TERRY S. SINGELTARY SR.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div class="GGAAYMKDKFD" style="line-height: 13.125pt; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
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<div style="margin: 5px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-top: 3px;">
<span style="face: helvetica;"><span style="size: +0;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">This is a Comment on the <b>Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service</b> (APHIS) Notice: </span></span><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="href: "#!documentDetail;"><span style="color: #0099cc; font-size: 10.5pt;">Agency Information
Collection Activities; Proposals, Submissions, and Approvals: Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal
Products</span></a></b></span></div>
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<span style="face: helvetica;"><span style="size: +0;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products
Singeltary Submission ;<br /><br />I believe that there is more risk to the world
from Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion aka mad cow type disease
now, coming from the United States and all of North America, than there is risk
coming to the USA and North America, from other Countries. I am NOT saying I
dont think there is any risk for the BSE type TSE prion coming from other
Countries, I am just saying that in 2015, why is the APHIS/USDA/FSIS/FDA still
ignoring these present mad cow risk factors in North America like they are not
here? <br /><br />North America has more strains of TSE prion disease, in more
species (excluding zoo animals in the early BSE days, and excluding the Feline
TSE and or Canine TSE, because they dont look, and yes, there has been
documented evidence and scientific studies, and DEFRA Hound study, that shows
the canine spongiform encephalopathy is very possible, if it has not already
happened, just not documented), then any other Country in the world. Mink TME,
Deer Elk cervid CWD (multiple strains), cBSE cattle, atypical L-type BSE cattle,
atypical H-type BSE cattle, atyical HG type BSE cow (the only cow documented in
the world to date with this strain), typical sheep goat Scrapie (multiple
strains), and the atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, which has been linked to sporadic
CJD, Nor-98 atypical Scrapie has spread from coast to coast. sporadic CJD on the
rise, with different strains mounting, victims becoming younger, with the latest
nvCJD human mad cow case being documented in Texas again, this case, NOT LINKED
TO EUROPEAN TRAVEL CDC. <br /><br />typical BSE can propagate as nvCJD and or
sporadic CJD (Collinge et al), and sporadic CJD has now been linked to atypical
BSE, Scrapie and atypical Scrapie, and scientist are very concerned with CWD TSE
prion in the Cervid populations. in my opinion, the BSE MRR policy, which
overtook the BSE GBR risk assessments for each country, and then made BSE
confirmed countries legal to trade mad cow disease, which was all brought forth
AFTER that fateful day December 23, 2003, when the USA lost its gold card i.e.
BSE FREE status, thats the day it all started. once the BSE MRR policy was
shoved down every countries throat by USDA inc and the OIE, then the legal
trading of Scrapie was validated to be a legal trading commodity, also shoved
through by the USDA inc and the OIE, the world then lost 30 years of attempted
eradication of the BSE TSE prion disease typical and atypical strains, and the
BSE TSE Prion aka mad cow type disease was thus made a legal trading commodity,
like it or not. its all about money now folks, trade, to hell with human health
with a slow incubating disease, that is 100% fatal once clinical, and forget the
fact of exposure, sub-clinical infection, and friendly fire there from i.e.
iatrogenic TSE prion disease, the pass it forward mode of the TSE PRION aka mad
cow type disease. its all going to be sporadic CJD or sporadic ffi, or sporadic
gss, or now the infamous VPSPr. ...problem solved $$$ <br /><br />the
USDA/APHIS/FSIS/FDA triple mad cow BSE firewall, well, that was nothing but ink
on paper. <br /><br />for this very reason I believe the BSE MRR policy is a total
failure, and that this policy should be immediately withdrawn, and set back in
place the BSE GBR Risk Assessments, with the BSE GBR risk assessments set up to
monitor all TSE PRION disease in all species of animals, and that the BSE GBR
risk assessments be made stronger than before. <br /><br />lets start with the
recent notice that beef from Ireland will be coming to America. <br /><br />Ireland
confirmed around 1655 cases of mad cow disease. with the highest year confirming
about 333 cases in 2002, with numbers of BSE confirmed cases dropping from that
point on, to a documentation of 1 confirmed case in 2013, to date. a drastic
decrease in the feeding of cows to cows i.e. the ruminant mad cow feed ban, and
the enforcement of that ban, has drastically reduced the number of BSE cases in
Europe, minus a few BABs or BARBs. a far cry from the USDA FDA triple BSE
firewall, which was nothing more than ink on paper, where in 2007, in one week
recall alone, some 10 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED POTENTIAL MAD COW FEED WENT OUT
INTO COMMERCE IN THE USA. this is 10 years post feed ban. in my honest opinion,
due to the blatant cover up of BSE TSE prion aka mad cow disease in the USA, we
still have no clue as to the true number of cases of BSE mad cow disease in the
USA or North America as a whole. ...just saying. <br /><br />Number of reported
cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in farmed cattle worldwide*
(excluding the United Kingdom) <br /><br />Country/Year <br /><br />snip...please see
attached pdf file, with references of breaches in the USA triple BSE mad cow
firewalls, and recent science on the TSE prion disease.
...TSS</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="face: helvetica;"><span style="size: +0;"><span style="color: #236e9b;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Docket No.
APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and
Animal Products Singeltary
Submission</span></span></span></span></h3>
<div class="GGAAYMKDGRE floatLeft" style="float: left; margin: 5px 0px 0px;">
<b><span style="face: helvetica;"><span style="size: +0;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">View
Attachment:</span></span></span></b></div>
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<div>
<a d="APHIS-2014-0107-0003""" documentdetail="" href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003" title="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003" www.regulations.gov="">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003</a></div>
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<div>
Sunday, January 11, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of
Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a d="APHIS-2014-0107-0003""" documentdetail="" href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003" www.regulations.gov="">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003</a> </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 01="" 2015="" bovineprp.blogspot.com="" docket-no-aphis-2014-0107-bovine.html="" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/01/docket-no-aphis-2014-0107-bovine.html">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/01/docket-no-aphis-2014-0107-bovine.html</a> </div>
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Saturday, March 21, 2015 </div>
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<div>
*** Canada and United States Creutzfeldt Jakob TSE Prion Disease Incidence
Rates Increasing ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a 03="" 2015="" canada-and-united-states-creutzfeldt.html="" creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com="" href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/03/canada-and-united-states-creutzfeldt.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/03/canada-and-united-states-creutzfeldt.html</a>
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<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
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<div>
<div>
Your comment was submitted successfully!.</div>
<div>
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<div>
Success! You will now be commenting directly on: </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Notice: Draft Guidance for Industry
on Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm; Availability</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
For related information, Open Docket Folder Docket folder icon </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
3.Your Receipt.3 Your Receipt 2 Your Preview 1 Your Information ..publicly
viewable Information entered will be viewable on Regulations.gov Agency Posting
Guidelines: More infoView Commenter's Checklist (PDF) Alternate Ways to Comment
.Comment(Required) publicly viewable <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="href: "http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0001</a>
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<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf";">http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf</a> </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed
On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180 Singeltary Comment </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Greetings FDA et al, </div>
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</div>
<div>
I wish to comment on Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed
Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Once again, I wish to kindly bring up the failed attempt of the FDA and the
ruminant to ruminant mad cow feed ban of August 4, 1997. This feed ban is still
failing today, as we speak. Even more worrisome, is the fact it is still legal
to feed cervids to cervids in the USA, in fact, the FDA only _recommends_ that
deer and elk considered to be of _high_ risk for CWD do not enter the animal
food chain, but there is NO law, it’s only voluntary, a recipe for a TSE prion
disaster, as we have seen with the ruminant to ruminant feed ban for cattle,
where in 2007, one decade post August 1997 mad cow feed ban, where in 2007
10,000,000 POUNDS OF BANNED BLOOD LACED MEAT AND BONE MEAL WHEN OUT INTO
COMMERCE, TO BE FED OUT. Since 2007, these BSE feed ban rules have been breached
time and time again. tons and tons of mad cow feed went out in Alabama as well,
where one of the mad cows were documented, just the year before in 2006, and in
2013 and 2014, breaches so bad (OAI) Official Action Indicated were issued.
those are like the one issued where 10 million pounds of banned blood laced meat
and bone meal were fed out. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
What is the use of having a ‘Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of
Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180’, if it
cannot be enforced, as we have seen with a mandatory ruminant to ruminant feed
ban?</div>
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</div>
<div>
I strenuously once again urge the FDA and it’s industry constituents, to
make it MANDATORY that all ruminant feed be banned to all ruminants, and this
should include all cervids as soon as possible for the following reasons...
</div>
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</div>
<div>
======</div>
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</div>
<div>
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. </div>
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</div>
<div>
***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.
</div>
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<div>
======</div>
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</div>
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
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*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351" style="href: "http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351";">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a></div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div>
19 May 2010 at 21:21 GMT </div>
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</div>
<div>
*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics
of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" style="href: "http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" style="href: "http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html";">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div>
2013</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="href: "http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html";">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a>
DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and
Elk in Animal Feed; Availability Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 –0500 EMC 1
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm";">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm";">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm</a></div>
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</div>
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<div>
PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT SUBMISSION ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html" style="href: "http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html";">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html</a></div>
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</div>
<div>
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<div>
</div>
<div>
10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN
COMMERCE USA 2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
REASON </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-
contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been
manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE
statement. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
42,090 lbs. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
WI </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
REASON </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross
contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear
cautionary BSE statement. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
9,997,976 lbs. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
ID and NV </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm";">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
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<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf";">http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed
On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180 Singeltary Comment</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Greetings FDA et al, </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
I wish to comment on Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed
Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Once again, I wish to kindly bring up the failed attempt of the FDA and the
ruminant to ruminant mad cow feed ban of August 4, 1997. This feed ban is still
failing today, as we speak. Even more worrisome, is the fact it is still legal
to feed cervids to cervids in the USA, in fact, the FDA only _recommends_ that
deer and elk considered to be of _high_ risk for CWD do not enter the animal
food chain, but there is NO law, it’s only voluntary, a recipe for a TSE prion
disaster, as we have seen with the ruminant to ruminant feed ban for cattle,
where in 2007, one decade post August 1997 mad cow feed ban, where in 2007
10,000,000 POUNDS OF BANNED BLOOD LACED MEAT AND BONE MEAL WHEN OUT INTO
COMMERCE, TO BE FED OUT. Since 2007, these BSE feed ban rules have been breached
time and time again. tons and tons of mad cow feed went out in Alabama as well,
where one of the mad cows were documented, just the year before in 2006, and in
2013 and 2014, breaches so bad (OAI) Official Action Indicated were issued.
those are like the one issued where 10 million pounds of banned blood laced meat
and bone meal were fed out. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
What is the use of having a ‘Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of
Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180’, if it
cannot be enforced, as we have seen with a mandatory ruminant to ruminant feed
ban? </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
I strenuously once again urge the FDA and it’s industry constituents, to
make it MANDATORY that all ruminant feed be banned to all ruminants, and this
should include all cervids as soon as possible for the following
reasons...</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
====== </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
====== </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? *** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351" style="href: "http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351";">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
19 May 2010 at 21:21 GMT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics
of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" style="href: "http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" style="href: "http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html";">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a> </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" style="href: "http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html";">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a> </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer
and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 –0500 EMC 1
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm";">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</a> </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm";">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm</a> </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT SUBMISSION ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html" style="href: "http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html";">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html</a> </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN
COMMERCE USA 2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
REASON </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-
contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been
manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE
statement. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
42,090 lbs. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
WI </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
REASON </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross
contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear
cautionary BSE statement. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
9,997,976 lbs. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
ID and NV </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm";">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** See attached file(s)1 characters remaining Uploaded File(s)(Optional)No
files uploaded•Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained
and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180 Singeltary Comment.txt.This
information will be sent to the agency: This information will appear on
Regulations.gov:None of the information will be displayed on
Regulations.govCategory: Individual Consumer This information will not appear on
Regulations.gov:All information will be displayed on Regulations.govFirst Name:
TerryLast Name: SingeltaryOrganization Name: NA . You are filing a document into
an official docket. Any personal information included in your comment and/or
uploaded attachment(s) may be publicly viewable on the web. I read and
understand the statement above. .EditSubmit Comment. Your Comment Tracking
Number: xxxxx Your comment may be viewable on Regulations.gov once the
agency has reviewed it. This process is dependent on agency public submission
policies/procedures and processing times. Use your tracking number to find out
the status of your comment. Note: You submitted your comment to an agency that
does not publish comments on Regulations.gov. To check the status of your
comment or obtain further information, please follow-up directly with the agency
contact listed in the document soliciting your input. Email ReceiptTool Tip
Success Your email receipt was sent successfully Your comment: Comment: </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0001" style="href: "http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0001</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf";">http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed
On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180 Singeltary Comment</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Greetings FDA et al, </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
I wish to comment on Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed
Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Once again, I wish to kindly bring up the failed attempt of the FDA and the
ruminant to ruminant mad cow feed ban of August 4, 1997. This feed ban is still
failing today, as we speak. Even more worrisome, is the fact it is still legal
to feed cervids to cervids in the USA, in fact, the FDA only _recommends_ that
deer and elk considered to be of _high_ risk for CWD do not enter the animal
food chain, but there is NO law, it’s only voluntary, a recipe for a TSE prion
disaster, as we have seen with the ruminant to ruminant feed ban for cattle,
where in 2007, one decade post August 1997 mad cow feed ban, where in 2007
10,000,000 POUNDS OF BANNED BLOOD LACED MEAT AND BONE MEAL WHEN OUT INTO
COMMERCE, TO BE FED OUT. Since 2007, these BSE feed ban rules have been breached
time and time again. tons and tons of mad cow feed went out in Alabama as well,
where one of the mad cows were documented, just the year before in 2006, and in
2013 and 2014, breaches so bad (OAI) Official Action Indicated were issued.
those are like the one issued where 10 million pounds of banned blood laced meat
and bone meal were fed out. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
What is the use of having a ‘Guidance for Industry Ensuring Safety of
Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance FDA-2014-D-1180’, if it
cannot be enforced, as we have seen with a mandatory ruminant to ruminant feed
ban? </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
I strenuously once again urge the FDA and it’s industry constituents, to
make it MANDATORY that all ruminant feed be banned to all ruminants, and this
should include all cervids as soon as possible for the following
reasons...</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
====== </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
====== </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? *** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351" style="href: "http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351";">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
19 May 2010 at 21:21 GMT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics
of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" style="href: "http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" style="href: "http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html";">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a> </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" style="href: "http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html";">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a> </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer
and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 –0500 EMC 1
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm";">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</a> </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm";">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm</a> </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT SUBMISSION ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html" style="href: "http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html";">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN
COMMERCE USA 2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
REASON </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-
contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been
manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE
statement. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
42,090 lbs. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
WI </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
REASON </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross
contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear
cautionary BSE statement. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
9,997,976 lbs. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
ID and NV </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm";">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** See attached file(s) 1 characters remaining</div>
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<div>
Uploaded File(s)(Optional) No files uploaded •Guidance for Industry
Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm Draft Guidance
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf" style="href: "http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf";">http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-av-gen/documents/document/ucm438641.pdf</a> </div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-84935965596683595402013-07-19T20:13:00.001-07:002013-07-19T20:13:04.800-07:00PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED Revised as of April 1, 2013 50# Regular Chicken Feed was found to contain mammalian protein label does not contain the warning statement<div>
[Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 21, Volume 6] [Revised as of April 1,
2013] [CITE: 21CFR589.2000] </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TITLE 21--FOOD AND DRUGS CHAPTER I--FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES SUBCHAPTER E--ANIMAL DRUGS, FEEDS, AND
RELATED PRODUCTS </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subpart B--Listing of Specific Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal
Food or Feed Sec. 589.2000 Animal proteins prohibited in ruminant feed.
(a)Definitions --(1)Protein derived from mammalian tissues means any
protein-containing portion of mammalian animals, excluding: Blood and blood
products; gelatin; tallow containing no more than 0.15 percent insoluble
impurities and tallow derivatives as specified in 589.2001; inspected meat
products which have been cooked and offered for human food and further heat
processed for feed (such as plate waste and used cellulosic food casings); milk
products (milk and milk proteins); and any product whose only mammalian protein
consists entirely of porcine or equine protein.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(2)Renderer means any firm or individual that processes slaughter
byproducts, animals unfit for human consumption, or meat scraps. The term
includes persons who collect such materials and subject them to minimal
processing, or distribute them to firms other than renderers (as defined here)
whose intended use for the products may include animal feed. The term includes
renderers that also blend animal protein products.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(3)Blender means any firm or individual which obtains processed animal
protein from more than one source or from more than one species, and
subsequently mixes (blends) or redistributes an animal protein product.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(4)Feed manufacturer includes manufacturers of complete and intermediate
feeds intended for animals, and includes on-farm in addition to off-farm feed
manufacturing and mixing operations.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(5)Nonmammalian protein includes proteins from nonmammalian animals.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(6)Distributor includes persons who distribute or transport feeds or feed
ingredients intended for animals.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(7)Ruminant includes any member of the order of animals which has a stomach
with four chambers (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum) through which feed
passes in digestion. The order includes, but is not limited to, cattle, buffalo,
sheep, goats, deer, elk, and antelopes.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(b)Food additive status. The Food and Drug Administration has determined
that protein derived from mammalian tissues for use in ruminant feed is a food
additive subject to section 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the
act). The use or intended use in ruminant feed of any material that contains
protein derived from mammalian tissues causes the feed to be adulterated and in
violation of the act, unless it is the subject of an effective notice of claimed
investigational exemption for a food additive under 570.17 of this
chapter.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(c)Requirements for renderers that are not included in paragraph (e) of
this section. (1) Renderers that manufacture products that contain or may
contain protein derived from mammalian tissues and that are intended for use in
animal feed shall take the following measures to ensure that materials
identified in paragraph (b) of this section are not used in the feed of
ruminants:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(i) Label the materials as follows: "Do not feed to cattle or other
ruminants"; and</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(ii) Maintain records sufficient to track the materials throughout their
receipt, processing, and distribution, and make the copies available for
inspection and copying by the Food and Drug Administration.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(2) Renderers described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section will be
exempted from the requirements of paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (c)(1)(ii) of this
section if they:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(i) Use exclusively a manufacturing method that has been validated by the
Food and Drug Administration to deactivate the agent that causes transmissible
spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) and whose design has been made available to the
public;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(ii) Use routinely a test method that has been validated by the Food and
Drug Administration to detect the presence of the agent that causes TSE's and
whose design has been made available to the public. Renderers whose products
test positive for agents that cause TSE's must comply with paragraphs (c)(1)(i)
and (c)(1)(ii) of this section. Records of the test results shall be made
available for inspection by the Food and Drug Administration; or</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(iii) Use exclusively a method for controlling the manufacturing process
that minimizes the risk of the TSE agent entering the product and whose design
has been made available to the public and validated by the Food and Drug
Administration.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(3) Renderers described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section will be
exempted from the requirements of paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section if they
use a permanent method, approved by FDA, to make a mark indicating that the
product contains or may contain protein derived from mammalian tissue. If the
marking is by the use of an agent that cannot be detected on visual inspection,
the renderer must use an agent whose presence can be detected by a method that
has been validated by the Food and Drug Administration and whose design has been
made available to the public.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(4) Renderers shall comply with all applicable requirements under
589.2001.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(d)Requirements for protein blenders, feed manufacturers, and distributors
that are not included in paragraph (e) of this section. (1) Protein blenders,
feed manufacturers, and distributors that manufacture, blend, process, and
distribute products that contain or may contain protein derived from mammalian
tissues shall comply with paragraph (c)(1) of this section.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(2) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, and distributors, shall be exempt
from paragraphs (d)(1) of this section if they:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(i) Purchase animal products from renderers that certified compliance with
paragraph (c)(2) of this section or purchase such materials from parties that
certify that the materials were purchased from renderers that certified
compliance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section; or</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(ii) Comply with the requirements of paragraph (c)(2) of this section where
appropriate.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(3) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, and distributors, shall be exempt
from paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section if they:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(i) Purchase animal protein products that are marked in accordance with
paragraph (c)(3) of this section or purchase such materials from renderers that
certified compliance with paragraph (c)(3) of this section, or purchase such
materials from parties that certify that the materials were purchased from
renderers that certified compliance with paragraph (c)(3) of this section;
or</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(ii) Comply with the requirements of paragraph (c)(3) of this section where
appropriate.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(4) Pet food products that are sold or are intended for sale at retail and
feeds for nonruminant laboratory animals are exempt from the labeling
requirements in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section. However, if the pet food
products or feeds for nonruminant laboratory animals are sold or are intended
for sale as distressed or salvage items, then such products shall be labeled in
accordance with paragraph (c) or (d) of this section, as appropriate.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(5) Copies of certifications as described in paragraphs (d)(2) and (d)(3)
of this section, shall be made available for inspection and copying by the Food
and Drug Administration.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(e)Requirements for persons that intend to separate mammalian and
nonmammalian materials. (1) Renderers, protein blenders, feed manufacturers,
distributors, and others that manufacture, process, blend and distribute both
products that contain or may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues or
feeds containing such products, and protein products from other animal tissues
or feeds containing such products, and that intend to keep those products
separate shall:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(i) Comply with paragraphs (c)(1) or (d)(1) of this section as appropriate
except that the labeling requirement shall apply only to products that contain
or may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues or feeds containing such
products;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(ii) In the case of a renderer, obtain nonmammalian or pure porcine or pure
equine materials only from single-species slaughter facilities;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(iii) Provide for measures to avoid commingling or
cross-contamination;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(A) Maintain separate equipment or facilities for the manufacture,
processing, or blending of such materials; or</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(B) Use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carry-over
of products that contain or may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues
into animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants; and</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(iv) Maintain written procedures specifying the clean-out procedures or
other means, and specifying the procedures for separating products that contain
or may contain protein derived from mammalian tissue from all other protein
products from the time of receipt until the time of shipment.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(2) Renderers, blenders, feed manufacturers, and distributors will be
exempted from applicable requirements of paragraph (e)(1) of this section, if
they meet the criteria for exemption under paragraphs (c)(2) or (c)(3) of this
section, and (d)(2) or (d)(3) of this section.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(3) Renderers shall comply with all applicable requirements under
589.2001.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(f)Requirements for establishments and individuals that are responsible for
feeding ruminant animals. Establishments and individuals that are responsible
for feeding ruminant animals shall maintain copies of purchase invoices and
labeling for all feeds containing animal protein products received, and make the
copies available for inspection and copying by the Food and Drug
Administration.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(g)Adulteration and misbranding. (1) Animal protein products, and feeds
containing such products, that are not in compliance with paragraphs (c) through
(f) of this section, excluding labeling requirements, will be deemed adulterated
under section 402(a)(2)(C) or 402(a)(4) of the act.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(2) Animal protein products, and feeds containing such products, that are
not in compliance with the labeling requirements of paragraphs (c) through (f)
of this section will be deemed misbranded under section 403(a)(1) or 403(f) of
the act.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(h)Inspection; records retention. (1) Records that are to be made available
for inspection and copying, as required by this section, shall be kept for a
minimum of 1 year.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(2) Written procedures required by this section shall be made available for
inspection and copying by the Food and Drug Administration.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
[62 FR 30976, June 5, 1997, as amended at 73 FR 22756, Apr. 25, 2008]</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Effective Date Note:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
At 62 FR 30976, June 5, 1997, 589.2000 was added. Paragraph (e)(1)(iv) of
this section contains information collection and recordkeeping requirements and
will not become effective until approval has been given by the Office of
Management and Budget. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Courier New; font-size: x-small;"></span> </div>
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Courier New; font-size: x-small;"></span> </div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=589.2000" title="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=589.2000">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=589.2000</a></div>
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Courier New; font-size: x-small;"></span> </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Enforcement Report - Week of February 20, 2013</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Product Detail Product Description Regular Chicken 50# </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Ingredients: Corn, Wheat, Oats, Oyster shells, Medium Grit, CCC, ADS, Plant
Protein Products, Animal Protein Products, Processed Grain By-Products, Roughage
Products, Animal Fat procession with DHA, etc </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Recall Number V-137-2013 Classification Class III Code Info 8/6/2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Product Distributed Qty 5400lbs (50lb bags) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Reason For Recall During an FDA sample collection, the firms 50# Regular
Chicken Feed was found to contain mammalian protein. The label does not contain
the warning statement. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Event Detail Event Id 63743 Product Type Veterinary Status Terminated
Recalling Firm Cohoons Elevator Inc. City Midland State MI Country US Voluntary
/ Mandated Voluntary: Firm Initiated Recall Initiation Date 2012-11-21 Initial
Firm Notification of Consignee or Public Other Distribution Pattern Midland MI
area only. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/enforcement/enforce_rpt-Product-Tabs.cfm?action=select&recall_number=V-137-2013&w=02202013&lang=eng" title="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/enforcement/enforce_rpt-Product-Tabs.cfm?action=select&recall_number=V-137-2013&w=02202013&lang=eng">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/enforcement/enforce_rpt-Product-Tabs.cfm?action=select&recall_number=V-137-2013&w=02202013&lang=eng</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, July 2, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
APHIS USDA Administrator Message to Stakeholders: Agency Vision and Goals
Eliminating ALL remaining BSE barriers to export market</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/07/aphis-usda-administrator-message-to.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/07/aphis-usda-administrator-message-to.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, July 6, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Small Ruminant Nor98 Prions Share Biochemical Features with Human
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Disease and Variably Protease-Sensitive
Prionopathy </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Research Article </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2013/07/small-ruminant-nor98-prions-share.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2013/07/small-ruminant-nor98-prions-share.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, June 11, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Weld County Bi-Products dba Fort Morgan Pet Foods 6/1/12 significant
deviations from requirements in FDA regulations that are intended to reduce the
risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) within the United States</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2013/06/weld-county-bi-products-dba-fort-morgan.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2013/06/weld-county-bi-products-dba-fort-morgan.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, June 6, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE TSE PRION USDA FDA MAD COW FEED COMPLIANCE REPORT and NAI, OAI, and VAI
ratings as at June 5, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Greetings, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
since our fine federal friends have decided not to give out any more
reports on the USA breaches of the feed ban and surveillance etc. for the BSE
TSE prion mad cow type disease in the USDA livestock, I thought I might attempt
it. I swear, I just don’t understand the logic of the SSS policy, and that
includes all of it. I assure you, it would be much easier, and probably better
for the FDA and the USDA INC., if they would simply put some kind of report out
for Pete’s sake, instead of me doing it after I get mad, because I am going to
put it all out there. the truth. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PLEASE BE ADVISED, any breach of any of the above classifications OAI, VAI,
RTS, CAN lead to breaches into the feed BSE TSE prion protocols, and CAN lead to
the eventual suspect tainted feed reaching livestock. please, if any USDA
official out there disputes this, please explain then how they could not.
paperwork errors can eventually lead to breaches of the BSE TSE prion mad cow
feed ban reaching livestock, or contamination and exposure there from, as well.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I would sure like to see the full reports of just these ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
4018 CHI-DO 3007091297 Rancho Cantera 2866 N Sunnyside Rd Kent IL
61044-9605 OPR FR, OF HP 11/26/2012 OAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9367 3008575486 Rocky Ford Pet Foods 21693 Highway 50 East Rocky Ford CO
81067 OPR RE, TH HP 2/27/2013 OAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9446 DEN-DO 1713202 Weld County Bi Products, Inc. 1138 N 11th Ave Greeley
CO 80631-9501 OPR RE, TH HP 10/12/2012 OAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9447 DEN-DO 3002857110 Weld County Bi-Products dba Fort Morgan Pet Foods
13553 County Road 19 Fort Morgan CO 80701-7506 OPR RE HP 12/7/2011 OAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
see full list of the fda mad cow bse feed follies, toward the bottom, after
a short brief update on the mad cow bse follies, and our good friend Lester
Crawford that was at the FDA. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
ALSO, I would kindly like to comment on this FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed
Inspections Firms Inventory (excel format)4 format, for reporting these breaches
of BSE TSE prion protocols, from the extensive mad cow feed ban warning letters
the fda use to put out for each violations. simply put, this excel format sucks,
and the FDA et al intentionally made it this difficult to follow the usda fda
mad cow follies. this is an intentional format to make it as difficult as
possible to follow these breaches of the mad cow TSE prion safety feed
protocols. to have absolutely no chronological or numerical order, and to format
such violations in a way that they are almost impossible to find, says a lot
about just how far the FDA and our fine federal friends will go through to hide
these continued violations of the BSE TSE prion mad cow feed ban, and any
breaches of protocols there from. once again, the wolf guarding the henhouse $$$
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
NAI = NO ACTION INDICATED</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
OAI = OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VAI = VOLUNTARY ACTION INDICATED</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RTS = REFERRED TO STATE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Inspections conducted by State and FDA investigators are classified to
reflect the compliance status at the time of the inspection, based upon whether
objectionable conditions were documented. Based on the conditions found,
inspection results are recorded in one of three classifications: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
OAI (Official Action Indicated) when inspectors find significant
objectionable conditions or practices and believe that regulatory sanctions are
warranted to address the establishment’s lack of compliance with the regulation.
An example of an OAI classification would be findings of manufacturing
procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with
prohibited material. Inspectors will promptly re-inspect facilities classified
OAI after regulatory sanctions have been applied to determine whether the
corrective actions are adequate to address the objectionable conditions. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VAI (Voluntary Action Indicated) when inspectors find objectionable
conditions or practices that do not meet the threshold of regulatory
significance, but warrant an advisory to inform the establishment that
inspectors found conditions or practices that should be voluntarily corrected.
VAI violations are typically technical violations of the 1997 BSE Feed Rule.
These violations include minor recordkeeping lapses or conditions involving
non-ruminant feeds. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
NAI (No Action Indicated) when inspectors find no objectionable conditions
or practices or, if they find objectionable conditions, those conditions are of
a minor nature and do not justify further actions. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm093810.htm">http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm093810.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
when sound science was bought off by junk science, in regards to the BSE
TSE prion mad cow type disease, by the USDA, CFIA, WHO, OIE, et al. $$$ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
when the infamous, and fraudulently USDA, FSIS, APHIS, FDA, gold card was
taken away that infamous day in December of 2003, all cards were off the table,
it was time to change the science, and change they did. ...tss </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip. ...please see full text ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, June 6, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE TSE PRION USDA FDA MAD COW FEED COMPLIANCE REPORT and NAI, OAI, and VAI
ratings as at June 5, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2013/06/bse-tse-prion-usda-fda-mad-cow-feed.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2013/06/bse-tse-prion-usda-fda-mad-cow-feed.html</a></div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
IN A NUT SHELL ; </div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate
declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The
OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status
based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other
significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central Bureau, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf</a>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, May 30, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has upgraded the United States'
risk classification for mad cow disease to "negligible" from "controlled", and
risk further exposing the globe to the TSE prion mad cow type disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
U.S. gets top mad-cow rating from international group and risk further
exposing the globe to the TSE prion mad cow type disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/world-organization-for-animal-health.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/world-organization-for-animal-health.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/05/statement-from-agriculture-secretary.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/05/statement-from-agriculture-secretary.html</a>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, July 2, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
APHIS USDA Administrator Message to Stakeholders: Agency Vision and Goals
Eliminating ALL remaining BSE barriers to export market</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/07/aphis-usda-administrator-message-to.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/07/aphis-usda-administrator-message-to.html</a></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
Saturday, July 6, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Small Ruminant Nor98 Prions Share Biochemical Features with Human
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Disease and Variably Protease-Sensitive
Prionopathy </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Research Article </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2013/07/small-ruminant-nor98-prions-share.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2013/07/small-ruminant-nor98-prions-share.html</a></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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TSS</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
</div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-89714328923953084302013-06-11T13:35:00.000-07:002013-06-11T13:35:03.282-07:00Weld County Bi-Products dba Fort Morgan Pet Foods 6/1/12 significant deviations from requirements in FDA regulations that are intended to reduce the risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) within the United States<div>
Subject: Weld County Bi-Products dba Fort Morgan Pet Foods 6/1/12
significant deviations from requirements in FDA regulations that are intended to
reduce the risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) within the United
States. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Weld County Bi-Products dba Fort Morgan Pet Foods 6/1/12 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Food and Drug
Administration Denver District Office Bldg. 20-Denver Federal Center P.O. Box
25087 6th Avenue & Kipling Street Denver, Colorado 80225-0087 Telephone:
303-236-3000 FAX: 303-236-3100 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
June 1, 2012</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WARNING LETTER </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VIA UPS </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Mr. Stephen K. Ulrich Ms. Lonna A. Ulrich Co-Owners Weld County
Bi-Products, Inc. 1138 N. 11th Ave. Greeley, CO 80631</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Ref. #: DEN-12-16-WL</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Dear Mr. and Ms. Ulrich:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Investigators from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted
inspections of your rendering facility located at 1138 North 11th Avenue,
Greeley, Colorado (Greeley Facility) from April 29 to May 9, 2011, and from
November 1 to 3, 2011. FDA also conducted inspections of your rendering facility
doing business as Fort Morgan Pet Foods, located at 13553 County Road 19, Fort
Morgan, Colorado (Fort Morgan Facility) from June 14 to 17, 2011, and from
December 5 to 7, 2011. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
These inspections revealed significant deviations from requirements in FDA
regulations that are intended to reduce the risk of bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE) within the United States. These regulations are found in
Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), section 589.2000 (Animal
proteins prohibited in ruminant feed) and section 589.2001 (Cattle materials
prohibited in animal food or feed to prevent the transmission of bovine
spongiform encephalopathy). These regulations address how renderers process (1)
mammalian proteins prohibited from use in ruminant food or feed, and (2)
materials designated as “cattle materials prohibited in animal food or feed”
(CMPAF) which are prohibited from use in animal food or feed. CMPAF include, but
are not limited to:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The brain and spinal cord of cattle 30 months of age or older</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The entire carcass of cattle infected with BSE</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
The entire carcass of cattle 30 months or older that have not been
inspected and passed for human consumption if the brains and spinal cords were
not effectively removed or otherwise effectively excluded from animal feed</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Your facilities process CMPAF.</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Your failure to follow certain requirements of these regulations as
described below resulted in products manufactured and distributed by your
facilities being adulterated within the meaning of Section 402(a)(4) of the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act), [21 U.S.C. § 342(a)(4)] and
misbranded within the meaning of Section 403(f) of the Act, [21 U.S.C. §
343(f)]. You can find the Act and its associated regulations on the Internet
through links on the FDA’s web page at www.fda.gov1. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Adequate Written Procedures</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Because your facilities (1) remove the brain and spinal cord from cattle
not inspected and passed for human consumption and (2) separate cattle not
inspected and passed for human consumption that are 30 months of age or older as
a means of ensuring that CMPAF are not introduced into animal food or feed, you
must maintain adequate written procedures specifying how these processes are
carried out, 21 CFR § 589.2001(c)(2)(ii). Your written procedures are not
adequate. Specifically, the hand-written document you supplied to us explaining
your procedures for the removal and handling of CMPAF at the Greeley Facility
was illegible, and did not completely describe the process of removing,
segregating, documenting and disposing of CMPAF at the firm. This document did
not explain who would do the work, how it would be done, how the CMPAF would be
segregated, what equipment would be used, and how the equipment would be
cleaned. At the Fort Morgan Facility, the document titled “Our plan of action to
determine age of carcass and dispose of all carcasses 30 months of age and
older” explains that your employees have been trained how to age cattle, and
that cattle found to be 30 months of age or older are tagged with a (b)(4), but
it also lacks information on how removal of the CMPAF would be done, how the
material will be segregated, what equipment would be used, and how the equipment
would be cleaned.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
Record-Keeping</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA regulations require that you establish, maintain, and make available to
FDA for inspection and copying records sufficient to track CMPAF to ensure such
material is not introduced into animal feed, 21 CFR § 589.2001(c)(2)(vi). At the
Greeley Facility, the only documentation you provided to FDA was a hand-written
notebook documenting the date and number of cattle over 30 months of age
received at your firm. You did not have documentation to demonstrate that CMPAF
is disposed of in a manner to prevent it from entering animal feed. At your Fort
Morgan facility, you were using a dry-erase board to track cattle and their
CMPAF on a daily basis, but there was not a system in place to save this
information or allow for the review and copying of records from days prior to
the current day to ensure CMPAF was not introduced into animal feed. We note
that on December 5, 2011, the manager of your Fort Morgan firm did provide FDA
with copies of a new document, which she indicated, would be used to ensure
CMPAF is not introduced into animal feed. We will evaluate how well the new
record works at our next inspection.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Avoiding Cross-Contamination</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Once CMPAF has been separated from the cattle materials that may be used in
feed, 21 CFR § 589.2001(c)(2)(iii) requires the use of measures to avoid
cross-contamination, including using separate containers that adequately prevent
contact between CMPAF and animal feed, animal feed ingredients, or equipment
surfaces. FDA investigators observed that not all of the containers used to hold
CMPAF could be differentiated from containers used to hold material that may be
used for feed. This lack of differentiation can create confusion and thus does
not adequately prevent CMPAF contact with material that may be used in animal
feed. At your Fort Morgan facility, a white container used to store CMPAF was
observed without any marking to make clear that it is used for CMPAF. At your
Greeley facility, FDA investigators observed that neither the truck used to
store CMPAF before delivery to the landfill nor a gray bucket in the
head-splitting room used to store removed brains from cattle 30 months of age
and older were marked to make clear that they were used to store CMPAF. At the
close of the November 3, 2011 inspection at the Greeley facility, you indicated
that you had added markings to the gray bucket and truck.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Ruminant Feed Caution Statements</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
At your Greeley Facility the shrink-wrapped pallets of frozen inedible beef
to be shipped for further processing into animal feed were not labeled with the
“Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants” caution statement required by 21 CFR
§ 589.2000(c)(1)(i). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
This letter is not intended to serve as an all-inclusive list of violations
at your facilities. As a manufacturer of materials intended for use in food for
animals, you are responsible for ensuring your overall operation and the
products you manufacture and distribute comply with the law. You should take
prompt action to correct these violations, and you should establish a system
whereby violations do not recur. Failure to promptly correct these violations
may result in regulatory action, such as seizure and/or injunction, without
further notice.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
As a final matter, the regulation at 21 CFR § 559.2001(c)(2)(v) states that
CMPAF and products that contain or may contain CMPAF must be marked with an
agent that can be readily detected on visual inspection. Investigators observed
at both facilities that you are currently using charcoal to both mark material
that needs to be handled as CMPAF, and to decharacterize the animal tissue being
harvested and frozen for distribution to a feed manufacturer for further
processing. We would like to clarify the discussion you had with the
investigators on this topic, and advise you that you should use a different
agent to mark the product that must go to disposal than you use to
decharacterize product that will be further processed into animal feed so these
products may be easily differentiated and not inadvertently confused or
commingled.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
You should notify this office in writing of the steps you have taken to
bring your firm into compliance with the law within fifteen (15) working days of
receiving this letter. Your response should include each step that has been
taken or will be taken to correct the violations and prevent their recurrence.
If corrective action cannot be completed within fifteen (15) working days, state
the reason for the delay and the timeframe within which the corrections will be
completed. Please include copies of any available documentation demonstrating
that corrections have been made.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Your written response should be sent to: William H. Sherer, Compliance
Officer, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, P.O. Box 25087 (6th Ave. and Kipling
St., DFC, Bldg 20), Denver, CO 80225-0087. If you have any questions about this
letter, please contact Mr. Sherer at (303) 236-3051, or by email at
william.sherer@fda.hhs.gov. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sincerely,</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
/S/ LaTonya M. Mitchell Denver District Director</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
cc: Ms. Rebecca A. Jones Manager Weld County Bi-Products 13553 County Road
19 Fort Morgan, CO 80701</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Ronald C. Nelson, D.V.M. Denver District Manager USDA/FSIS PO Box 25387
DFC, Bldg 45 Denver, CO 80225 - </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2012/ucm335033.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2012/ucm335033.htm</a>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I would sure like to see the full reports of just these ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
4018 CHI-DO 3007091297 Rancho Cantera 2866 N Sunnyside Rd Kent IL
61044-9605 OPR FR, OF HP 11/26/2012 OAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9367 3008575486 Rocky Ford Pet Foods 21693 Highway 50 East Rocky Ford CO
81067 OPR RE, TH HP 2/27/2013 OAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9446 DEN-DO 1713202 Weld County Bi Products, Inc. 1138 N 11th Ave Greeley
CO 80631-9501 OPR RE, TH HP 10/12/2012 OAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9447 DEN-DO 3002857110 Weld County Bi-Products dba Fort Morgan Pet Foods
13553 County Road 19 Fort Morgan CO 80701-7506 OPR RE HP 12/7/2011 OAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, June 6, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE TSE PRION USDA FDA MAD COW FEED COMPLIANCE REPORT and NAI, OAI, and VAI
ratings as at June 5, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2013/06/bse-tse-prion-usda-fda-mad-cow-feed.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2013/06/bse-tse-prion-usda-fda-mad-cow-feed.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, March 8, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Dogs may have been used to make Petfood and animal feed </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, March 26, 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CANINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY: A NEW FORM OF ANIMAL PRION DISEASE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
From: LUISA DE RISIO </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sent: Wednesday, April 25, 2012 3:27 AM</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: RE: Slowly progressive lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalomyelitis
in 21 adult cats presenting with peculiar neurological signs</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thanks Terry, I have forwarded your very interesting email to the
neuropathologist who looked at these cats’ brains. I will let you know if he
discovers anything interesting or if he wants to get in touch with you.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Best regards,</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Luisa </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
-- Luisa De Risio </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DMV, MRCVS, PhD, DECVN, European and RCVS recognised specialist in
veterinary neurology</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Head of Neurology/ Neurosurgery Unit</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU
Switchboard: 01638 552700 Reg Charity No 209642 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sent: Monday, April 23, 2012 3:18 PM </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To: BSE-L BSE-L Cc: CJDVOICE CJDVOICE ; bloodcjd bloodcjd </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: Slowly progressive lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalomyelitis in
21 adult cats presenting with peculiar neurological signs </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Slowly progressive lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalomyelitis in 21 adult
cats presenting with peculiar neurological signs </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Luisa De Risio1, Richard Brown2, Bryn Tennant3, Andy Sparkes4, Lara
Matiasek1,5, Alberta de Stefani1, Herbert Weissenböck6 and Kaspar Matiasek1,7
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Abstract </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Twenty-one cats presented with a history of slowly progressive neurological
signs characterised by a stiff extended tail, behavioural changes, and spastic
and ataxic gait. All cats had outdoor access and lived in the same geographical
rural area in north-east Scotland. Histological findings were consistent with
lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalomyelitis. Immunohistochemistry ruled out 15
pathogens and showed a significant expression of the interferon-inducible Mx
protein, suggesting an as yet unidentified infective or environmental
immunogenic trigger as the possible causative agent. The late age at onset (mean
9 years), the very slow progression of clinical signs (mean 11 months) and the
peculiar clinical presentation (particularly the posture of the tail) have not
been reported previously in cats with lymphohistiocytic
meningoencephalomyelitis. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://jfm.sagepub.com/content/14/4/250.full.pdf+html">http://jfm.sagepub.com/content/14/4/250.full.pdf+html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
could this be a Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion mad cow
type disease in cats, aka Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy or typical or
atypical form ??? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sent: Friday, April 20, 2012 8:11 PM</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To: xxxxxx</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: Slowly progressive lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalomyelitis in
21 adult cats presenting with peculiar neurological signs </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Hello Dr. Luisa De Risio et al, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
A kind and warm greetings from Bacliff, Texas.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I read this study with great interest. If you don’t mind, I have several
questions please. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
How was Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy FSE TSE prion disease ruled out
???</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Were any testing done for the FSE TSE prion disease of either the typical
or the atypical strains ??? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thank You,</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
kind regards, terry </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
========================================== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
From: LUISA DE RISIO </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sent: Monday, April 23, 2012 3:39 AM</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: RE: Slowly progressive lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalomyelitis
in 21 adult cats presenting with peculiar neurological signs</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Hi Terry, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
None of these cats’ brains had any of the histological features of FSE.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
regards, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Luisa </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
-- </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Luisa De Risio </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DMV, MRCVS, PhD, DECVN, European and RCVS recognised specialist in
veterinary neurology</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Head of Neurology/ Neurosurgery Unit</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU
Switchboard: 01638 552700 Reg Charity No 209642 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
=================END...TSS...2012================== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
> histological features of FSE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
this concerns me. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WHAT about sub-clinical TSE prion disease, with no lesions ? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
“Histological and biochemical analysis of the brain from this animal failed
to show any lesions typical of TSE or PrPsc” </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Rabbits are not resistant to prion infection </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SNIP... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Edited by Reed B. Wickner, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
and approved February 16, 2012 (received for review December 6, 2011) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Abstract </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The ability of prions to infect some species and not others is determined
by the transmission barrier. This unexplained phenomenon has led to the belief
that certain species were not susceptible to transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies (TSEs) and therefore represented negligible risk to human
health if consumed. Using the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA)
technique, we were able to overcome the species barrier in rabbits, which have
been classified as TSE resistant for four decades. Rabbit brain homogenate,
either unseeded or seeded in vitro with disease-related prions obtained from
different species, was subjected to serial rounds of PMCA. De novo rabbit prions
produced in vitro from unseeded material were tested for infectivity in rabbits,
with one of three intracerebrally challenged animals succumbing to disease at
766 d and displaying all of the characteristics of a TSE, thereby demonstrating
that leporids are not resistant to prion infection. Material from the brain of
the clinically affected rabbit containing abnormal prion protein resulted in a
100% attack rate after its inoculation in transgenic mice overexpressing rabbit
PrP. Transmissibility to rabbits (>470 d) has been confirmed in 2 of 10
rabbits after intracerebral challenge. Despite rabbits no longer being able to
be classified as resistant to TSEs, an outbreak of “mad rabbit disease” is
unlikely. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/03/12/1120076109.abstract">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/03/12/1120076109.abstract</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
“None of the carcasses revealed gross lesions” </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Experimental inoculation of raccoons (Procyon lotor) with Spiroplasma mirum
and transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME)</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Amir N. Hamir, Justin J. Greenlee, Thad B. Stanton, Jodi D. Smith,
Stephanie Doucette, Robert A. Kunkle, Judith A. Stasko, Juergen A. Richt, Marcus
E. Kehrli, Jr.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Ab s t r a c t</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Article</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
18 The Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 2011;75:18–24 Experimental
inoculation of raccoons (Procyon lotor) with Spiroplasma mirum and transmissible
mink encephalopathy (TME) Amir N. Hamir, Justin J. Greenlee, Thad B. Stanton,
Jodi D. Smith, Stephanie Doucette, Robert A. Kunkle, Judith A. Stasko, Juergen
A. Richt, Marcus E. Kehrli, Jr.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Ab s t r a c t</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The primary objective of this study was to determine whether or not
Spiroplasma mirum would be capable of producing lesions of transmissible
spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) when inoculated in raccoons (Procyon lotor) and,
if that was possible, to compare the clinicopathological findings with those of
transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in the same experimental model. For this
purpose, 5 groups (n 5 5) of raccoon kits were inoculated intracerebrally with
either S. mirum and/or TME. Two other groups (n 5 5) of raccoon kits served as
sham-inoculated controls. All animals inoculated with TME, either alone or in
combination, showed clinical signs of neurologic disorder and were euthanized
within 6 mo post-inoculation (MPI). None of the carcasses revealed gross
lesions. Spongiform encephalopathy was observed by light microscopy and the
presence of abnormal disease-causing prion protein (PrPd) was detected by
immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB) techniques in only the raccoons
administered TME. ... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/49259/1/IND44484306.pdf">http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/49259/1/IND44484306.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Experimental Second Passage of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWDmule deer) Agent
to Cattle </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Microscopical examination of HE-stained sections of brain and spinal cord
(cervical, thoracic and lumbar) failed to reveal lesions of spongiform
encephalopathy in any of the experimental animals. A few isolated neurons with
single, clear vacuoles of variable size were seen in the red nucleus of four
inoculated animals (593, 595, 590 and 589). Also, the central canal in the
caudal medulla of animal 593 showed a focal area of protrusion of neuropil with
some glial cell infiltrations into the canal (Fig. 1). Neither increased gliosis
nor degenerate neurons were seen in central nervous system (CNS) tissues.
Significant lesions, apart from a few sarcocysts in striated muscles, were not
observed in any of the animals. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/34009/1/IND43787291.pdf">http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/34009/1/IND43787291.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
b) Diagnostic examination </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
i) Histological examination </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Histopathology is no longer the diagnostic method of choice for
investigation of suspect animals, or screening of healthy populations. However,
an awareness of the histopathological changes is important, to facilitate
detection of cases when conducting routine diagnostic histological examinations
of cattle brains. For differential diagnosis, sections of medulla–obex are cut
at 5 μm thickness and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). If tissue
quality permits, the histopathological examination of H&E sections allows
confirmation of the characteristic neuropathological changes of BSE (30, 36) by
which the disease was first detected as a spongiform encephalopathy. These
changes comprise mainly spongiform change and neuronal vacuolation and are
closely similar to those of all other animal TSEs, but in BSE the high frequency
of occurrence of neuroparenchymal vacuolation in certain anatomic nuclei of the
medulla oblongata at the level of the obex, provides a satisfactory means of
establishing a histopathological diagnosis on a single section of the medulla
(34) in clinical suspect cases. As in other species, vacuolar changes in the
brains of cattle, particularly vacuoles within neuronal perikarya of the red and
oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain are an incidental finding (18). The
histopathological diagnosis of BSE must therefore not rely on the presence of
vacuolated neurons alone, particularly in these anatomical locations. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The diagnosis may be confirmed if completely typical morphological changes
are present in the medulla at the level of the obex, but, irrespective of the
histopathological diagnosis, immunohistochemistry is now routinely employed in
addition, as unpublished evidence suggests that as many as 5% of clinical
suspects (which are negative on H&E section examination for vacuolar changes
at the obex) can be diagnosed by IHC examination. Clearly, this protocol,
confined to examination of the medulla–obex, does not allow a full
neuropathological examination for differential diagnoses to be established, nor
does it allow a comprehensive phenotypic characterisation of any TSE. It is for
this reason that it is recommended that whole brains are removed from all
clinical suspects. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
OIE Terrestrial Manual 2008 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/2.04.06_BSE.pdf">http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/2.04.06_BSE.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2012</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Confirmation of a clinical diagnosis of BSE in cattle is based on
recognition of distinctive histopathological changes in the CNS, with
confirmation by immunohistochemistry on the fixed tissues, by immunochemistry
(western blot, ELISA) on unfixed CNS tissue, or by detection of SAFs. There are
no serological assays for BSE, as no specific immune response is recognised as
part of the disease process. Table 1.1 shows the tests for BSE that are
currently used for diagnosis in Australia </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/BSE3.2-14-FINAL7Mar12.pdf">http://www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/BSE3.2-14-FINAL7Mar12.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PET FOODS MAD CATS AND MAD DOGS BSE/TSEs </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
worse still, there is serious risk the media could get to hear of such a
meeting... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Crushed heads (which inevitably involve brain and spinal cord material) are
used to a limited extent but will also form one of the constituent raw materials
of meat and bone meal, which is used extensively in pet food manufacturer...
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070221050912/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/03/17004001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20070221050912/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/03/17004001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2. The Parliamentary Secretary said that he was concerned about the
possibility that countries in which BSE had not yet been detected could be
exporting raw meat materials (in particular crushed heads) contaminated with the
disease to the UK for use in petfood manufacture... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
YOU explained that imported crushed heads were extensively used in the
petfood industry... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/04/14001001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/04/14001001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In particular I do not believe one can say that the levels of the scrapie
agent in pet food are so low that domestic animals are not exposed... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040301231838/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/04/24003001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20040301231838/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/04/24003001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042732/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/04/25001001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042732/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/04/25001001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
some 100+ _documented_ TSE cats of all types later...tss </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
on occassions, materials obtained from slaughterhouses will be derived from
sheep affected with scrapie or cattle that may be incubating BSE for use in
petfood manufacture... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042739/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/03007001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042739/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/03007001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Meldrum's notes on pet foods and materials used </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042745/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16001001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042745/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16001001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** BSE & Pedigree Petfoods *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042725/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16002001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20060303042725/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16002001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FELINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY FSE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/2009_04_01_archive.html">http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/2009_04_01_archive.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/">http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2008/05/fecal-transmission-of-aa-amyloidosis-in.html">http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2008/05/fecal-transmission-of-aa-amyloidosis-in.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TSE & HOUNDS</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
GAH WELLS (very important statement here...TSS)</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
HOUND STUDY</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
AS implied in the Inset 25 we must not _ASSUME_ that transmission of BSE to
other species will invariably present pathology typical of a scrapie-like
disease.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305222642/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/01/04004001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305222642/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/01/04004001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
76 pages on hound study; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030327022236/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac16/tab04.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030327022236/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac16/tab04.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The spongiform changes were not pathognomonic (ie. conclusive proof) for
prion disease, as they were atypical, being largely present in white matter
rather than grey matter in the brain and spinal cord. However, Tony Scott, then
head of electron microscopy work on TSEs, had no doubt that these SAFs were
genuine and that these hounds therefore must have had a scrapie-like disease. I
reviewed all the sections myself (original notes appended) and although the
pathology was not typical, I could not exclude the possibility that this was a
scrapie-like disorder, as white matter vacuolation is seen in TSEs and Wallerian
degeneration was also present in the white matter of the hounds, another feature
of scrapie.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
38.I reviewed the literature on hound neuropathology, and discovered that
micrographs and descriptive neuropathology from papers on 'hound ataxia'
mirrored those in material from Robert Higgins' hound survey. Dr Tony Palmer
(Cambridge) had done much of this work, and I obtained original sections from
hound ataxia cases from him. This enabled me provisionally to conclude that
Robert Higgins had in all probability detected hound ataxia, but also that hound
ataxia itself was possibly a TSE. Gerald Wells confirmed in 'blind' examination
of single restricted microscopic fields that there was no distinction between
the white matter vacuolation present in BSE and scrapie cases, and that
occurring in hound ataxia and the hound survey cases.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
39.Hound ataxia had reportedly been occurring since the 1930's, and a known
risk factor for its development was the feeding to hounds of downer cows, and
particularly bovine offal. Circumstantial evidence suggests that bovine offal
may also be causal in FSE, and TME in mink. Despite the inconclusive nature of
the neuropathology, it was clearly evident that this putative canine spongiform
encephalopathy merited further investigation.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
40.The inconclusive results in hounds were never confirmed, nor was the
link with hound ataxia pursued. I telephoned Robert Higgins six years after he
first sent the slides to CVL. I was informed that despite his submitting a
yearly report to the CVO including the suggestion that the hound work be
continued, no further work had been done since 1991. This was surprising, to say
the very least.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
41.The hound work could have provided valuable evidence that a scrapie-like
agent may have been present in cattle offal long before the BSE epidemic was
recognised. The MAFF hound survey remains unpublished.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Histopathological support to various other published MAFF experiments
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
42.These included neuropathological examination of material from
experiments studying the attempted transmission of BSE to chickens and pigs (CVL
1991) and to mice (RVC 1994).</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/witness/htm/stat067.htm">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/witness/htm/stat067.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
It was thought likely that at least some, and probably all, of the cases in
zoo animals were caused by the BSE agent. Strong support for this hypothesis
came from the findings of Bruce and others (1994) ( Bruce, M.E., Chree, A.,
McConnell, I., Foster, J., Pearson, G. & Fraser, H. (1994) Transmission of
bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie to mice: strain variation and
species barrier. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 343, 405-411:
J/PTRSL/343/405 ), who demonstrated that the pattern of variation in incubation
period and lesion profile in six strains of mice inoculated with brain
homogenates from an affected kudu and the nyala, was similar to that seen when
this panel of mouse strains was inoculated with brain from cattle with BSE. The
affected zoo bovids were all from herds that were exposed to feeds that were
likely to have contained contaminated ruminant-derived protein and the zoo
felids had been exposed, if only occasionally in some cases, to tissues from
cattle unfit for human consumption. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2005</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DEFRA Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Area 307, London, SW1P 4PQ Telephone: 0207 904 6000 Direct line: 0207 904
6287 E-mail: h.mcdonagh.defra.gsi.gov.uk</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
GTN: FAX:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Mr T S Singeltary P.O. Box 42 Bacliff Texas USA 77518</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
21 November 2001</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Dear Mr Singeltary</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TSE IN HOUNDS</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thank you for e-mail regarding the hounds survey. I am sorry for the long
delay in responding.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
As you note, the hound survey remains unpublished. However the Spongiform
Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC), the UK Government's independent
Advisory Committee on all aspects related to BSE-like disease, gave the hound
study detailed consideration at their meeting in January 1994. As a summary of
this meeting published in the BSE inquiry noted, the Committee were clearly
concerned about the work that had been carried out, concluding that there had
clearly been problems with it, particularly the control on the histology, and
that it was more or less inconclusive. However was agreed that there should be a
re-evaluation of the pathological material in the study.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Later, at their meeting in June 95, The Committee re-evaluated the hound
study to see if any useful results could be gained from it. The Chairman
concluded that there were varying opinions within the Committee on further work.
It did not suggest any further transmission studies and thought that the lack of
clinical data was a major weakness.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Overall, it is clear that SEAC had major concerns about the survey as
conducted. As a result it is likely that the authors felt that it would not
stand up to r~eer review and hence it was never published. As noted above, and
in the detailed minutes of the SEAC meeting in June 95, SEAC considered whether
additional work should be performed to examine dogs for evidence of TSE
infection. Although the Committee had mixed views about the merits of conducting
further work, the Chairman noted that when the Southwood Committee made their
recommendation to complete an assessment of possible spongiform disease in dogs,
no TSEs had been identified in other species and hence dogs were perceived as a
high risk population and worthy of study. However subsequent to the original
recommendation, made in 1990, a number of other species had been identified with
TSE ( e.g. cats) so a study in hounds was less</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
critical. For more details see- <a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
As this study remains unpublished, my understanding is that the ownership
of the data essentially remains with the original researchers. Thus
unfortunately, I am unable to help with your request to supply information on
the hound survey directly. My only suggestion is that you contact one of the
researchers originally involved in the project, such as Gerald Wells. He can be
contacted at the following address.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Dr Gerald Wells, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone,
Surrey, KT 15 3NB, UK</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
You may also wish to be aware that since November 1994 all suspected cases
of spongiform encephalopathy in animals and poultry were made notifiable. Hence
since that date there has been a requirement for vets to report any suspect SE
in dogs for further investigation. To date there has never been positive
identification of a TSE in a dog.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I hope this is helpful</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Yours sincerely 4</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
HUGH MCDONAGH BSE CORRESPONDENCE SECTION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
====================================== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
HOUND SURVEY</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I am sorry, but I really could have been a co-signatory of Gerald's
minute.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I do NOT think that we can justify devoting any resources to this study,
especially as larger and more important projects such as the pathogenesis study
will be quite demanding.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
If there is a POLITICAL need to continue with the examination of hound
brains then it should be passed entirely to the VI Service. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
J W WILESMITH Epidemiology Unit 18 October 1991</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Mr. R Bradley</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
cc: Mr. G A H Wells </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081106102318/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/10/18001001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081106102318/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/10/18001001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
3.3. Mr R J Higgins in conjunction with Mr G A Wells and Mr A C Scott
would by the end of the year, indentify the three brains that were from the
''POSITIVE'' end of the lesion spectrum. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103034308/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/06001001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103034308/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/06001001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, March 26, 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CANINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY: A NEW FORM OF ANIMAL PRION DISEASE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
OR-09 15:10 - 15:25 CANINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY: A NEW FORM OF ANIMAL
PRION DISEASE David </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.prion2012.com/program/final-program">http://www.prion2012.com/program/final-program</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Rangen Inc 2/11/10 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Food and
Drug Administration </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Seattle District Pacific Region 22201 23rd Drive SE Bothell, WA 98021-4421
Telephone: 425-486-8788 FAX: 425-483-4996 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
February 11, 2010</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CERTIFIED MAIL</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In reply refer to Warning Letter SEA 10-11</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Christopher T. Rangen, President Rangen, Inc. 115-13th Avenue South PO Box
706 Buhl, Idaho 83316</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WARNING LETTER</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Dear Mr. Rangen: On June 9-11, 2009, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) investigators inspected your animal feed manufacturing facilities located
at 115-13th Avenue South, Buhl, Idaho. The inspection revealed significant
deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, Code of Federal
Regulations, Section 589.2000 (21 C.F.R. 589.2000), Animal Proteins Prohibited
in Ruminant Feed. This regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and
amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). You failed to follow
the requirements of this regulation, resulting in products being manufactured
and distributed by your facility that were adulterated within the meaning of
section 402(a)(4) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act), 21
U.S.C. § 342(a)(4), and misbranded within the meaning of section 403(a)(1) of
the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 343(a)(1). Our investigation determined that adulteration
resulted from the failure of your firm to provide for measures to avoid
commingling or cross-contamination. The adulterated feed was subsequently
misbranded because it was not properly labeled. Specifically, we found:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1. Your firm failed to provide for and use cleanout procedures or other
means adequate to prevent carry-over of products that contain or may contain
proteins derived from mammalian tissues into animal feed that may be used for
ruminants, as required by 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1)(iii)(B). Since your feed is
prepared, packed, or held under these conditions it is, therefore, adulterated
under section 402(a)(4) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 342(a)(4).</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
• Mink feed that was not labeled "Do not feed to cattle or other
ruminants," in accordance with 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1)(i) and that, therefore,
might be fed to ruminants, was produced using the same equipment as aquaculture
feed that contains proteins derived from mammalian tissues, such as meat and
bone meal. You conducted no clean-outs or flushes of equipment to remove
proteins derived from mammalian tissues that may have been present before
manufacturing the mink feed that might be fed to ruminants.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
• The auger trucks you used to deliver bulk mink feed which contained or
may have contained proteins derived from mammalian tissues were not subject to
an effective clean-out prior to their use to deliver bulk animal feed, including
ruminant feed, that did not contain such materials. There were no procedures to
clean the trucks to remove proteins derived from mammalian tissues before
shipment of animal feeds that did not contain such materials.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2. You failed to label all products which contained or may have contained
proteins derived from mammalian tissues with the statement, "Do not feed to
cattle or other ruminants," as required by 21 C.F.R. 589.2000(e)(1)(i). Such
products are misbranded under Section 403(a)(1) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. §
343(a)(1). The misbranded product includes bulk mink feed.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
• On June 9, 2009, the investigators observed approximately (b)(4) pallets
of (b)(4) 50 pound bags of (b)(4) MINK FEED, lot 06/05/09. All bagged mink feed,
as well as approximately (b)(4)% of bulk mink feed, manufactured at your
facility, was produced using the aquaculture feed production equipment used to
produce feed containing proteins derived from mammalian tissues. Because mink
feed produced using this equipment may have contained mammalian tissues, it was
not properly labeled, as required by 21 C.F.R. 589.2000(e)(1)(i).</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
This letter is not intended to serve as an all-inclusive list of violations
at your facility. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use,
you are responsible for ensuring your overall operation and the products you
manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. You should take
prompt action to correct the above violations and you should establish a system
whereby violations do not occur. Failure to promptly correct these violations
may result in regulatory action, such seizure and/or injunction, without further
notice.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
We acknowledge your July 31, 2009 letter detailing procedures you had
implemented or planned to implement to prevent future violations of FDA
regulations relating to mammalian proteins in animal feed. In particular the
letter stated that Rangen would no longer purchase meat and bone meal for use in
any of its animal feeds and that existing inventories of mammalian protein
ingredients would be exhausted by December 31, 2009. Division Manager, Joy
Kinyon made similar assertions in the course of FDA's June 2009 inspection. The
July 31, 2009 letter further set out procedures Rangen would use to remedy
observed violations of FDA regulations while mammalian proteins were still being
used at Rangen. Finally you explained steps taken to recover or relabel feed
that may have been contaminated due to commingling resulting from your
manufacturing and distribution procedures. Within fifteen (15) working days of
receiving this letter you should, in writing, confirm the steps you took prior
to receiving this letter and notify FDA of steps you have taken since receiving
this letter to bring your firm into compliance with the law. Your response
should include each step that has been taken or will be taken to correct the
violations and prevent their recurrence. If corrective action cannot be
completed within fifteen (15) working days, state the reason for the delay and
the time frame within which the corrections will be completed. Please include
copies of any available documentation demonstrating that corrections have been
made.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Your written reply should be directed to Scott A. Nabe, Compliance Officer,
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 22201 23rd Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
98021-4421. If you have any questions about this letter, please contact Mr. Nabe
at (425) 483-4753.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sincerely,</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
/s/</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Charles M. Breen District Director Seattle District </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
cc: Joy A. Kinyon, Division Manager, Aquaculture Feeds-General Feeds
Rangen, Inc. PO Box 706 115-13th Avenue South Buhl, Idaho 83316 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2010/ucm201893.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2010/ucm201893.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Rangen, Inc, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN
COMMERCE USA 2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
___________________________________ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried,
Recall # V-024-2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Firm initiated recall is ongoing. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-
contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been
manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE
statement. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
42,090 lbs. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WI </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
___________________________________ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot-
Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M
CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B
DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal,
JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT
Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral,
BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC
LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall #
V-025-2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with
commodity and weights identified. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm
initiated recall is complete. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross
contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear
cautionary BSE statement. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9,997,976 lbs. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
ID and NV </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, March 19, 2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH
ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, September 4, 2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals
may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
and all this was confirmed here ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
C O N F I R M E D </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
----- Original Message ----- </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sent: Thursday, November 05, 2009 9:25 PM </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: [BSE-L] re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with
prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, November 12, 2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE FEED RECALL Misbranding of product by partial label removal to hide
original source of materials 2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, March 2, 2010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed/Adulterated/Misbranded Rangen
Inc 2/11/10 USA </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html</a>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, March 1, 2010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
ANIMAL PROTEIN I.E. MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE A REVIEW 2010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, April 5, 2010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE April 5,
2010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-on-feed-enforcement-activities.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-on-feed-enforcement-activities.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, July 23, 2011 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS, BEEF TONGUES, SPINAL CORD, SPECIFIED RISK
MATERIALS (SRM's) AND PRIONS, AKA MAD COW DISEASE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, November 6, 2010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TAFS1 Position Paper on Position Paper on Relaxation of the Feed Ban in
the EU Berne, 2010 TAFS</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
INTERNATIONAL FORUM FOR TRANSMISSIBLE ANIMAL DISEASES AND FOOD SAFETY a
non-profit Swiss Foundation </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/11/tafs1-position-paper-on-position-paper.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/11/tafs1-position-paper-on-position-paper.html</a>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Archive Number 20101206.4364 Published Date 06-DEC-2010 Subject
PRO/AH/EDR> Prion disease update 2010 (11) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRION DISEASE UPDATE 2010 (11) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20101206.4364">http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20101206.4364</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
the new BSE TSE PRION MAD COW risk category the OIE gave the USA, puts
everyone around the globe at more risk of a tse prion mad cow type disease now.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
in my opinion, this new risk category was bought and paid for by your
local cattle dealer, via fraud. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
IT is of my opinion, that the OIE and the USDA et al, are the soul reason,
and responsible parties, for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion
diseases, including typical and atypical BSE, typical and atypical Scrapie, and
all strains of CWD, and human TSE there from, spreading around the globe. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I have lost all confidence of this organization as a regulatory authority
on animal disease, and consider it nothing more than a National Trading
Brokerage for all strains of animal TSE, just to satisfy there commodity. AS i
said before, OIE should hang up there jock strap now, since it appears they will
buckle every time a country makes some political hay about trade protocol,
commodities and futures. IF they are not going to be science based, they should
do everyone a favor and dissolve there organization. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
JUST because of low documented human body count with nvCJD and the long
incubation periods, the lack of sound science being replaced by political and
corporate science in relations with the fact that science has now linked some
sporadic CJD with atypical BSE and atypical scrapie, and the very real threat of
CWD being zoonosis, I believed the O.I.E. has failed terribly and again, I call
for this organization to be dissolved. ... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
IN A NUT SHELL ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate
declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The
OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status
based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other
significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central Bureau, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, May 30, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has upgraded the United States'
risk classification for mad cow disease to "negligible" from "controlled", and
risk further exposing the globe to the TSE prion mad cow type disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
U.S. gets top mad-cow rating from international group and risk further
exposing the globe to the TSE prion mad cow type disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/world-organization-for-animal-health.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/world-organization-for-animal-health.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/05/statement-from-agriculture-secretary.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/05/statement-from-agriculture-secretary.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, June 4, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
INTERPRETING RESULTS OF FSIS VERIFICATION SAMPLING OF DOMESTIC BEEF PRODUCT
DERIVED FROM ADVANCED MEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS (AMR01/FAMR01) FSIS Notice
38-12</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/06/interpreting-results-of-fsis.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/06/interpreting-results-of-fsis.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, February 14, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The Many Faces of Mad Cow Disease Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE and
TSE prion disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-many-faces-of-mad-cow-disease.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-many-faces-of-mad-cow-disease.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, June 3, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Unsuccessful oral transmission of scrapie from British sheep to cattle
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/06/unsuccessful-oral-transmission-of.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/06/unsuccessful-oral-transmission-of.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
who is testing canine, feline, mink, for TSE in the USA ??? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
just kidding, we all know that no one is testing for the TSE prion in the
feline, canine, or mink in the USA, there is no testing or surveillance efforts.
kind of like the SSS policy of the USDA inc. with cattle, i.e. don’t look, don’t
find, problem solved $$$ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I can assure you, the problem is not solved. ... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, March 05, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
A closer look at prion strains Characterization and important implications
Prion </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
7:2, 99–108; March/April 2013; © 2013 Landes Bioscience </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/a-closer-look-at-prion-strains.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/a-closer-look-at-prion-strains.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, April 15, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Dr. Stephen B. Thacker Director Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention′s Office of Science, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services (OSELS)
dies from Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/04/dr-stephen-b-thacker-director-centers.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/04/dr-stephen-b-thacker-director-centers.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sunday, February 10, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) biannual update (February 2013) Infection
report/CJD </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/02/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-biannual.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/02/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-biannual.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, May 28, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Late-in-life surgery associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a
methodological outline for evidence-based guidance </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/05/late-in-life-surgery-associated-with.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/05/late-in-life-surgery-associated-with.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TSS </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-76577522248227668562013-06-06T09:22:00.001-07:002013-06-06T14:49:17.968-07:00BSE TSE PRION USDA FDA MAD COW FEED COMPLIANCE REPORT and NAI, OAI, and VAI ratings as at June 5, 2013<div>
BSE TSE PRION USDA FDA MAD COW FEED COMPLIANCE REPORT and NAI, OAI, and VAI
ratings as at June 5, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Greetings, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
since our fine federal friends have decided not to give out any more
reports on the USA breaches of the feed ban and surveillance etc. for the BSE
TSE prion mad cow type disease in the USDA livestock, I thought I might attempt
it. I swear, I just don’t understand the logic of the SSS policy, and that
includes all of it. I assure you, it would be much easier, and probably better
for the FDA and the USDA INC., if they would simply put some kind of report out
for Pete’s sake, instead of me doing it after I get mad, because I am going to
put it all out there. the truth. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PLEASE BE ADVISED, any breach of any of the above classifications OAI, VAI,
RTS, CAN lead to breaches into the feed BSE TSE prion protocols, and CAN lead to
the eventual suspect tainted feed reaching livestock. please, if any USDA
official out there disputes this, please explain then how they could not.
paperwork errors can eventually lead to breaches of the BSE TSE prion mad cow
feed ban reaching livestock, or contamination and exposure there from, as well.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I would sure like to see the full reports of just these ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
4018 CHI-DO 3007091297 Rancho Cantera 2866 N Sunnyside Rd Kent IL
61044-9605 OPR FR, OF HP 11/26/2012 OAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9367 3008575486 Rocky Ford Pet Foods 21693 Highway 50 East Rocky Ford CO
81067 OPR RE, TH HP 2/27/2013 OAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9446 DEN-DO 1713202 Weld County Bi Products, Inc. 1138 N 11th Ave Greeley
CO 80631-9501 OPR RE, TH HP 10/12/2012 OAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9447 DEN-DO 3002857110 Weld County Bi-Products dba Fort Morgan Pet Foods
13553 County Road 19 Fort Morgan CO 80701-7506 OPR RE HP 12/7/2011 OAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
see full list of the fda mad cow bse feed follies, toward the bottom, after
a short brief update on the mad cow bse follies, and our good friend Lester
Crawford that was at the FDA. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
ALSO, I would kindly like to comment on this FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed
Inspections Firms Inventory (excel format)4 format, for reporting these breaches
of BSE TSE prion protocols, from the extensive mad cow feed ban warning letters
the fda use to put out for each violations. simply put, this excel format sucks,
and the FDA et al intentionally made it this difficult to follow the usda fda
mad cow follies. this is an intentional format to make it as difficult as
possible to follow these breaches of the mad cow TSE prion safety feed
protocols. to have absolutely no chronological or numerical order, and to format
such violations in a way that they are almost impossible to find, says a lot
about just how far the FDA and our fine federal friends will go through to hide
these continued violations of the BSE TSE prion mad cow feed ban, and any
breaches of protocols there from. once again, the wolf guarding the henhouse $$$
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
NAI = NO ACTION INDICATED</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
OAI = OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VAI = VOLUNTARY ACTION INDICATED</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RTS = REFERRED TO STATE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Inspections conducted by State and FDA investigators are classified to
reflect the compliance status at the time of the inspection, based upon whether
objectionable conditions were documented. Based on the conditions found,
inspection results are recorded in one of three classifications: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
OAI (Official Action Indicated) when inspectors find significant
objectionable conditions or practices and believe that regulatory sanctions are
warranted to address the establishment’s lack of compliance with the regulation.
An example of an OAI classification would be findings of manufacturing
procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with
prohibited material. Inspectors will promptly re-inspect facilities classified
OAI after regulatory sanctions have been applied to determine whether the
corrective actions are adequate to address the objectionable conditions. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VAI (Voluntary Action Indicated) when inspectors find objectionable
conditions or practices that do not meet the threshold of regulatory
significance, but warrant an advisory to inform the establishment that
inspectors found conditions or practices that should be voluntarily corrected.
VAI violations are typically technical violations of the 1997 BSE Feed Rule.
These violations include minor recordkeeping lapses or conditions involving
non-ruminant feeds. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
NAI (No Action Indicated) when inspectors find no objectionable conditions
or practices or, if they find objectionable conditions, those conditions are of
a minor nature and do not justify further actions. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm093810.htm">http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm093810.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
when sound science was bought off by junk science, in regards to the BSE
TSE prion mad cow type disease, by the USDA, CFIA, WHO, OIE, et al. $$$ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
when the infamous, and fraudulently USDA, FSIS, APHIS, FDA, gold card was
taken away that infamous day in December of 2003, all cards were off the table,
it was time to change the science, and change they did. ...tss </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Frame/FrameRedirect.asp?main=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/04-021ANPR.htm">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Frame/FrameRedirect.asp?main=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/04-021ANPR.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.kuratrading.com/madcow1/WSJ.com%20-%20US%20Using%20Quarantine,%20Detective%20Work%20To%20Track%20BSE.pdf">http://www.kuratrading.com/madcow1/WSJ.com%20-%20US%20Using%20Quarantine,%20Detective%20Work%20To%20Track%20BSE.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
about those triple BSE TSE PRION MAD COW FIREWALLS ??? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
On January 6, 2004, over 2 weeks from recall initiation, USDA determined
that the beef went to only six states—Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada,
Idaho, and Montana—and that no beef went to Alaska, Hawaii, or Guam. To reach
that conclusion, USDA used the distribution lists, shipping records, and sales
invoices that it received from companies to piece together exactly where the
recalled beef may have been sent. The lists showed that 713 customers may have
received the recalled beef; 6 of those may have received beef from more than one
source. USDA determined that 176 customers on the lists did not actually receive
recalled beef, including the customers in Guam and Hawaii. USDA’s review also
indicated that recalled beef was probably not shipped to Alaska or Utah, and
USDA checked 2 retailers in Alaska and 3 retailers in Utah to confirm that was
the case. In total, USDA conducted verification checks on 537 of the 713
customers on the lists. USDA’s initial checks identified an additional 45
customers that may have received the recalled beef that were not included on the
distribution lists, for a total of 582 verification checks. Figure 4 summarizes
USDA’s verification efforts during the recall.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SNIP...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
USDA’s press release stated that the recall involved 10,410 pounds of beef
products, and the USDA recall coordinator for this recall told us that
downstream processors mixed the recalled beef with nonrecalled beef, for a total
of more than 38,000 pounds of beef that was distributed at the secondary
customer level. According to USDA officials involved with the recall, the
precise amount of meat that was sold at the retail level is unknown because
retailers at the tertiary level further mixed nonrecalled meat with potentially
contaminated meat. USDA told us that more than 64,000 pounds of beef was
ultimately returned or destroyed by customers, and that, because of the mixing,
it was not able to determine how much of the original 10,410 pounds of recalled
beef was contained in the 64,000 pounds that were recovered.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Parts of the BSE-infected animal slaughtered on December 9, 2003, were not
used for food, but they were sent to renderers to be separated into raw
materials, such as proteins and blood. Rendered materials are used for many
purposes, including cosmetics and vaccines. FDA has jurisdiction over
renderers.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SNIP...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
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<a href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0551.pdf">http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0551.pdf</a>
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QFC sued over mad cow case</div>
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Grocer negligently exposed them to beef, family claims</div>
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Friday, March 5, 2004 </div>
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SNIP...please see full text and more here ; </div>
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Sunday, November 13, 2011 </div>
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California BSE mad cow beef recall, QFC, CJD, and dead stock downer
livestock </div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html</a>
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January 27, 2004 </div>
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Statement of</div>
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Lester M. Crawford, D.V.M., Ph.D. Deputy Commissioner of Food and Drugs
Department of Health and Human ServicesS</div>
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before</div>
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the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry</div>
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January 27, 2004</div>
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INTRODUCTION</div>
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Mr. Chairman, Members of the Committee, thank you for the opportunity to
participate in today’s hearing on measures taken by the Federal government to
safeguard human and animal health in the United States from Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy (BSE) and the response to the finding of a BSE-positive cow in
the State of Washington. I am Dr. Lester M. Crawford, Deputy Commissioner, Food
and Drug Administration (FDA or the Agency).</div>
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The mission of FDA is to protect the public health by assuring the safety
and efficacy of our nation’s human and veterinary drugs, human biological
products, medical devices, human and animal food supply, cosmetics, and
radiation emitting products. In fulfilling this mission, FDA is the Agency
responsible for assuring that all FDA-regulated products remain safe and
uncompromised from BSE and related diseases. Many FDA-regulated products contain
bovine ingredients, for example, heart valves, ophthalmic devices, dental
products, wound dressings, injectable drugs, vaccines, soups, gravies, sausage
casings, and animal feeds.</div>
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FDA has long been actively involved nationally and internationally in
efforts to understand and prevent the spread of BSE. FDA collaborates
extensively with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the
National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service (APHIS) and the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) within the
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), other Federal agencies, state and local
jurisdictions, and with affected industries and consumer groups. Many of these
activities fit within the framework of the Department of Health and Human
Service’s (HHS or the Department) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy/Transmissible
Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE/TSE) Action Plan, which was released in August
2001. This collaboration over many years has enabled FDA to strengthen
safeguards for FDA-regulated products and to respond quickly and effectively to
the first case of BSE within the U.S.</div>
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY</div>
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The mission of the Agency is to protect the public health by assuring the
safety and efficacy of our nation’s human and veterinary drugs, human biological
products, medical devices, human and animal food supply, cosmetics, and
radiation emitting products. In fulfilling this mission, FDA is the Agency
responsible for assuring that all FDA-regulated products remain safe and
uncompromised from BSE and related diseases.</div>
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BSE is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from
infection by an unconventional transmissible agent, and was first diagnosed in
the United Kingdom (U.K.) in 1986. Many FDA-regulated products contain bovine
ingredients, for example, heart valves, ophthalmic devices, dental products,
wound dressings, injectable drugs, vaccines, soups, gravies, sausage casings,
and animal feeds and thus must be taken into consideration as part the effort to
prevent infectivity by BSE.</div>
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FDA has a longstanding commitment to protecting consumers from BSE by
following multiple measures designed to safeguard FDA-regulated products from
possible contamination by the BSE agent. Under the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic (FD&C) Act, FDA has the authority to prevent the adulteration and
misbranding of FDA-regulated products. Further, for medical products that
require pre-market approval (e.g., drugs under Section 505 and medical devices
under Section 513 of the FD&C Act), FDA has addressed safety concerns
related to BSE through requirements of the application and approval
process.</div>
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The U.S. employs a robust multi-layered approach to preventing the
introduction and amplification of BSE. While the goal of this approach is to
achieve an extremely high level of compliance with each preventative measure,
this multi-layered approach is designed to protect the U.S. consumer from
exposure to the BSE infective material, and to date this approach has been
working. Since 1989, USDA has prohibited the importation of live animals and
animal products from BSE-positive countries. Since 1997, FDA has prohibited the
use of certain mammalian proteins in the manufacture of ruminant feed. FDA
continues to implement policies to keep safe all FDA-regulated products,
including food, food ingredients, dietary supplements, drugs, vaccines, and
cosmetics from risk of any BSE-contaminated bovine material. As a result of
these multiple regulatory safeguards, the risk of exposure to BSE through
products, FDA regulates remains extremely low in the U.S.</div>
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FDA’s 1997 animal feed regulation forms the basis of the Agency’s efforts
to prevent the spread of BSE through animal feed. This rule prohibits the use of
most mammalian protein in the manufacture of animal feeds for ruminants. FDA
implemented this rule to establish in our country feeding practices consistent
with the best science and epidemiological knowledge known at the time to prevent
the spread of BSE throughout herds of U.S. cattle. A risk assessment sponsored
by USDA and conducted by the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, released in
November 2001, identified FDA’s feed ban as one of the primary safeguards
against the spread of BSE in U.S. cattle.</div>
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To maximize protection afforded by the feed regulation, FDA has developed
and implemented a BSE/Ruminant Feed Ban Inspection compliance program and
established the goal of 100 percent compliance. FDA’s strategy for achieving
uniform compliance with the feed rule focuses on three areas: education,
inspection, and enforcement. FDA and its state counterparts conduct, at least
annually, targeted BSE inspections of 100 percent of known renderers, protein
blenders, and feed mills processing products containing material prohibited from
use in ruminant feed. Compliance by these establishments with FDA’s feed rule is
estimated to be at better than 99 percent. As of December 20, 2003, FDA had
received over 26,000 inspection reports (6,404 for Fiscal Year 2003). The
majority of these inspections (around 70 percent) were conducted by state
officials for FDA, with the remainder conducted by FDA officials. The total
number of inspection reports represents 13,672 firms, 1,949 of which are active
and handle materials prohibited from use in ruminant feed. The 1,949 active
firms that handle prohibited material have been inspected by FDA and, as of
December 31, 2003, only five were found to have significant violations,
resulting in official action indicated (OAI). FDA is working with these firms to
bring them into compliance.</div>
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On December 23, 2003, FDA was notified by USDA of a presumptive-positive
finding of BSE in a cow in Washington State. FDA immediately initiated its BSE
Emergency Response Plan. As part of the plan, FDA has been coordinately closely
with USDA so that we can effectively investigate this BSE case, trace the
various products involved, and take the appropriate steps to protect the public.
FDA investigators and inspectors located the high risk material rendered from
the infected cow, and the rendering plants placed a hold on the rendered
material, which is being disposed of appropriately. I am happy to report that
all of the establishments inspected by FDA during the course of the
investigation were in compliance with the feed ban. In addition, to help address
the concerns of foreign governments and restore confidence in American products,
FDA has participated, along with USDA, in numerous meetings and consultations
with foreign governments since USDA surveillance found the BSE-positive
cow.</div>
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In addition to new policies and regulations, new knowledge and tools gained
through applied research can greatly help us to be more effective in our
regulatory mission, such as protecting the country from BSE. Several of FDA’s
Centers, as well as many private laboratories, academic institutions, and other
Federal agencies (most notably NIH) are also involved in significant research
activities relating to TSEs. Basic areas requiring research include: increasing
our understanding of prions, learning how prions are transmitted within a
species and potentially between species, developing diagnostic tests for humans
and animals, developing detection methods for use on regulated products,
developing methods to increase or eliminate infectivity, and designing new
treatments. We are optimistic about the promise of new technologies, such as
better methods to quickly distinguish the species of proteins and sensors to
detect abnormal prions in food. Development of these technologies can contribute
significantly to the effort to prevent the spread of BSE and must be considered
carefully when evaluating potential regulatory changes to address BSE.</div>
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At the time that FDA implemented the feed rule in 1997, the Agency also
recognized that evolving, complex scientific and public health issues,
particularly regarding BSE required the Agency to continue to assess and
scrutinize the rule to ensure its integrity as a firewall against the potential
for spread of BSE. To further explore ways the animal feed regulation could be
improved in November 2002, FDA published an advance notice of proposed
rulemaking (ANPR) soliciting information and views from the affected industries
and the public on some potential changes to its current feed regulation,
including ways that the animal feed regulation could be strengthened. Although
the risk of exposure to BSE in the U.S. remains extremely low and the measures
in place are working, as a result of the recently discovered infected cow in the
state of Washington, the Agency is evaluating the appropriateness of additional
science-based measures to further strengthen our current protections.</div>
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Yesterday, Department Secretary Tommy Thompson and FDA Commissioner Mark
McClellan announced several additional public health measures to further
strengthen the current robust safeguards that help protect Americans from
exposure to the agent that causes BSE and help prevent the spread of BSE in U.S.
cattle. These measures relate to both protections for foods intended for human
consumption as well as additional measures to strengthen FDA’s 1997 final rule
regulating animal feed. With respect to human foods, FDA announced that it will
extend to FDA-regulated foods, dietary supplements and cosmetics, restrictions
on using specified risk materials that would complement the recent USDA
announcements. Concerning animal feed, the Agency announced a series of measures
designed to lower even further the risk that cattle will be purposefully or
inadvertently fed “ruminant” proteins, including, eliminating an exemption in
the feed rule that allows mammalian blood and blood products at slaughter to be
fed to ruminants as a protein source; banning the use of “poultry litter” as a
feed ingredient for cattle and other ruminants; prohibiting the use of “plate
waste” as a feed ingredient for ruminants, including cattle; and taking steps to
further minimize the possibility of cross-contamination of animal feed via
equipment, facilities or production lines.</div>
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Finally, FDA is increasing its inspections of feed mills and renderers in
2004. Our 2001 base funding for BSE-related activities was $3.8 million. We
shifted resources internally in 2001 and received a substantial increase from
Congress in 2002. Our funded level for 2004 is currently approximately $21.5
million, almost a five-fold increase over the 2001 base. FDA will itself conduct
2,800 inspections and will make its resources go even further by working with
state agencies to fund 3,100 contract inspections of feed mills and renderers
and other firms that handle animal feed and feed ingredients. Through
partnerships with states, FDA will also receive data on 700 additional
inspections, for a total of 3,800 state contract and partnership inspections in
2004. These inspections would include 100 percent of all known renderers and
feed mills that process products containing prohibited materials.</div>
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The Agency looks forward to continuing to assist Congress as it evaluates
the risks associated with BSE, identifies opportunities to promote technologies
that will detect and prevent the spread of BSE, and considers science-based
approaches to further strengthen regulatory protections and bolster the
resources available to assist Federal, state, local and private efforts to
assure that BSE does not present a threat to human or animal health in the
U.S.</div>
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BACKGROUND ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE)</div>
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BSE is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from
infection by an unconventional transmissible agent, and was first diagnosed in
the U.K. in 1986. It belongs to a family of diseases, transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies (TSEs), a group of transmissible, slowly progressive,
degenerative diseases of the central nervous systems of several species of
animals.</div>
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The vast majority of BSE cases have been reported in the U.K., where more
than 183,000 cases in more than 35,000 herds have been reported through the end
of November 2003. The U.K.-BSE epidemic peaked in January 1993 at nearly 1,000
new cases per week. The original source of the BSE outbreak is uncertain, but
may have resulted from the feeding of scrapie-containing sheep meat-and-bone
meal to cattle. Scrapie is an endemic spongiform encephalopathy and has been
widespread in the U.K., where the rendered carcasses of livestock (including
sheep) were fed to ruminants and other animals until 1988, as a protein-rich
nutritional supplement. It appears likely that changes in the rendering process
in the U.K. that had taken place around 1980 allowed the etiologic agent in
infected carcasses to survive, contaminate the protein supplement, and infect
cattle. There is strong evidence and widespread agreement that the outbreak was
amplified by feeding rendered bovine meat-and-bone meal to young calves. BSE has
a prolonged incubation period in cattle, ranging from two to eight years, with a
mean of five to six years.</div>
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Outside of the U.K., 22 other countries, mostly in Europe, have reported
cases of BSE in indigenous cattle to the World Organisation for Animal Health
(known as the O.I.E.). Other countries may be considered at risk because of an
inadequate surveillance program, a lack of information on which to make a risk
assessment, or the potential for exposure to BSE.</div>
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RELATED DISEASES</div>
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TSEs also include “scrapie” in sheep and goats, “chronic wasting disease”
(CWD) in deer and elk, feline spongiform encephalopathy, transmissible mink
encephalopathy, and, in humans, kuru, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome,
fatal familial insomnia, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD or “classical” CJD)
and variant CJD, which was first reported in the U.K. in 1996. TSEs are not
known to infect non-mammalian species.</div>
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Classic CJD occurs throughout the world, including the U.S., at a rate of
about one case per million people. The median age at death in the U.S. of
patients with classic CJD is 68. Most cases of CJD are considered sporadic, a
small number are familial associated with a gene mutation, and a small number
are iatrogenic, resulting from the accidental transmission of the causative
agent via contaminated surgical equipment, or as a result of cornea or dura
mater transplants, or the administration of human-derived pituitary growth
hormones.</div>
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Variant CJD (vCJD) is a distinct variant from classic CJD and is strongly
believed to have been acquired from eating food products containing the BSE
agent. The absence of confirmed cases of vCJD in geographic areas free of BSE
supports this conclusion, and the interval between the period for initial
extended exposure of the population to potentially BSE-contaminated food and the
onset of initial vCJD cases, approximately ten years, is consistent with known
incubation periods for CJD. Experimental studies on monkeys and mice, as well as
additional laboratory studies of infecting prions from vCJD patients and
BSE-infected animals, also support such a relationship. The incubation period
for vCJD in humans is unknown, but is at least five years and could extend up to
20 years or longer.</div>
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As of December 1, 2003, a total of 153 vCJD cases had been reported
worldwide, 143 of the cases occurring in the U.K. The low number of vCJD cases
relative to the number of cases of BSE in the U.K. indicates that a substantial
species barrier protects humans from widespread illness. There are no cases of
vCJD having been contracted in the U.S. The only person diagnosed with vCJD
while living in the U.S. is a U.K. citizen believed to have acquired the disease
while living in the U.K.</div>
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LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR FDA PROTECTIONS</div>
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FDA has a longstanding commitment to protecting consumers from BSE by
following multiple measures designed to safeguard FDA-regulated products from
possible contamination by the BSE agent. Under the FD&C Act, FDA has the
authority to prevent the adulteration and misbranding of FDA-regulated products.
For example, FDA has used provisions in Section 402(a) (the food adulteration
provisions) and Section 403(a) (the food misbranding provisions) of the FD&C
Act to prohibit ruminant feed from containing certain protein derived from
mammalian tissues. These same adulteration and misbranding provisions apply to
human food. Further, for medical products that require pre-market approval
(e.g., drugs under Section 505 and medical devices under Section 513 of the
FD&C Act), FDA has addressed safety concerns related to BSE through
requirements of the application and approval process. Additionally, when
material from the one BSE-positive cow in the U.S. was traced to renderers, FDA
advised those firms that this material could not be used as an animal feed
because it was adulterated under Section 402(a)(5) of the FD&C Act because
it was, in part, the product of a diseased animal. Under section 801 of the
FD&C Act, FDA may refuse admission of imported food and certain other
products that appear to be in violation of the FD&C Act. Furthermore, under
Section 701(a), FDA may promulgate regulations for the efficient enforcement of
the FD&C Act. For example, under Section 701(a) and other sections, FDA
promulgated its “animal feed” rule (Title 21, Code of Federal Regulation (CFR)
section 589.2000) to prohibit ruminant feed from containing certain protein
derived from mammalian tissues. In addition, under the Public Health Service
Act, FDA is authorized to make and enforce regulations to prevent the
introduction, transmission, or spread of communicable diseases from foreign
countries into the U.S. or between states.</div>
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PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF BSE: FDA PROTECTIONS</div>
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FDA and other Federal agencies have had preventive measures in place to
reduce the U.S. consumer’s risk of exposure to any BSE-contaminated meat and
food products for a considerable time. Since 1989, USDA has prohibited the
importation of live animals and animal products from BSE-at risk countries.
Since 1997, FDA has prohibited the use of certain mammalian proteins in the
manufacture of ruminant feed. FDA continues to implement policies to keep safe
all FDA-regulated products, including food, food ingredients, dietary
supplements, drugs, vaccines, and cosmetics from risk of any BSE-contaminated
bovine material. As a result of these multiple regulatory safeguards, the risk
of exposure to the BSE agent through products FDA regulates remains extremely
low in the U.S. In 1998, USDA commissioned the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis
to conduct an analysis and evaluation of the U.S. regulatory measures to prevent
the spread of BSE in the U.S. and to reduce the potential exposure of U.S.
consumers to BSE. The Harvard study concluded, among other things, that even if
introduced in the U.S., due to the preventive measures currently in place in the
U.S., BSE is extremely unlikely to become established in the U.S.</div>
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</div>
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<div>
The U.S. employs a robust approach to preventing the introduction and
amplification of BSE, and the prevention of introduction and amplification of
BSE has been described as consisting of five separate firewalls. Our existing
firewalls are based on a four-pronged regulatory strategy:</div>
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</div>
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Our first firewall is formed through regulations and enforcement to protect
U.S. borders from potentially infective materials utilizing a regime of import
controls. USDA, beginning in 1989, enacted major restrictions on imports, and
more restrictive import controls have been introduced as we have learned more
about the science of BSE and as the worldwide epidemiology has changed. FDA
remains a committed partner with USDA and CBP in protecting our borders. The
second firewall is surveillance of the U.S. cattle population for the presence
of BSE. Surveillance of the cattle population is the primary responsibility of
USDA, and USDA has recently announced steps to increase surveillance. The third
firewall is prevention of the amplification of BSE through feed provided to
cattle and other ruminants, and this responsibility falls primarily on FDA.
FDA’s animal feed ban regulations form the basis of this third firewall and have
been cited as one of the most significant elements needed to prevent the spread
of BSE in the U.S. We have taken intensive steps to get an extremely high level
of compliance with this feed ban. As a result, we have been able to work with
the animal feed industry to achieve more than a 99% compliance rate – and we
intend to continue to work for full compliance. The fourth firewall is making
sure that no bovine materials that can transmit BSE be consumed by people. So
even if a BSE-positive cow made it through all of the previous firewalls, which
is extremely unlikely, it would not pose any risk to people. USDA and FDA have
long had steps in place to help prevent any possible exposure to BSE in bovine
products, and recently USDA announced additional major steps to prevent any of
the tissues known to carry BSE from entering the beef supply, as well as to
restrict use of certain “downer” cows that might be at higher risk of carrying
BSE. FDA will be taking comparable measures to prevent human exposure to the
FDA-regulated bovine products that might potentially harbor BSE. A fifth
firewall is effective response planning to contain the potential for any damage
from a BSE positive animal, if one is discovered at some point in the system.
This urgent response plan went into place immediately upon the discovery of a
BSE-positive cow in Washington State on December 23, 2003. We have inspected and
traced products at 22 facilities, including feed mills, farms, dairy farms, calf
feeder lots, slaughterhouses, meat processors, transfer stations, and shipping
terminals. We have accounted for all the products related to the BSE-positive
cow that FDA regulates, and none have gone into human or animal consumption.
Moreover, FDA has conducted inspections at all the rendering facilities
involved, and found they were fully in compliance with our feed rule. The goal
of our firewall after firewall approach is to provide full protection of the
public against BSE without adding unnecessary costs or restricting the
consumption of safe beef products. FDA and USDA intend to maintain an extremely
high level of compliance with each firewall. In addition, our multi-layered
approach makes sure that even if each firewall doesn’t function perfectly, the
U.S. consumer is, nonetheless, protected from exposure to the BSE infective
material.</div>
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FDA's FEED RULE: SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FEED</div>
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Rendered feed ingredients contaminated with the BSE agent are believed to
be the principal means by which BSE is amplified in cattle populations. To help
prevent the establishment and spread of BSE through feed in the U.S., FDA
implemented a final rule that prohibits the use of most mammalian protein in the
manufacture of animal feeds for ruminants. This rule, 21 CFR 589.200, became
effective on August 4, 1997. Mammalian proteins exempted from the rule are blood
and blood products, gelatin, inspected meat products that have been cooked and
offered for human food and further heat processed for feed (such as plate waste
and used cellulosic food casings), milk products (milk and milk proteins), and
any product whose only mammalian protein consists entirely of porcine or equine
protein. Fats and oils, such as tallow, do not fall within the current feed rule
because they are not protein.</div>
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</div>
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<div>
FDA implemented this rule to establish in our country feeding practices
consistent with the best science and epidemiological knowledge known at the time
to prevent the spread of BSE throughout herds of U.S. cattle. A risk assessment
sponsored by USDA and conducted by the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis,
released in November 2001, identified FDA’s feed ban as one of the primary
safeguards against the spread of BSE in U.S. cattle.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
To maximize protection afforded by the feed regulation, FDA has developed
and implemented a BSE/Ruminant Feed Ban Inspection compliance program and
established the goal of 100 percent compliance. FDA’s strategy for achieving
uniform compliance with the feed rule focuses on three areas: education,
inspection, and enforcement.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
A strong inspection presence can be considered the backbone of FDA’s
strategy for achieving compliance with the feed rule. FDA and its state
counterparts conduct, at least annually, targeted BSE inspections of 100 percent
of known renderers, protein blenders, and feed mills processing products
containing material prohibited from use in ruminant feed. Compliance by these
establishments with FDA’s 1997 feed rule is over 99 percent. FDA has prioritized
the inspection process so that any firms found to be out of compliance in their
last inspection will be promptly re-inspected. In addition, FDA will conduct
for-cause inspections where evidence dictates, e.g., as a result of a sampling
assignment. FDA and the states also conduct inspections of selected processors
that are not using prohibited material to ensure compliance with the regulation
by this segment of the industry.</div>
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</div>
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<div>
Inspections conducted by FDA or state investigators are classified to
reflect the compliance status at the time of the inspection based upon the
objectionable conditions documented. These inspection decisions are reported as
OAI, Voluntary Action Indicated (VAI), or No Action Indicated (NAI).</div>
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</div>
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<div>
An OAI inspection classification occurs when significant objectionable
conditions or practices were found and regulatory sanctions are warranted in
order to address the establishment’s lack of compliance with the regulation. An
example of an OAI inspection classification would be findings of manufacturing
procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with
prohibited material. Inspections classified with OAI violations will be promptly
re-inspected following the regulatory sanctions to determine whether adequate
corrective actions have been implemented. A VAI inspection classification occurs
when objectionable conditions or practices were found that do not meet the
threshold of regulatory significance, but do warrant advisory actions to inform
the establishment of findings that should be voluntarily corrected. Inspections
classified with VAI violations are more technical violations of the ruminant
feed rule such as minor record-keeping lapses and conditions involving
non-ruminant feeds. A NAI inspection classification occurs when no objectionable
conditions or practices were found during the inspection or the significance of
the documented objectionable conditions found does not justify further actions.
As of December 20, 2003, FDA had received over 26,000 inspection reports (6,404
for fiscal year 2003). The majority of these inspections (around 70 percent)
were conducted by state officials for FDA, with the remainder conducted by FDA
officials. The total number of inspection reports represents 13,672 firms, 1,949
of which are active and handle materials prohibited from use in ruminant feed.
These firms, which may be in more than one category, include renderers, licensed
feed mills, feed mills not licensed by FDA, protein blenders, and others (such
as ruminant feeders, on-farm mixers, pet food manufacturers, animal feed
salvagers, distributors, retailers, and animal feed transporters). The 1,949
active firms that handle prohibited material have been inspected by FDA and, as
of December 31, 2003, only five were found to have significant violations,
resulting in OAI. FDA is working with these firms to bring them into
compliance.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To be transparent about inspection results, FDA has recorded inspectional
findings in a newly designed FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspection Database available
on FDA’s website. The database is dynamic, with new information being entered on
a continual basis. Each entry in the database represents the results of the most
recent inspection.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA also conducts sampling of feed and feed ingredients in the marketplace
as an additional tool to target firms for inspection. This type of sample
analysis is being done using feed microscopy as the method for detecting
prohibited materials. Other methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
are being validated for additional analytical use.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Enforcement is an important component of the compliance strategy. FDA
pursues enforcement actions when we find knowing or intentional non-compliance,
or if repeated inspection and educational efforts are ineffective in assuring
compliance. Our first action of choice will ordinarily be a Warning Letter,
which notifies responsible parties of a violation or violations and asks for a
response within a certain time frame explaining corrective actions taken. When
it is consistent with the public protection responsibilities of FDA and the
nature of the violation, it is our practice to afford individuals and firms an
opportunity voluntarily to take appropriate and prompt corrective action. The
Agency has additional, more stringent enforcement tools available when our
notification to the company of documented violations does not lead to compliance
with the FD&C Act, including product seizure, injunction, and
prosecution.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
As of January 1, 2004, FDA has issued 63 Warning Letters and has one court
ordered Permanent Injunction since the BSE feed rule went into effect. Also, 47
firms recalled 280 products during the same time period; 12 of the recalls were
in 2003.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Education has been, and continues to be, a critical component of our
compliance strategy. Providing clear guidance and information on FDA’s
requirements and regulations is vital to help assure compliance. FDA has
provided and sponsored many educational services and forums, including
nationwide seminars, CD-ROM training, teleconferences, guidances targeted for
different segments of the animal feed industry, guidance for Federal and state
inspectors, and a variety of published articles. The Agency has met with many
industry trade groups to discuss coordination of educational efforts with
affected parties, and we expect to continue an open dialogue, seeking
suggestions for types of educational approaches, sharing resources, and keeping
the industry updated on new developments or problem areas that arise.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
IMPORT CONTROLS</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To minimize the risk of the introduction or spread of BSE we also must have
strong enforcement measures to protect our borders. FDA’s Import Program is
responsible for coordinating the import of products potentially infected with or
at high risk of infection with the agent associated with BSE. Operationally,
FDA’s Import Program provides for the review of information about FDA-regulated
products offered for entry into the U.S. and the opportunity for physical
examination of the products. FDA uses this information to determine whether a
product is subject to refusal of admission.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In protecting the borders from potentially unsafe products, FDA works
closely with USDA and CBP to ensure a coordinated and efficient BSE import
control strategy. This tri-agency cooperative effort has led to a multi-layer
review process whereby each agency utilizes the strengths of its particular
entry procedures to produce a composite system that is considerably more robust
than any one component. BSE import activities are reviewed and coordinated by an
inter-agency workgroup composed of representatives from FDA, CBP, and
USDA/APHIS. In fact, on February 5, 2002, with APHIS, FSIS, Canadian Food
Inspection Agency (CFIA), Health Canada, and state participation, FDA conducted
a simulation exercise involving the importation of potentially BSE-contaminated
product and subsequent regulatory follow-up.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA uses Import Alerts to disseminate information regarding problems or
potential problems with imported products. Import Alerts recommend that field
offices examine, sample, or detain and, if warranted, refuse admission of the
product in question. These Import Alerts are made available on FDA’s website.
With respect to its import alerts on BSE, FDA coordinates closely with APHIS and
its prohibitions on the importation of products related to BSE concerns. An
alert may cover an individual manufacturer, supplier, or a particular product
from an entire country. Import Alerts also may be issued as a follow-up to an
inspection, when it is determined that a manufacturer is in violation of good
manufacturing practice requirements.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA has in place several import alerts targeting BSE. Import Alert 17-04,
first issued in October 1994, allows detention, without physical examination, of
bulk shipments of high-risk bovine tissues and tissue-derived ingredients from
BSE-at-risk countries. Import Alert 99-25, first issued in January 2001, allows
detention without physical examination of animal feed, animal feed ingredients,
and other products for animal use from countries identified by USDA as
BSE-positive or BSE-at-risk when processed animal protein is declared in the
ingredients or when FDA sampling and analysis finds the presence of undeclared
animal protein. Import Alert 71-02, issued in October 2003, calls for detention
without physical examination of products of specific firms located in
USDA-listed BSE-positive or BSE-at-risk countries, which have been identified
through FDA sampling and analysis, as importing products containing animal
protein. These import alerts are continuously updated as new countries are
listed by USDA as either BSE-positive or BSE-at-risk, or to make other
appropriate changes.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA's RESPONSE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF A BSE-POSITIVE COW IN WASHINGTON
STATE</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
On December 23, 2003, at approximately 3:00 pm, the Agency’s Office of
Crisis Management (OCM) was notified by USDA’s APHIS of a presumptive-positive
finding of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a “downer” cow slaughtered
on December 9, 2003, at a USDA-inspected slaughter facility in Washington
State.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA had in place its Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Emergency Response
Plan that describes the roles and activities of each of the Agency components
involved in managing this kind of emergency. This plan had been tested several
times in tabletop and simulated incidents that actively involved state, Federal,
and Canadian counterparts. The plan has been in place since 2001 and has been
revised in response to the incident exercises conducted by FDA.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
As provided in the Emergency Response Plan, OCM’s Emergency Operations
Center (EOC) is the single point of coordination for FDA’s response to a BSE
emergency. FDA’s EOC maintains contact with HHS Secretary’s Command Center
(SCC), CDC’s EOC, USDA/FSIS Office of Food Security and Emergency Preparedness,
and other EOCs, as appropriate.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
At the time of notification by USDA of the presumptive case of BSE, FDA’s
OCM initiated its BSE Emergency Response Plan and activated FDA’s EOC. Various
FDA headquarters and FDA center offices were immediately notified in accordance
with the plan, as well as the FDA Seattle District Office (SEA-DO).</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
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<div>
FDA responsibilities include conducting inspections and investigations to
determine where any animal by-products went and ensuring that they did not enter
commerce contrary to provisions of the FD&C Act and other statutes enforced
by FDA.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
On the same day FDA was notified of the presumptive case of BSE by USDA,
FDA’s SEA-DO dispatched five investigative teams to investigate various
facilities suspected of being either a source or recipient of affected
material.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
An aggressive schedule of inspections and investigations was pursued by FDA
which enabled FDA to announce in December 27, 2003, that its investigators and
inspectors from the states of Washington and Oregon had located the high risk
material rendered from the one cow that had tested positive for BSE in
Washington State and that the rendering plants that processed this material had
placed a hold on the rendered material. The firms, located in Washington State
and Oregon, assisted and cooperated fully with FDA’s investigation.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA advised the involved renderers on acceptable methods of disposing of
material, such as landfill (coordinating with state and local officials and
EPA), incineration, digestion, or conversion to a fuel/industrial source.
Disposal of the meat and bone meal on hold has begun.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Communications, of course, have played a critical role in many aspects of
the incident response. Late on December 23, 2003, FDA’s headquarters and
district staff participated in a teleconference with APHIS and Washington State
officials to ensure a coordinated response to the incident. FDA, CDC, Department
of Defense, and FSIS continued to participate in APHIS-initiated interagency
calls throughout the response to the incident.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA also has kept affected industries and State counterparts informed and
up-to-date. On December 23, 2003, FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Applied
Nutrition (CFSAN) advised Washington State milk cooperatives that there was no
known risk of BSE transmission from milk. The scientific data indicate that milk
from BSE cows does not transmit BSE.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In responding to the BSE incident, FDA inspected and traced products at
many different facilities, including renderers, feed mills, farms, dairy farms,
calf feeder lots, slaughterhouses, meat processors, transfer stations, and
shipping terminals. Notably, inspectors found no deviations from FDA’s feed
rule.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WORKING WITH FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA officials regularly meet with representatives of foreign governments
and international organizations on many levels and on many issues of common
interest, including BSE. Immediately after the announcement on December 23,
2003, of a BSE-positive cow in the U.S., various foreign governments closed
their markets to U.S. beef. Since that time, FDA officials, working closely with
USDA officials, have been involved in numerous meetings and consultations with
representatives of foreign governments to help address concerns and restore
confidence in American products. For example:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA representatives met with Japanese officials from the Ministry of
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and
Welfare, the Food Safety Commission and the Japanese Embassy on January 9, 2004,
to discuss BSE control measures in animal feed and food additives. FDA
representatives met with numerous foreign attaches at USDA on January 12, 2004,
to discuss FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine measures to prevent BSE in
animal feeds. FDA representatives met in separate meetings on January 13, 2004,
with officials from the CFIA and from Mexico’s Secretaría de Agricultura,
Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación to discuss current feed safety
measures to prevent BSE in the U.S. The Ministers of Agriculture of the U.S.,
Mexico and Canada met on January 16, 2004, to coordinate ongoing interagency
efforts towards expediting increased harmonization through a consultative
process among the countries. I accompanied Secretary of Health and Human
Services Tommy G. Thompson, at this meeting that resulted in a proposal to
establish a Coordinating Committee on BSE to facilitate collaborative effort.
Additionally, last week I visited with Japanese and Korean officials, as part of
the U.S. Government’s delegation to discuss scientific and trade implications of
the U.S. BSE case. The delegation also included senior scientific, regulatory,
and trade officials from USDA, and the U.S. Trade Representative. RESEARCH</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Several of FDA’s Centers, as well as many private laboratories, academic
institutions, and other Federal Agencies (most notably NIH) are involved in
significant research activities relating to TSEs. Basic areas requiring research
include: increasing our understanding of prions; learning how prions are
transmitted within a species and potentially between species; developing
diagnostic tests for humans and animals; developing detection methods for use on
regulated products; developing methods to increase or eliminate infectivity; and
designing new treatments.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Most people envision research as being applied by medical practitioners to
diagnose and treat disease. Applied research also is critical in a regulatory
environment, where knowledge and tools gained through applied research can help
us to achieve our mission more effectively and more efficiently.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Taking one example pertinent to BSE, current rendering processes do not
completely inactivate the BSE agent. Advances in technology that could
distinguish between BSE-infected and non-infected cattle, or that could
completely inactivate the BSE agent in feed components may allow for exemptions
to the feed regulations for those renderers and feed manufactures who apply
these technologies.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Discussed below some examples of research on BSE and vCJD that could have
significant regulatory implications and benefit:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA’s CFSAN is in the final year of funding a two-year project to develop
sensors to detect abnormal prion protein in food. Work on the project should be
completed in early 2004, and will result in a report on the usefulness of the
sensors for detecting TSE agents in finished food products. No tests for the
rapid diagnosis of vCJD have been validated as either sufficiently specific or
sensitive to be used to screen the blood supply. A reliable blood-screening test
for vCJD is an extremely important goal and is currently the object of
considerable research activity. FDA has conducted and supported research efforts
in the process of validating a rapid-DNA based method for detection of animal
derived materials in animal feed and feed ingredients. As a part of this
research effort, FDA has developed a Polymerase Chain Reaction probe to
determine the animal species of origin from which feed ingredients were derived.
FDA remains firmly committed to bringing better science to the public, to
provide better public health protection at a lower cost. That’s why a key part
of our BSE strategy involves fostering the development of better technologies to
deal with BSE. To enhance the ability of our public health system to detect
prohibited materials in animal feed, FDA will continue to support the
development and testing of diagnostic tests to identify prohibited materials. As
these tests are developed FDA will evaluate the utility of such tests promptly
and thoroughly, so that there will be a quick and reliable method of testing
animal feeds for prohibited materials.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
ADDITIONAL MEASURES TO BOLSTER PROTECTIONS AGAINST BSE</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
FDA implemented the feed rule in 1997 based on the best information
obtainable on the science and epidemiology of BSE at the time. The Agency also
recognized that evolving, complex scientific and public health issues,
particularly regarding BSE and vCJD, required the Agency to continue to assess
and scrutinize the rule to ensure its integrity as a firewall against the
potential for spread of BSE.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
The Agency held a public hearing in October 2001 to solicit information and
views on its present animal feed regulation. FDA requested information and views
from individuals and organizations on the present rule and whether changes in
the rule or other additional measures were necessary. The Agency was
particularly interested in soliciting comments and views from individuals,
industry, consumer groups, health professionals, and researchers with expertise
in BSE and related animal and human diseases. The Agency specifically invited
comments, both oral and written, on 17 questions about ways the rule and its
enforcement might be improved to achieve its original objectives of preventing
the establishment and amplification of BSE in the U.S. Transcripts of the
hearing were then made publicly available with access through FDA’s
website.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
Soon after the public hearing, the USDA released the Harvard Center for
Risk Analysis’s findings on the impact of various risks and potential pathways
for exposure of U.S. cattle and U.S. citizens to the BSE agent. This assessment
of the situation in the United States concluded that, due to control measures
already in place, the risk to U.S. cattle and to U.S. consumers from BSE is very
low. The model also demonstrated that certain new control measures could reduce
the small risk even further.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
To further explore ways the animal feed regulation could be improved in
November 2002, FDA published an ANPR soliciting information and views from the
affected industries and the public on some potential changes to its current feed
regulation, including ways that the animal feed regulation could be
strengthened. Information and comments were sought on the following five aspects
of the BSE feed regulation: feasibility and impacts of excluding high risk
materials, such as brain and spinal cord, from rendered animal products; use of
poultry litter in cattle feed and impacts of banning such use; impacts of
introducing new labeling requirements for pet food; methods to prevent
cross-contamination between prohibited and non-prohibited material; use of plate
waste in ruminant feed and impacts of eliminating such use.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
Yesterday, we announced that we will be taking several additional steps to
further strengthen the current robust safeguards that help protect Americans
from exposure to the agent that causes BSE and help prevent the spread of BSE in
U.S. cattle. These measures relate to both protections for foods intended for
human consumption as well as additional measures to strengthen FDA’s 1997 final
rule regulating animal feed. Many of these steps were raised in the November
2002, ANPR, as well as at the public meeting. With respect to human foods the
Agency announced it will be extending to FDA-regulated foods, dietary
supplements and cosmetics, restrictions on using specified risk materials that
would complement the recent USDA announcements. Concerning animal feed, the
Agency announced a series of measures designed to lower even further the risk
that cattle will be purposefully or inadvertently fed “ruminant” proteins,
including, eliminating the existing exemption in the feed rule that allows
mammalian blood and blood products at slaughter to be fed to ruminants as a
protein source; prohibiting the use of “poultry litter” as a feed ingredient for
cattle and other ruminants; banning the use of “plate waste” as a feed
ingredient for ruminants, including cattle; taking further steps to minimize the
possibility of cross-contamination of animal feed via equipment, facilities or
production lines; and evaluating additional mechanisms to enhance the ability of
our public health system to detect prohibited materials in animal feed utilizing
diagnostic tests.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
In addition, FDA intends step up its inspections of feed mills and
renderers in 2004. FDA is increasing its inspections of feed mills and renderers
in 2004. Our 2001 base funding for BSE-related activities was $3.8 million. We
shifted resources internally in 2001 and received a substantial increase from
Congress in 2002. Our funded level for 2004 is currently approximately $21.5
million, almost a five-fold increase over the 2001 base. FDA will itself conduct
2,800 inspections and will make its resources go even further by working with
state agencies to fund 3,100 contract inspections of feed mills and renderers
and other firms that handle animal feed and feed ingredients. Through
partnerships with states, FDA will also receive data on 700 additional
inspections, for a total of 3,800 state contract and partnership inspections in
2004. These inspections would include 100 percent of all known renderers and
feed mills that process products containing prohibited materials.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
CONCLUSION</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
FDA has an enormous responsibility in assuring that the products the Agency
regulates which contain bovine materials are safe and uncompromised by BSE or
other TSEs. FDA’s principal line of defense in meeting this responsibility is to
cut-off all avenues for the possible spread of BSE through U.S. cattle herds.
Our most powerful tool in preventing the spread of BSE in U.S. cattle herds is
effective enforcement of the Agency’s feed ban restrictions as part of a
multi-layered set of firewalls put in place as part of the U.S. Government’s
comprehensive BSE prevention program. To date, a rigorous program of education,
inspections, and enforcement education have enabled us to fulfill our
responsibilities as part of the U.S. plan for preventing the spread of BSE.
Although the risk of exposure to BSE in the United States remains extremely low
and the measures in place are working, as a result of the recently discovered
infected cow in the state of Washington, the Agency will be taking additional
science-based steps to further strengthen our current protections.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
FDA looks forward to continuing to assist Congress as it evaluates the
risks associated with BSE, identifies opportunities to promote technologies that
will detect and prevent the spread of BSE, and considers science-based
approaches to further strengthen regulatory protections and bolster the
resources available to assure that BSE does not present a threat to human or
animal health in the U.S.</div>
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</div>
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Thank you for the opportunity to testify today. </div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm114811.htm">http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm114811.htm</a>
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<a href="http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t040127.html">http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t040127.html</a>
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<div>
<a href="http://www.harkin.senate.gov/press/column.cfm?i=218320">http://www.harkin.senate.gov/press/column.cfm?i=218320</a>
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<div>
Dr. Crawford discussed FDA’s efforts to prevent the establishment and
spread of TSEs, including the firewalls in place, and FDA’s recent announcement
of actions it intends to take to further ensure the safety of animal feed and
consumer products regulated by FDA. Concerning animal feed, the Agency announced
a series of measures designed to lower the risk that cattle will be purposefully
or inadvertently fed “ruminant” proteins. These measures included eliminating an
exemption in the feed rule that allows mammalian blood and blood products to be
fed to ruminants as a protein source; banning the use of “poultry litter” as a
feed ingredient for cattle and other ruminants; prohibiting the use of “plate
waste” as a feed ingredient for ruminants, including cattle; and taking steps to
further minimize the possibility of cross-contamination of animal feed via
equipment, facilities or production lines.</div>
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never happened...2013...TSS</div>
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<a href="http://olpa.od.nih.gov/hearings/108/session2/reports/cow.asp">http://olpa.od.nih.gov/hearings/108/session2/reports/cow.asp</a>
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*** BUT, this did happen, Lester M. Crawford was charged Monday with
criminal violations stemming from his failure to tell government ethics officers
that he owned stock in companies regulated by the FDA *** </div>
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FEATURED ARTICLES </div>
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<div>
NATIONAL </div>
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<div>
Ex-FDA Chief Charged With Stock Conflict October 17, 2006 | Ricardo
Alonso-Zaldivar, Times Staff Writer </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Former Food and Drug Administration Commissioner Lester M. Crawford was
charged Monday with criminal violations stemming from his failure to tell
government ethics officers that he owned stock in companies regulated by the
FDA. His lawyer said Crawford intended to plead guilty to two misdemeanor
charges during a federal court hearing this afternoon. "He accepts
responsibility," said attorney Barbara Van Gelder. "It really was an oversight.
</div>
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</div>
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<div>
ARTICLES BY DATE NATIONAL Ex-FDA chief gets fines, probation February 28,
2007 | From Times Wire Reports </div>
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</div>
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<div>
A judge sentenced former Food and Drug Administration chief Lester M.
Crawford to three years' supervised probation with fines of almost $90,000 for
lying about stocks he owned in companies regulated by his agency. Magistrate
Judge Deborah A. Robinson also ordered Crawford to perform 50 hours of community
service. Crawford, 69, pleaded guilty in October. </div>
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<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/keyword/lester-m-crawford">http://articles.latimes.com/keyword/lester-m-crawford</a>
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no conflict of interest there, right... </div>
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USDA INC. in my opinion. </div>
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</div>
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<div>
now, let’s look at what really happened, and where we stand now in regards
to the BSE TSE prion disease in the USDA, and danged I would sure like to know
(in the old fda mad cow feed ban warning letter layman term for dummies), what
the OIA in 2011, 2012, and 2013 were all about ??? </div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
========================================= </div>
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</div>
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</div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE TSE PRION USDA FDA MAD COW FEED COMPLIANCE REPORT and NAI, OAI, and VAI
ratings as at June 5, 2013, as follows ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA District Firm ID (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code
Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date **Last BSE Dist Dcsn
Handles Fee for Rum. Animals </div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
4018 CHI-DO 3007091297 Rancho Cantera 2866 N Sunnyside Rd Kent IL
61044-9605 OPR FR, OF HP 11/26/2012 OAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9367 3008575486 Rocky Ford Pet Foods 21693 Highway 50 East Rocky Ford CO
81067 OPR RE, TH HP 2/27/2013 OAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9446 DEN-DO 1713202 Weld County Bi Products, Inc. 1138 N 11th Ave Greeley
CO 80631-9501 OPR RE, TH HP 10/12/2012 OAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9447 DEN-DO 3002857110 Weld County Bi-Products dba Fort Morgan Pet Foods
13553 County Road 19 Fort Morgan CO 80701-7506 OPR RE HP 12/7/2011 OAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9789 DET-DO 1813774 Belstra Milling Co. Inc. 424 15th St Se Demotte IN
46310-9367 OPR DR, FL, TH DP 1/11/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9976 Hagerstown DET-DO 3000215300 Maxwell Milling of Indiana, Inc. 4359 N
State Road 1 Hagerstown IN 47346-9620 OPR FL, TH NP 9/12/2012 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9983 Evansville DET-DO 1833240 Midwestern Pet Foods, Inc. 9634 Hedden Rd
Evansville IN 47725-9660 OPR DR, NL, PF, TH HP 1/14/2013 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
10316 Grant MI 49327-8982 OPR OT NP 10/17/2006 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
10401 DET-DO 1880511 Kuber'S Feed Mill 912 41st Ave Menominee MI
49858-1322 OPR DR, NL DP 1/16/2013 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
10430 Osseo MI 49266-9847 OPR DR, NL, TH NP 12/20/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
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<div>
10471 Sebewaing MI 48759-9701 OPR DR, HF, NL NP 7/25/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
10480 Millington MI 48746 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 1/20/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
10483 Morley MI 49336-9097 OPR FR, OF NP 1/11/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
10501 Hart MI 49420-1129 OPR DR, OT DP 6/14/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
10520 Battle Creek MI 49015-4283 OPR OT NP 2/18/2004 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
10536 Reed City MI 49677-1001 OPR DR, NL DP 9/9/2010 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
10555 Montague MI 49437-9436 OPR DR DP 3/3/2010 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
10640 Blissfield MI 49228-9529 OPR DR, FL, HF, PF HP 3/27/2013 VAI Y
</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
10846 New Smyrna Beach FL 32168-9155 OPR FR NP 9/7/2006 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
10968 Thonotosassa FL 33592-3353 OPR RO NP 11/3/2005 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
11261 Groveland FL 34736-2509 OPR AF, DR DP 1/11/2005 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
11318 Plant City FL 33567-3002 OPR RO DP 1/26/2006 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
11479 St Petersburg FL 33709-2304 OPR AF, DR DP 6/17/2004 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
11655 Lake Butler FL 32054 OPR AF, DR, FR, NL, OF DP 12/1/2009 VAI Y
</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
11851 Plant City FL 33565-3736 OPR FR NP 10/25/2007 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
11866 Jupiter FL 33478-6686 OPR FR NP 10/5/2007 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
12090 Summerfield FL 34491-4930 OPR OT, RE NP 3/6/2012 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
12445 Lakeland FL 33815-3569 OPR AF, DR DP 7/29/2008 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
12839 Sumterville FL 33585-5328 OPR FR NP 1/23/2004 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
13007 Okeechobee FL 34972 OPR DR, NL, TH NP 8/20/2010 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
13120 Ft. Macleod, Canada OPR 6/17/2010 VAI </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
13273 Winterset IA 50273 OPR DR, NL DP 1/23/2013 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
13359 Arion IA 51520-2034 OPR PB HP 4/4/2013 RTS Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
13360 Logan IA 51546 OPR TH DP 10/13/2009 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
13400 Farmersburg IA 52047-8064 OPR FR, OF NP 3/16/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
13436 Ryan IA 52330-8549 OPR FR, OF HP 4/17/2008 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
13658 Wilton IA 52778-0001 OPR DR, NL DP 3/30/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
13914 Lime Springs IA 52155-8246 OPR TH DP 4/11/2006 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
13976 Woodbine IA 51579-1504 OPR DR, OT NP 8/28/2008 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
14083 Luana IA 52156-8072 OPR FR, OF HP 6/10/2010 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
14540 Griswold IA 51535-6566 OPR OT NP 6/13/2012 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
14632 Webster IA 52355 OPR OT HP 6/5/2012 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
14679 Garnavillo IA 52049-8081 OPR FR, OF HP 9/11/2010 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
14842 Chelsea IA 52215-9714 OPR FR, OF HP 5/20/2010 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
14850 Rock Rapids IA 51246-7723 OPR FR, OF NP 10/19/2004 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
14888 Hawarden IA 51023-7590 OPR FR, OF NP 3/28/2005 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
14894 Grinnell IA 50112-8151 OPR DR, NL DP 12/6/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
14993 Saint Olaf IA 52072-0047 OPR DR, NL DP 3/15/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
15103 Des Moines IA 50313-4736 OPR DR, PF DP 2/21/2012 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
15173 Villisca IA 50864-7007 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 1/23/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
15258 Cascade IA 52033-0038 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 1/29/2013 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
15307 Volga IA 52077-8006 OPR FR, OF NP 6/12/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
15359 Kiowa KS 67070-1801 INA TH DP 9/25/2008 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
15387 Colwich KS 67030-9723 OPR DR, FR, OT NP 8/22/2008 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
15747 Greenleaf KS 66943-9755 OPR OF, OT, TH HP 7/9/2012 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
16172 Wichita KS 67219-3615 OPR TH DP 2/26/2009 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
16208 Wichita KS 67214-1406 OPR TH DP 7/6/2009 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
16393 Salina KS 67401-1702 OPR HF NP 4/20/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
16444 Montezuma KS 67867-9111 OPR FR NP 4/17/2008 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
16859 Conway MO 65632-0159 OPR DR DP 11/27/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
16927 Butler MO 64730-1341 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 12/15/2010 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
16930 Cole Camp MO 65325 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 1/9/2013 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
17305 Pilot Grove MO 65276-0171 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 3/7/2013 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
17383 Meta MO 65058-0156 OPR PF HP 6/5/2012 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
17701 Wisner NE 68751 OPR FR NP 2/3/2005 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
17944 Aurora NE 68818-2320 OPR TH DP 6/21/2005 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
17977 Lexington NE 68850-2160 OPR OT NP 11/17/2010 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
18183 Gering NE 69341-3726 OPR FL NP 6/28/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
18677 Lincoln NE 68522 OPR FR HP 3/21/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
18865 Mc Cook NE 69001-0148 OPR OT NP 12/28/2006 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
19248 Gilbert AZ 85295-1795 OPR DR DP 8/18/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
19342 Casa Grande AZ 85222-4315 OPR DR DP 4/10/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
19343 Glendale AZ 85301 OPR DR, PF HP 6/13/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
19456 Yuma AZ 85365 OPR DR DP 8/20/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
19469 Kingman AZ 86409-2655 OPR DR DP 7/11/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
19475 Lakeview CA 92567-9062 OPR OF, OT HP 8/28/2006 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
19502 City Of Industry CA 91746-3038 OPR DR DP 8/26/2009 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
19503 City of Industry CA 91746-3037 SEA DR DP 8/26/2009 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
19554 Perris CA 92570 OPR DR HP 8/25/2009 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
19586 Vernon CA 90058-1825 OPR HF HP 10/12/2009 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
19645 San Pedro CA 90731-7429 OPR PF HP 1/22/2008 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
19696 Nuevo CA 92585 OPR FR, OT HP 5/28/2009 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
19750 Pacoima CA 91331-2526 OPR OT, PF HP 5/3/2007 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
19752 Compton CA 90221-5723 OPR TH HP 6/2/2010 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
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<div>
19836 Cudahy CA 90201-5816 OPR HF NP 1/27/2011 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
19852 Murrieta CA 92562-6903 OPR OT HP 12/3/2009 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
19855 Long Beach CA 90810 OPR OT, TH DP 8/13/2009 VAI N </div>
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</div>
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<div>
19856 Long Beach CA 90810-1900 OPR OT DP 8/13/2009 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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<div>
19880 Beaumont CA 92223-2648 OPR DR, NL, OT, TH DP 2/15/2007 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
19933 Pacoima CA 91331-1605 OPR PF HP 11/14/2012 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
19945 City of Industry CA 91789-2848 OPR DR DP 6/16/2008 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
19999 Long Beach CA 90806-2425 OPR PF HP 1/6/2009 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
20025 Nuevo CA 92567 OPR AF HP 5/28/2009 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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20068 Gardena CA 90248-2027 OPR OT DP 5/15/2006 VAI N </div>
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</div>
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<div>
20122 Ontario CA 91761-8604 OPR OT NP 3/26/2008 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
20233 Minneapolis MN 55402 OPR DR, OT DP 6/1/2012 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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20236 Hector MN 55342 OPR DR, NL, TH HP 12/19/2012 VAI N </div>
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</div>
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20250 Pine Island MN 55963 OPR FR HP 3/9/2010 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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<div>
20352 Altura MN 55910-4109 OPR DR, PF, RE, TH HP 3/1/2013 VAI N </div>
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</div>
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<div>
20397 Kenyon MN 55946 OPR FR NP 3/10/2010 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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20881 Rochester MN 55904 OPR DR DP 1/16/2013 VAI N </div>
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20885 Menahga MN 56464 OPR FR HP 5/21/2012 VAI Y </div>
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20923 Fergus Falls MN 56537-2146 OPR OT, TH HP 4/2/2008 VAI N </div>
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21141 Forest Lake MN 55025-1559 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 5/1/2012 VAI Y </div>
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21395 Spring Grove MN 55974-3434 OPR FR, OF NP 6/10/2008 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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21409 Albany MN 56307-8717 OPR RO HP 7/14/2006 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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21470 Royalton MN 56373 OPR FR NP 10/26/2006 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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21471 Pierz MN 56364 OPR RO HP 7/18/2006 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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21690 Moose Lake MN 55767-7707 OPR AF, DR, NL, TH DP 9/27/2012 VAI Y
</div>
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</div>
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21706 Richmond MN 56368-8126 OPR FR NP 1/21/2010 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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21947 Waverly MN 56390 OPR FR NP 3/4/2010 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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21996 Inver Grove Heights MN 55077-5912 OPR DR DP 1/15/2013 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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22051 Perham MN 56573-8122 OPR FR NP 1/9/2008 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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22054 Pierz MN 56364-7143 OPR FR NP 6/9/2005 VAI Y </div>
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</div>
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<div>
22378 New Ulm MN 56073-3468 OPR DR, NL, OT, TH HP 3/20/2013 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
22439 Slayton MN 56172-1820 OPR FR, OF NP 8/26/2010 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
22546 Morris MN 56267 OPR FR NP 1/15/2010 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
22631 Brownsdale MN 55918 OPR DR, NL, RE HP 12/17/2012 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
22643 Holland MN 56139-4755 OPR FR, OF NP 6/13/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
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<div>
22649 Mora MN 55051-7107 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 3/26/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
24763 Montfort WI 53569 OPR FR, OF NP 12/10/2004 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
24766 Bonduel WI 54107-8827 OPR FR NP 2/18/2000 VAI </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
25152 Random Lake WI 53075-1772 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 7/15/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
25713 Kiel WI 53042-9747 OPR DR, NL, PB, TH DP 5/18/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
26585 Rutland MA 01543- OPR FR NP 6/5/2006 VAI N </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
26631 Westmoreland NH 03467- OPR NP 12/12/2008 VAI </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
26637 Bristol VT 05443-5054 OPR FR NP 8/9/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
26645 Sheldon VT 05483- OPR FR NP 11/20/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
27308 Arkport NY 14807-9616 OPR FR HP 1/27/2009 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
27544 Clyde NY 14433-9543 OPR FR NP 2/21/2003 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
27743 Almond NY 14804-9635 OPR FR NP 6/17/2009 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
27840 Potsdam NY 13676-3328 OPR FR, OF NP 2/28/2002 VAI Y </div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
27926 Cincinnatus NY 13040-9666 OPR FR NP 5/28/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
27969 Java Center NY 14082-9630 OPR OF NP 8/17/2005 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
28033 Utica NY 13502-2920 OPR RE, TH HP 10/18/2012 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
28119 Kennedy NY 14747-9571 OPR FR HP 4/6/2009 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
28124 Venice Center NY 13147-3187 OPR FR HP 9/3/2009 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
28263 Edmeston NY 13335 OPR FR NP 12/1/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
28287 Clymer NY 14724-9625 OPR FR NP 6/24/2009 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
28666 Hatfield PA 19440-3614 OPR PF HP 9/22/2011 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
29061 Claysburg PA 16625-8908 OPR DR, NL, OT, TH DP 12/4/2008 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
30380 Sacramento CA 95830-9498 OPR RE, TH HP 1/24/2013 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
30382 Salinas CA 93901-4349 OPR RE NP 11/28/2011 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
30743 Waianae HI 96792-3523 OPR TH DP 8/23/2006 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
30748 Hauula HI 96717 OPR TH DP 8/22/2006 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
30754 Kula HI 96790-7208 OPR DR DP 8/5/2006 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
30755 Waianae HI 96792-3511 OPR TH DP 8/17/2006 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
30815 Carson City NV 89706-1934 OPR OT DP 6/4/2003 VAI N </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
32233 Guaynabo PR 00767- OPR DR, NL, OT, PF NP 3/14/2013 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
32251 San Sebastian PR 00685- OPR FR NP 11/20/2012 VAI Y </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory (excel format) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/ComplianceEnforcement/BovineSpongiformEncephalopathy/ucm114507.htm">http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/ComplianceEnforcement/BovineSpongiformEncephalopathy/ucm114507.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/search.cfm">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/search.cfm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, June 4, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** INTERPRETING RESULTS OF FSIS VERIFICATION SAMPLING OF DOMESTIC BEEF
PRODUCT DERIVED FROM ADVANCED MEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS (AMR01/FAMR01) FSIS Notice
38-12</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/06/interpreting-results-of-fsis.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/06/interpreting-results-of-fsis.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, May 30, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has upgraded the United
States' risk classification for mad cow disease to "negligible" from
"controlled", and risk further exposing the globe to the TSE prion mad cow type
disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
U.S. gets top mad-cow rating from international group and risk further
exposing the globe to the TSE prion mad cow type disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/world-organization-for-animal-health.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/world-organization-for-animal-health.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/05/statement-from-agriculture-secretary.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/05/statement-from-agriculture-secretary.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, May 24, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Asynchronous Onset of Clinical Disease in BSE-Infected Macaques </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/05/asynchronous-onset-of-clinical-disease.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/05/asynchronous-onset-of-clinical-disease.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, May 21, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Canada, USA, Bad feed, mad cows: Why we know three BSE cases had a common
origin and why the SSS policy is in full force $$$ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/canada-usa-bad-feed-mad-cows-why-we.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/canada-usa-bad-feed-mad-cows-why-we.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, May 7, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Feds want five-year paper trail for livestock NAIS COOL </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2013/05/feds-want-five-year-paper-trail-for.html">http://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2013/05/feds-want-five-year-paper-trail-for.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, April 30, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Foodborne Transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to Nonhuman
Primates </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/04/foodborne-transmission-of-bovine.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/04/foodborne-transmission-of-bovine.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, April 19, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
APHIS 2013 Stakeholder Meeting (March 2013) BSE TSE PRION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/04/aphis-2013-stakeholder-meeting-march.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/04/aphis-2013-stakeholder-meeting-march.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, March 5, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Use of Materials Derived From Cattle in Human Food and Cosmetics; Reopening
of the Comment Period FDA-2004-N-0188-0051 (TSS SUBMISSION) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA believes current regulation protects the public from BSE but reopens
comment period due to new studies </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/use-of-materials-derived-from-cattle-in_6452.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/use-of-materials-derived-from-cattle-in_6452.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Wednesday, February 20, 2013</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
World Organization for Animal Health Recommends United States' BSE Risk
Status Be Upgraded</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Statement from Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/02/world-organization-for-animal-health.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/02/world-organization-for-animal-health.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, February 14, 2013</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** The Many Faces of Mad Cow Disease Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE
and TSE prion disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-many-faces-of-mad-cow-disease.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-many-faces-of-mad-cow-disease.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, December 15, 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on
attack rate and incubation period in cattle -- an update 5 December 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2012/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2012/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2011 Monday, September 26, 2011 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
L-BSE BASE prion and atypical sporadic CJD </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/09/l-bse-base-prion-and-atypical-sporadic.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/09/l-bse-base-prion-and-atypical-sporadic.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
APHIS notes that for the current surveillance program, it had established
regional goals and APHIS was not trying to meet particular sampling levels in
particular States. However, we believe that it would be advantageous for APHIS
to monitor collection data and increase outreach when large geographical areas
such as the above States do not provide samples in proportion to the numbers and
types of cattle in the population. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
We also disagree with APHIS/FSIS’ contention that because they have tested
over 375,000 of their 446,000 estimate of high risk cattle, few in the high-risk
population are being missed, including those that might be pre-screened before
entering a slaughter facility’s property. In our prior audit, we reported that
APHIS underestimated the high-risk population; we found that this estimate
should have been closer to 1 million animals (see Finding 1). We recognize that
BSE samples are provided on a voluntary basis; however, APHIS should consider
industry practice in any further maintenance surveillance effort. Animals
unsuitable for slaughter exhibiting symptoms not inconsistent with BSE should be
sampled and their clinical signs recorded. However, this cited industry practice
results in rejected animals not being made available to either APHIS or FSIS
veterinarians for their observation and identification of clinical signs
exhibited ante mortem. Although these animals may be sampled later at other
collection sites, the animals are provided post mortem without information as to
relevant clinical signs exhibited ante mortem. For these reasons, we believe
APHIS needs to</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
USDA/OIG-A/50601-10-KC Page 27</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
observe these animals ante mortem when possible to assure the animals from
the target population are ultimately sampled and the clinical signs
evaluated.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half (bogus BSE
sampling FROM HEALTHY USDA CATTLE)</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Date: June 21, 2007 at 2:49 pm PST</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February
2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The
owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified
BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to
USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those
cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the
owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem)
samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently
received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduledfor May 2007.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Topics that will be covered in ongoing or planned reviews under Goal 1
include:</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
soundness of BSE maintenance sampling (APHIS), implementation of
Performance-Based Inspection System enhancements for specified risk material
(SRM) violations and improved inspection controls over SRMs (FSIS and
APHIS),</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The findings and recommendations from these efforts will be covered in
future semiannual reports as the relevant audits and investigations are
completed. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://stanford.wellsphere.com/cjd-article/usda-certified-h-base-mad-cow-school-lunch-program/641216">http://stanford.wellsphere.com/cjd-article/usda-certified-h-base-mad-cow-school-lunch-program/641216</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/02/usda-certified-h-base-mad-cow-school.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/02/usda-certified-h-base-mad-cow-school.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Office of the United States Attorney District of Arizona</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE For Information Contact Public Affairs</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
February 16, 2007 WYN HORNBUCKLE Telephone: (602) 514-7625Cell: (602)
525-2681</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CORPORATION AND ITS PRESIDENT PLEAD GUILTY TO DEFRAUDING GOVERNMENT’S MAD
COW DISEASESURVEILLANCE PROGRAM</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Evidence uncovered during the government’s investigation established that
Farm Fresh Meats and Farabee submitted samples from cattle outside the Targeted
Cattle Population. Specifically, FarmFresh Meats and Farabee submitted, or
caused to be submitted, obex samples from healthy, USDA inspected cattle, in
order to steal government moneys.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Evidence collected also demonstrated that Farm Fresh Meats and Farabee
failed to maintain cattle carcasses and heads pending test results and falsified
corporate books and records to conceal their malfeasance. Such actions, to the
extent an obex sample tested positive (fortunately, none did), could have
jeopardized the USDA’s ability to identify the diseased animal and pinpoint its
place of origin.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sentencing is set before Judge Earl H. Carroll on May 14, 2007. The
investigation in this case was conducted by Assistant Special Agent in Charge
Alejandro Quintero, United States Department ofAgriculture, Office of Inspector
General. The prosecutionis being handled by Robert Long, Assistant U.S.
Attorney, District ofArizona, Phoenix.CASE NUMBER: CR-07-00160-PHX-EHC RELEASE
NUMBER: 2007-051(Farabee) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
# # # </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2007/2007-051(Farabee).pdf">http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2007/2007-051(Farabee).pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, November 02, 2010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE - ATYPICAL LESION DISTRIBUTION (RBSE 92-21367) statutory (obex only)
diagnostic criteria CVL 1992 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/11/bse-atypical-lesion-distribution-rbse.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/11/bse-atypical-lesion-distribution-rbse.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and
VPSPr PRIONPATHY </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** (see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R
Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter
dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based
protein.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION AL </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
______________________________ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc.,
Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.
REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat
and bone meal.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
______________________________</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb.
bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags,
Recall # V-122-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall #
V-123-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50
lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall #
V-125-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall #
V-126-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall #
V-127-6</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING
FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by
telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006.
Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall
is ongoing.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with
ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
### </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125
TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall #
V-101-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50
lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%,
Recall # V-106-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to
20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall #
V-107-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall #
108-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall #
V-110-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL,
by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is
complete.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant
based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
### </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006
09:22 71.248.128.67</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
______________________________</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals,
Recall # V-079-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg),
Recall # V-080-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED,
Recall # V-081-6;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
a) Bulk</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
b) None</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
c) Bulk</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
d) Bulk</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL,
by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm
initiated recall is ongoing.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone
meal.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
### </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN
COMMERCE USA 2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried,
Recall # V-024-2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Firm initiated recall is ongoing. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-
contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been
manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE
statement. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
42,090 lbs. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WI </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
___________________________________ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Custom dairy premix products: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX
Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL
PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST
PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN
Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J -
PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN,
BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT
Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with
commodity and weights identified. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm
initiated recall is complete. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross
contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear
cautionary BSE statement. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9,997,976 lbs. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
ID and NV </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: bovine blood meal was cross-contaminated with prohibited bovine
meat and bone meal 1,366,128 lbs. WI, TX, NE, TN, CO, and MN FEBRUARY 7, 2007
PRODUCT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Bulk Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, distributed in totes and in
1-ton bags (for one customer only), Recall # V-012-2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Blood meal distributed between 9/7/2006-2/3/2007. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Darling National LLC, Omaha, NB, by telephone on January 12, 2007. Firm
initiated recall is ongoing. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Some of the exempt bovine blood meal was cross-contaminated with prohibited
bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and the
labeling did not bear the cautionary BSE statement that it should not be fed to
ruminants. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1,366,128 lbs. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WI, TX, NE, TN, CO, and MN </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR FEBRUARY 7, 2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
### </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120440.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120440.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
O-NO-MORE (Formerly ORPHAN-NO-MORE) Calf Claimer Powder, packaged in 11-oz.
bottles, For Animal Use Only. Recall # V-043-2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
A06 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Springer Magrath Co., Mc Cook, NE, by telephone on January 2, 2007, fax
dated January 9, 2007, by letters on February 22, 2007, March 12, March 14 and
March 21, 2007. Firm initiated recall is ongoing. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The finished product was manufactured with prohibited bovine blood meal and
did not bear the cautionary BSE statement that the product should not be fed to
ruminants. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Approximately 13,255 bottles </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Nationwide </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR JUNE 13, 2007 ### </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120458.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120458.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
remember, .005 grams is more than enough to be lethal. ...tss </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, December 15, 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on
attack rate and incubation period in cattle -- an update 5 December 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2012/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2012/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Rangen Inc 2/11/10 Department of Health and Human Services Public Health
Service Food and Drug Administration Seattle District Pacific Region 22201 23rd
Drive SE Bothell, WA 98021-4421 Telephone: 425-486-8788 FAX: 425-483-4996 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
February 11, 2010</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CERTIFIED MAIL</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In reply refer to Warning Letter SEA 10-11</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Christopher T. Rangen, President Rangen, Inc. 115-13th Avenue South PO Box
706 Buhl, Idaho 83316</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WARNING LETTER</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Dear Mr. Rangen: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
On June 9-11, 2009, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigators
inspected your animal feed manufacturing facilities located at 115-13th Avenue
South, Buhl, Idaho. The inspection revealed significant deviations from the
requirements set forth in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Section
589.2000 (21 C.F.R. 589.2000), Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. This
regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). You failed to follow the requirements of this
regulation, resulting in products being manufactured and distributed by your
facility that were adulterated within the meaning of section 402(a)(4) of the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act), 21 U.S.C. § 342(a)(4), and
misbranded within the meaning of section 403(a)(1) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. §
343(a)(1). Our investigation determined that adulteration resulted from the
failure of your firm to provide for measures to avoid commingling or
cross-contamination. The adulterated feed was subsequently misbranded because it
was not properly labeled. Specifically, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
we found: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1. Your firm failed to provide for and use cleanout procedures or other
means adequate to prevent carry-over of products that contain or may contain
proteins derived from mammalian tissues into animal feed that may be used for
ruminants, as required by 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1)(iii)(B). Since your feed is
prepared, packed, or held under these conditions it is, therefore, adulterated
under section 402(a)(4) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 342(a)(4). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
• Mink feed that was not labeled "Do not feed to cattle or other
ruminants," in accordance with 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1)(i) and that, therefore,
might be fed to ruminants, was produced using the same equipment as aquaculture
feed that contains proteins derived from mammalian tissues, such as meat and
bone meal. You conducted no clean-outs or flushes of equipment to remove
proteins derived from mammalian tissues that may have been present before
manufacturing the mink feed that might be fed to ruminants. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
• The auger trucks you used to deliver bulk mink feed which contained or
may have contained proteins derived from mammalian tissues were not subject to
an effective clean-out prior to their use to deliver bulk animal feed, including
ruminant feed, that did not contain such materials. There were no procedures to
clean the trucks to remove proteins derived from mammalian tissues before
shipment of animal feeds that did not contain such materials. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2. You failed to label all products which contained or may have contained
proteins derived from mammalian tissues with the statement, "Do not feed to
cattle or other ruminants," as required by 21 C.F.R. 589.2000(e)(1)(i). Such
products are misbranded under Section 403(a)(1) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. §
343(a)(1). The misbranded product includes bulk mink feed. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
• On June 9, 2009, the investigators observed approximately (b)(4) pallets
of (b)(4) 50 pound bags of (b)(4) MINK FEED, lot 06/05/09. All bagged mink feed,
as well as approximately (b)(4)% of bulk mink feed, manufactured at your
facility, was produced using the aquaculture feed production equipment used to
produce feed containing proteins derived from mammalian tissues. Because mink
feed produced using this equipment may have contained mammalian tissues, it was
not properly labeled, as required by 21 C.F.R. 589.2000(e)(1)(i). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
This letter is not intended to serve as an all-inclusive list of
violations at your facility. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal
feed use, you are responsible for ensuring your overall operation and the
products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. You
should take prompt action to correct the above violations and you should
establish a system whereby violations do not occur. Failure to promptly correct
these violations may result in regulatory action, such seizure and/or
injunction, without further notice. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
We acknowledge your July 31, 2009 letter detailing procedures you had
implemented or planned to implement to prevent future violations of FDA
regulations relating to mammalian proteins in animal feed. In particular the
letter stated that Rangen would no longer purchase meat and bone meal for use in
any of its animal feeds and that existing inventories of mammalian protein
ingredients would be exhausted by December 31, 2009. Division Manager, Joy
Kinyon made similar assertions in the course of FDA's June 2009 inspection. The
July 31, 2009 letter further set out procedures Rangen would use to remedy
observed violations of FDA regulations while mammalian proteins were still being
used at Rangen. Finally you explained steps taken to recover or relabel feed
that may have been contaminated due to commingling resulting from your
manufacturing and distribution procedures. Within fifteen (15) working days of
receiving this letter you should, in writing, confirm the steps you took prior
to receiving this letter and notify FDA of steps you have taken since receiving
this letter to bring your firm into compliance with the law. Your response
should include each step that has been taken or will be taken to correct the
violations and prevent their recurrence. If corrective action cannot be
completed within fifteen (15) working days, state the reason for the delay and
the time frame within which the corrections will be completed. Please include
copies of any available documentation demonstrating that corrections have been
made. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Your written reply should be directed to Scott A. Nabe, Compliance
Officer, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 22201 23rd Drive SE, Bothell,
Washington 98021-4421. If you have any questions about this letter, please
contact Mr. Nabe at (425) 483-4753. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sincerely, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
/s/ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Charles M. Breen District Director Seattle District </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
cc: Joy A. Kinyon, Division Manager, Aquaculture Feeds-General Feeds
Rangen, Inc. PO Box 706 115-13th Avenue South Buhl, Idaho 83316 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2010/ucm201893.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2010/ucm201893.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
C O N F I R M E D </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
----- Original Message ----- </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sent: Thursday, November 05, 2009 9:25 PM </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: [BSE-L] re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with
prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, November 12, 2009</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE FEED RECALL Misbranding of product by partial label removal to hide
original source of materials 2009</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CVM Annual Report Fiscal Year 2008: October 1, 2007-September 30,
2008</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PUTTING LIPSTICK ON A PIG AND TAKING HER TO A DANCE...TSS</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE Feed Rule Enforcement: A Decade of Success OFF TO A FAST START</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, March 2, 2010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed/Adulterated/Misbranded Rangen
Inc 2/11/10 USA </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, January 14, 2010</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SAMPLE COLLECTION FROM CATTLE UNDER THE BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
(BSE) ONGOING SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FSIS NOTICE 05-10 1/12/10</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/sample-collection-from-cattle-under.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/sample-collection-from-cattle-under.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005
(Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as
GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically
open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is
present also in Mexico.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf">http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, July 14, 2009</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
U.S. Emergency Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Response Plan Summary and
BSE Red Book Date: February 14, 2000 at 8:56 am PST</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WHERE did we go wrong $$$</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/us-emergency-bovine-spongiform.html">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/us-emergency-bovine-spongiform.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sunday, January 17, 2010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE USA feed inspection violations 01/01/2009 to 01/17/2010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
HISTORY F.O.I.A. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, August 29, 2009</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited
materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, September 3, 2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with
prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/429128-lbs-feed-for-ruminant-animals.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/429128-lbs-feed-for-ruminant-animals.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, September 4, 2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals
may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, November 3, 2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited
material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, June 12, 2010</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PUBLICATION REQUEST AND FOIA REQUEST Project Number: 3625-32000-086-05
Study of Atypical Bse</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/06/publication-request-and-foia-request.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/06/publication-request-and-foia-request.html</a>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Wednesday, July 28, 2010</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
re-Freedom of Information Act Project Number 3625-32000-086-05, Study of
Atypical BSE UPDATE July 28, 2010</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/re-freedom-of-information-act-project.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/re-freedom-of-information-act-project.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, October 8, 2010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Scientific reasons for a feed ban of meat-and-bone meal, applicable to all
farmed animals including cattle, pigs, poultry, farmed fish and pet food </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/10/scientific-reasons-for-feed-ban-of-meat.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/10/scientific-reasons-for-feed-ban-of-meat.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/04/mad-cow-disease-usa-4th-case-documented.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/04/mad-cow-disease-usa-4th-case-documented.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, November 6, 2010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TAFS1 Position Paper on Position Paper on Relaxation of the Feed Ban in the
EU </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Berne, 2010 TAFS INTERNATIONAL FORUM FOR TRANSMISSIBLE ANIMAL DISEASES AND
FOOD SAFETY a non-profit Swiss Foundation </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/11/tafs1-position-paper-on-position-paper.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/11/tafs1-position-paper-on-position-paper.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Archive Number 20101206.4364 Published Date 06-DEC-2010 Subject
PRO/AH/EDR> </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion disease update 2010 (11) PRION DISEASE UPDATE 2010 (11) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20101206.4364">http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20101206.4364</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
P.9.21</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Molecular characterization of BSE in Canada</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Jianmin Yang1, Sandor Dudas2, Catherine Graham2, Markus Czub3, Tim
McAllister1, Stefanie Czub1 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre,
Canada; 2National and OIE BSE Reference Laboratory, Canada; 3University of
Calgary, Canada</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Background: Three BSE types (classical and two atypical) have been
identified on the basis of molecular characteristics of the misfolded protein
associated with the disease. To date, each of these three types have been
detected in Canadian cattle.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Objectives: This study was conducted to further characterize the 16
Canadian BSE cases based on the biochemical properties of there associated
PrPres. Methods: Immuno-reactivity, molecular weight, glycoform profiles and
relative proteinase K sensitivity of the PrPres from each of the 16 confirmed
Canadian BSE cases was determined using modified Western blot analysis.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Results: Fourteen of the 16 Canadian BSE cases were C type, 1 was H type
and 1 was L type. The Canadian H and L-type BSE cases exhibited size shifts and
changes in glycosylation similar to other atypical BSE cases. PK digestion under
mild and stringent conditions revealed a reduced protease resistance of the
atypical cases compared to the C-type cases. N terminal- specific antibodies
bound to PrPres from H type but not from C or L type. The C-terminal-specific
antibodies resulted in a shift in the glycoform profile and detected a fourth
band in the Canadian H-type BSE.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular
characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases
from Europe and Japan. This supports the theory that the importation of BSE
contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada. *It also suggests
a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, August 4, 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Final Feed Investigation Summary - California BSE Case - July 2012
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/final-feed-investigation-summary.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/final-feed-investigation-summary.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20120501.1119136">http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20120501.1119136</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
What irks many scientists is the USDA’s April 25 statement that the rare
disease is “not generally associated with an animal consuming infected feed.”
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The USDA’s conclusion is a “gross oversimplification,” said Dr. Paul Brown,
one of the world’s experts on this type of disease who retired recently from the
National Institutes of Health. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
"(The agency) has no foundation on which to base that statement.” </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
“We can’t say it’s not feed related,” agreed Dr. Linda Detwiler, an
official with the USDA during the Clinton Administration now at Mississippi
State. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In the May 1 email to me, USDA’s Cole backed off a bit. “No one knows the
origins of atypical cases of BSE,” she said </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, May 26, 2012</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Are USDA assurances on mad cow case 'gross oversimplification'? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/05/are-usda-assurances-on-mad-cow-case.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/05/are-usda-assurances-on-mad-cow-case.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v485/n7398/full/485279b.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v485/n7398/full/485279b.html</a>
</div>
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<div>
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</div>
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<div>
Monday, March 25, 2013 </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Minnesota Firm Recalls Bone-In Ribeye That May Contain Specified Risk
Materials Recall Release CLASS II RECALL FSIS-RC-024-2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/03/minnesota-firm-recalls-bone-in-ribeye.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/03/minnesota-firm-recalls-bone-in-ribeye.html</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
Ohio Department of Agriculture and Ohio Department of Health</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Governor</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
John R. Kasich</div>
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</div>
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<div>
Lieutenant Governor</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Mary Taylor</div>
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</div>
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<div>
ODA Director</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
James Zehringer</div>
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</div>
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<div>
ODH Director</div>
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</div>
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<div>
Theodore E. Wymyslo, M.D.</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
DT: July 14, 2011</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TO: Health Commissioners, Directors of Environmental Health and Interested
Parties</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RE: Recall Announcement (ODA/ODH) 2011-076</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
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<div>
Valley Farm Meats (DBA Strasburg Provision, Inc) Issues Precautionary
Recall for Beef Products Due to Possible Contamination with Prohibited Materials
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
snip...end...TSS </div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
========================================= </div>
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</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
Ohio Department of Agriculture and Ohio Department of Health</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
Governor</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
John R. Kasich Lieutenant Governor Mary Taylor ODA Director James Zehringer
ODH Director Theodore E. Wymyslo, M.D. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DT: July 14, 2011 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TO: Health Commissioners, Directors of Environmental Health and Interested
Parties </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RE: Recall Announcement (ODA/ODH) 2011-076 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Valley Farm Meats (DBA Strasburg Provision, Inc) Issues Precautionary
Recall for Beef Products Due to Possible Contamination with Prohibited Materials
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
[STRASBURG, Ohio] – Valley Farm Meats (DBA Strasburg Provision, Inc) of
Strasburg, OH announces a voluntary recall of an unknown amount of beef products
that may contain the spinal cord and vertebral column, which are considered
specified risk materials (SRMs). SRMs must be removed from cattle over 30 months
of age in accordance with federal and state regulations. SRMs are tissues that
are known to contain the infective agent in cattle infected with Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), as well as materials that are closely
associated with these potentially infective tissues. Therefore, federal and
state regulations prohibit SRMs from use as human food to minimize potential
human exposure to the BSE agent.</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The products subject to recall include all beef products slaughtered and
processed by or purchased from Valley Farm Meats retail store, 1317 N. Wooster
Ave NW, Strasburg, OH 44680 or purchased from Ed Lind Livestock and Poultry,
3333 Church Rd B, Medina, Ohio 44256. These products were produced between
01/28/2011 and 07/05/2011 and offered for sale from 01/28/2011 through
07/11/2011. The package labels or beef carcasses may bear the Ohio mark of
inspection and “Est. 80”, however products processed through Ed Lind Livestock
and Poultry may not contain such markings. The problem was discovered through
routine inspection activities by the Ohio Department of Agriculture’s Division
of Meat Inspection. The Department has received no reports of illnesses
associated with consumption of this product. The United States Department of
Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service classifies this type of
potential contamination as a low health risk, however individuals concerned
about an illness should contact a health care provider. Because of potential
product contamination, Valley Farm Meats urges its customers who have purchased
the suspect product(s) not to eat them and to return them to the company.
Customers may bring those designated packages to Valley Farm Meats, 1317 N
Wooster Avenue NW, Strasburg, OH 44680 during regular business hours or call the
company’s owner, Paul Berry at 330-878-5557. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.agri.ohio.gov/public_docs/recalls/2011/Recall_FS_76-2011.pdf">http://www.agri.ohio.gov/public_docs/recalls/2011/Recall_FS_76-2011.pdf</a>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
see old FSIS example of SRM recalls from the past ; </div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
North Dakota Firm Recalls Whole Beef Head Products That Contain Prohibited
Materials </div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Recall Release CLASS II RECALL FSIS-RC-023-2010 HEALTH RISK: LOW </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Congressional and Public Affairs (202) 720-9113 Catherine Cochran
WASHINGTON, April 5, 2010 - North American Bison Co-Op, a New Rockford, N.D.,
establishment is recalling approximately 25,000 pounds of whole beef heads
containing tongues that may not have had the tonsils completely removed, which
is not compliant with regulations that require the removal of tonsils from
cattle of all ages, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and
Inspection Service (FSIS) announced today. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tonsils are considered a specified risk material (SRM) and must be removed
from cattle of all ages in accordance with FSIS regulations. SRMs are tissues
that are known to contain the infective agent in cattle infected with Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), as well as materials that are closely
associated with these potentially infective tissues. Therefore, FSIS prohibits
SRMs from use as human food to minimize potential human exposure to the BSE
agent. </div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The product subject to recall includes: Various weight cases of "Beef Heads
KEEP FROZEN." Each case bears the establishment number "EST. 18859" inside the
USDA mark of inspection and a case code number "16999." "North Dakota Natural
Beef" is printed in the bottom left-hand corner of each label. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The recalled products were produced between June 25, 2009, and February 19,
2010. These products were shipped to distribution centers in Md., Mich., and
Minn. for further sale. The problem was discovered during FSIS inspection
activities at the establishment. FSIS routinely conducts recall effectiveness
checks to verify recalling firms notify their customers of the recall and that
steps are taken to make certain that the product is no longer available to
consumers. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Media with questions about the recall should contact Philip Wicke, Vice
President of Operations, at (701) 356-7723. Consumers with questions about the
recall should contact Jeremy Anderson, Director of Customer Service, at (952)
545-2495 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Consumers with food safety questions can "Ask Karen," the FSIS virtual
representative available 24 hours a day at AskKaren.gov. The toll-free USDA Meat
and Poultry Hotline 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854) is available in English and
Spanish and can be reached from l0 a.m. to 4 p.m. (Eastern Time) Monday through
Friday. Recorded food safety messages are available 24 hours a day. # </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_023_2010_Release/index.asp">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_023_2010_Release/index.asp</a>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
Missouri Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials</div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
Recall Release CLASS II RECALL FSIS-RC-021-2008 HEALTH RISK: LOW </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Congressional and Public Affairs (202) 720-9113 Amanda Eamich </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WASHINGTON, June 26, 2008 – Paradise Locker Meats, a Trimble, Mo.,
establishment, is voluntarily recalling approximately 120 pounds of fresh cattle
heads with tonsils not completely removed, which is not compliant with
regulations that require the removal of tonsils from cattle of all ages, the
U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service announced
today.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tonsils are considered a specified risk material (SRM) and must be removed
from cattle of all ages in accordance with FSIS regulations. SRMs are tissues
that are known to contain the infective agent in cattle infected with BSE, as
well as materials that are closely associated with these potentially infective
tissues. Therefore, FSIS prohibits SRMs from use as human food to minimize
potential human exposure to the BSE agent. The products subject to recall
include: Boxes of “BEEF HEAD, PARADISE LOCKER MEATS.” Each shipping package
bears the establishment numbers “EST. 31865” inside the USDA mark of inspection.
These products were sent to retail establishments and restaurants in the Kansas
City, Kansas, area.</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The problem was discovered through routine FSIS inspection that verified
there had been incomplete removal of the tonsils by the recalling establishment.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Media and consumers with questions about the recall should contact company
Production Supervisor Louis Fantasma at (816) 370-6328. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Consumers with food safety questions can “Ask Karen,” the FSIS virtual
representative available 24 hours a day at AskKaren.gov. The toll-free USDA Meat
and Poultry Hotline 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854) is available in English and
Spanish and can be reached from l0 a.m. to 4 p.m. (Eastern Time) Monday through
Friday. Recorded food safety messages are available 24 hours a day. # </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_021_2008_Release/index.asp">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_021_2008_Release/index.asp</a>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
HAS the greed and money gotten so bad that the FSIS, USDA, APHIS, OIE et
al, just decided that not only to exempt the atypical Scrapies and apparently
now the BSE's, exempt them all, and just agreed to choose to not even speak
about it anymore. i mean...really, the USDA and OIE have systematically covered
up mad cow disease i.e. they call it SSS policy. where is USA burying them all
at ? i do not accept the star trek like cloaking device that appears to be the
only thing left that could be protecting the USA from mad cow disease....really.
sadly, Canada has now taken the same low road as the USA in regards to
discussing and making public documents on there mad cow cases. all this, 2011,
with the science mounting, still follow the global myth of the UKBSEnvCJD only
theory, and that all the sporadic CJDs (85%+ of all human TSE) are a mear
happenstance of bad luck, when North America is plum full of different strains
of the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy in different species, all of
which over a period of time, decades, were rendered and fed to food producing
animals for human and animal food...really. i really just don't buy it...tss
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
some history on SRM's IN COMMERCE ; </div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SEE FULL TEXT HERE ; </div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, July 1, 2008</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Missouri Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials
SRMs</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
Sunday, October 18, 2009</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM
WASHINGTON, October 17, 2009</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, October 15, 2009</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Nebraska Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM
WASHINGTON, Oct 15, 2009</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html</a>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, June 26, 2008</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a>
</div>
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</div>
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<div>
</div>
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</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, August 8, 2008</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs
941,271 pounds with tonsils not completely removed</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, April 5, 2008</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SRM MAD COW RECALL 406 THOUSAND POUNDS CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS
KANSAS</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html</a>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
Wednesday, April 30, 2008</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to
lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, October 15, 2010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
BSE infectivity in the absence of detectable PrPSc accumulation in the
tongue and nasal mucosa of terminally diseased cattle </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html</a>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS SRMs </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html</a>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/</a>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Archive Number 20101206.4364 Published Date 06-DEC-2010 Subject
PRO/AH/EDR> Prion disease update 2010 (11)</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRION DISEASE UPDATE 2010 (11)</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20101206.4364">http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20101206.4364</a>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, November 6, 2010</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TAFS1 Position Paper on Position Paper on Relaxation of the Feed Ban in the
EU Berne, 2010 TAFS</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
INTERNATIONAL FORUM FOR TRANSMISSIBLE ANIMAL DISEASES AND FOOD SAFETY a
non-profit Swiss Foundation </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/11/tafs1-position-paper-on-position-paper.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/11/tafs1-position-paper-on-position-paper.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/use-of-materials-derived-from-cattle-in_6452.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/use-of-materials-derived-from-cattle-in_6452.html</a>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div>
*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly
magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef
ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and
slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of
free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier.
Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE
and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion
diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease
through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can
be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size
of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic
individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a
potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf">http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
The chances of a person or domestic animal contracting CWD are “extremely
remote,” Richards said. The possibility can’t be ruled out, however. “One could
look at it like a game of chance,” he explained. “The odds (of infection)
increase over time because of repeated exposure. That’s one of the downsides of
having CWD in free-ranging herds: We’ve got this infectious agent out there that
we can never say never to in terms of (infecting) people and domestic
livestock.” </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/121201a.aspx">https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/121201a.aspx</a>
</div>
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</div>
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<div>
</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2011 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were
susceptible to scrapie. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf">http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
This work demonstrates that WTD are highly susceptible to sheep scrapie,
but on first passage, scrapie in WTD is differentiable from CWD. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
4.Accomplishments 1. Deer inoculated with domestic isolates of sheep
scrapie. Scrapie-affected deer exhibit 2 different patterns of disease
associated prion protein. In some regions of the brain the pattern is much like
that observed for scrapie, while in others it is more like chronic wasting
disease (CWD), the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy typically associated
with deer. This work conducted by ARS scientists at the National Animal Disease
Center, Ames, IA suggests that an interspecies transmission of sheep scrapie to
deer may have been the origin of CWD. This is important for husbandry practices
with both captive deer, elk and sheep for farmers and ranchers attempting to
keep their herds and flocks free of CWD and scrapie. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=411467&showpars=true&fy=2011">http://ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=411467&showpars=true&fy=2011</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
pens, pens, PENS ??? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD.
The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr.
Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at
this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had
previously been occupied by sheep. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, November 09, 2012</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD in cervidae and transmission to other
species</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-in-cervidae.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-in-cervidae.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sunday, November 11, 2012</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Susceptibilities of Nonhuman Primates to Chronic Wasting Disease
November 2012</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/susceptibilities-of-nonhuman-primates.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/susceptibilities-of-nonhuman-primates.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, December 14, 2012</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Susceptibility Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in wild cervids to Humans 2005
- December 14, 2012</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/susceptibility-chronic-wasting-disease.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/susceptibility-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, March 09, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Chronic Wasting Disease in Bank Voles: Characterisation of the Shortest
Incubation Time Model for Prion Diseases </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/chronic-wasting-disease-in-bank-voles.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/chronic-wasting-disease-in-bank-voles.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Wednesday, November 14, 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD INVESTIGATION MOVES INTO
LOUISIANA and INDIANA </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/pennsylvania-2012-great-escape-of-cwd_14.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/pennsylvania-2012-great-escape-of-cwd_14.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***SEE UPDATE ! </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, May 28, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD quarantine Louisiana via CWD index herd
Pennsylvania Update May 28, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
6 doe from Pennsylvania CWD index herd still on the loose in Louisiana,
quarantine began on October 18, 2012, still ongoing, Lake Charles premises.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/05/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-quarantine.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/05/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-quarantine.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, March 14, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TEXAS DEER BREEDERS CHEER TWO NEW BILLS SB 1444 AND HB 2092 THAT COULD HELP
POTENTIALLY ENHANCE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/texas-deer-breeders-cheer-two-new-bills.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/texas-deer-breeders-cheer-two-new-bills.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, May 02, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Texas Important Update on OBEX ONLY TEXTING
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/05/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-texas.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/05/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-texas.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, March 18, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING of the UNITED STATES
ANIMAL HEALTH ASSOCIATION September 29 – October 5, 2011 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
see updated 2012 RESOLUTIONS </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/proceedings-one-hundred-and-fifteenth.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/proceedings-one-hundred-and-fifteenth.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, December 14, 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a
requirement by law. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from
the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES.
It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible
risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data
on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these
products. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of
deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of
Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and
behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition,
signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a
fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an
altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids
experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB,
for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate
if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the
human food-chain via affected venison. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and
can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil
and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a
bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are
present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with
CWD prion. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving
between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling
to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing,
footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible.
For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the
increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant
uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher
probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer
given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists
and returning GB residents. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, December 14, 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, April 16, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Cervid Industry Unites To Set Direction for CWD Reform and seem to ignore
their ignorance and denial in their role in spreading Chronic Wasting
Disease</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/04/cervid-industry-unites-to-set-direction.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/04/cervid-industry-unites-to-set-direction.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, June 3, 2013 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Unsuccessful oral transmission of scrapie from British sheep to cattle
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
A kind greetings from Bacliff, Texas ! </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I have often pondered if the whole damn mad cow follies started over here
in the USA, and somehow, the USA shipped it over to the UK ? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
It happened with S. Korea and CWD, via Canada. see ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The disease was confirmed only in elk in the Republic of Korea in 2001,
2004 and 2005. Epidemiological investigations showed that CWD was introduced via
importation of infected elk from Canada between 1994 and 1997. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jvms/advpub/0/advpub_12-0077/_article">https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jvms/advpub/0/advpub_12-0077/_article</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
but I still am not so sure that the mad cow follies did not start long ago
right here in the USA i.e. Richard Marsh and deadstock downer cattle to those
mink, and then the USA shipped it to hell and back. just pondering out loud
here. ...tss </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
first page, fourth paragraph says it all; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents,</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
however, large differences still remain with other risk factors</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level." </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
pages. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Something else I find odd, page 16; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
continuous rendering technology which uses lower</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
United States. However, the specific application in the</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
production process is _believed_ to be different in the two</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
countries." </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
A few more factors to consider, page 15; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers,</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
the United Kingdom." </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep</div>
<br />
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meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand</div>
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tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand</div>
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</div>
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tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is</div>
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less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div>
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</div>
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"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through</div>
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</div>
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cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States</div>
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</div>
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where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5</div>
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times more than the total amount of rendered product in the</div>
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United Kingdom." </div>
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Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep</div>
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to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant</div>
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</div>
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in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected</div>
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flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie</div>
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infected material is lethal to a cow. Considering all this, the</div>
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sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of</div>
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B.S.e. </div>
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To be continued... </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box 42 Bacliff, Texas USA </div>
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_____________________________________________________________________
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<div>
<a href="http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well">http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a>
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<div>
Qualitative Assessment Considering the comparative factors presented, with
the exception of some similarities in rendering practices, epidemiologic factors
believed conducive to the introduction of BSE in the United Kingdom are
significantly different in the United States. This is supported by the following
points: Similar changes in the rendering practices have occurred in both
countries. Continuous rendering accounts for the vast majority of all product
produced. From 1977 to 1982, the portion of United Kingdom product rendered
using hydrocarbon solvents dropped from 70 per-cent to 10 percent. Within the
United States the decline was at least 5 years earlier with very little if any
solvent in current use. </div>
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see full text ; </div>
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<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html</a>
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<div>
TME in mink was documented in the early 1960s. it was first thought that
the TME out break was from scrapie infected sheep, until a investigation was
done on feed practices at these mink facilities, and it was later found that the
mink had been fed 95%+ dead stock downer cows. and later, the Late Richard Marsh
tried to warn the feds of the pending mad cow debacle. they refused to listen.
... some interesting reading on pages 26 to 33 </div>
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<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a>
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1979</div>
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TME originates from feeding mink, scrapie infected materials...</div>
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<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08/tab016.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08/tab016.pdf</a>
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Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding
Infected Cattle </div>
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Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the
farm died from TME. </div>
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snip... </div>
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The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or
dead dairy cattle... </div>
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<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a>
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<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a>
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<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a>
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Tuesday, July 21, 2009</div>
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Transmissible mink encephalopathy - review of the etiology </div>
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Folia Neuropathologica 2/2009 </div>
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full text of the article:</div>
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Transmissible mink encephalopathy – review of the etiology</div>
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Folia Neuropathol 2009; 47 (2): 195-204 </div>
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snip... </div>
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<div>
A possible clue was provided during the Stetsonville TME outbreak in which
the rancher fed his mink commercial feed (e.g., poultry, fish, cereal) and fresh
meat primarily from sick or downer dairy cattle within a 50-mile radius of his
ranch [37]. He did not recall including sheep products in his homemade feed
ration. Upon reviewing prior TME outbreaks in the U.S. and Canada, in all four
cases in which records were available and were not linked to a commercial feed
plant, downer cattle were also included in the mink diet. The Stetsonville TME
isolate, and subsequently additional TME isolates, were transmitted to cattle by
intracerebral inoculation and the Stetsonville TME isolate was the first
confirmed case of experimental transmission of a TSE/prion disease to cattle.
What was striking was that upon experimental transmission of cattle TME back
into mink by the oral and intracerebral routes, the incubation periods were
similar to that found for mink passaged TME. Hence, the pathogenicity of the
Stetsonville TME agent in mink was not altered upon passage into cattle,
suggesting that a previously unrecognized TSE/prion disease in cattle may be the
source of TME infection. Additional studies strongly suggest that TME has
similarities to L-type BSE in transgenic mice compared to H-type or classical
BSE [2]. Since the L-type BSE does not appear to be an infectious form of
TSE/prion disease, the proposal by Marsh [35,37] that a rare TSE in cattle may
be the source of TME infection seems plausible. This is particularly the case in
Wisconsin, which has had the majority of TME in the USA and is a prominent dairy
state with aged cattle being a primary source of fresh meat for mink ration.
Since mink are a sentinel host it is not surprising that they may have been a
key host in amplifying a rare cattle TSE disease. Another possible explanation
for the high incidence of TME in Wisconsin is based on the recent identification
of a mutation in the prion protein gene in cattle with atypical BSE. There may
be cattle breeding stock in Wisconsin that carry a mutation in the prion protein
gene that is linked to late onset disease and are also the source of TSE
infection for mink TME outbreaks described in the 1960s and 1985. </div>
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snip... </div>
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<div>
To this end, mink were shown to be sensitive to scrapie [23,24]. Of
interest, following i.c. inoculation with the UK source of scrapie from a
Suffolk sheep only a single animal developed the disease. In contrast, American
sources B-834 and B-957 from Suffolk sheep readily transmitted to mink. Also, in
another outbreak of TME in Stetsonville, Wisconsin, USA, the affected mink were
apparently fed with downer cattle but not scrapie-affected sheep [32], and thus
TME may result from BSE transmission from cattle to mink [37]. TME is readily
transmitted to cattle [26]. The suggestion that TME may result from transmission
from infected cattle but not sheep was supported by recent data on phenotypic
similarities of TME in cattle and L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
transmitted to ovine transgenic mice (TgOvPrP4) [2]. To this end, L-type of BSE
and TME in TgOvPrP4 presented similar molecular mass of all 3 bands of PrPd.
Unglycosylated PrPd in L-type BSE, bovine TME and typical BSE has the same
molecular mass of approximately 18 kDa in contrast to that of diglycosylated
PrPd species which was lower by 0.5-0.8 kDa in L-type BSE and bovine TME as
compared to typical BSE. Furthermore, L-type BSE and bovine TME transmitted to
TgOvPrP4 mice presented spongiform change of low intensity but PrPd was strongly
expressed including amyloid plaques. Mink were also susceptible to BSE [44]. ...
</div>
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snip... </div>
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please see full text and more here; </div>
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Monday, June 3, 2013 </div>
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Unsuccessful oral transmission of scrapie from British sheep to cattle
</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/06/unsuccessful-oral-transmission-of.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/06/unsuccessful-oral-transmission-of.html</a>
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Thursday, June 6, 2013 </div>
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<div>
FSA MORE BSE MAD COW CONTROL BREACHES JUNE 2013 </div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2013/06/fsa-more-bse-mad-cow-control-breaches.html">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2013/06/fsa-more-bse-mad-cow-control-breaches.html</a>
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Friday, April 19, 2013 </div>
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FDA BSE TSE PRION NEWS FEED AND ANNUAL INSPECTION OF FEED MILLS REPORTS HAS
CEASED TO EXIST </div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/04/fda-bse-tse-prion-news-feed-and-annual.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/04/fda-bse-tse-prion-news-feed-and-annual.html</a>
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layperson </div>
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mom dod 12/14/97 hvCJD ‘confirmed’...just made a promise...tss </div>
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<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box 42 Bacliff, Texas USA 77518
flounder9@verizon.net </div>
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</div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-32106570529069056952013-03-27T07:56:00.002-07:002013-03-27T07:56:19.772-07:00U-turn considered on European PAP animal feed ban<div>
27 Mar 2013 News </div>
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U-turn considered on European PAP animal feed ban</div>
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Nutritionlegislation Nutrition food safety Feed safety consumer issues
Processed animal protein Australia China Europe Thailand US</div>
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370 </div>
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The European Union is considering lifting a ban on processed animal
proteins (PAPs) to ease the cost of protein used to make animal feed. </div>
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The change would come at a time of heightened consumer concern about food
safety in Europe following the horsemeat scandal, Reuters reports. Stricter
safety rules on PAPs, that include intestine, bones, blood and feather, would be
imposed when the ban was lifted to prevent, for example, the "cannibalism" of
pig feed being given to pigs.</div>
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But the cost to industry of implementing the new rules as well as consumer
wariness means it is not clear how much the protein would be used. "We are
currently discussing with member states the potential re-authorisation of
processed animal proteins in feed for poultry and pigs from 2014," said a
spokesman for Tonio Borg, the EU's Health and Consumer Policy
Commissioner.</div>
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The by-products from pig and poultry slaughter were banned in 2000 as a
precaution after the BSE outbreak and the number of cases in the EU fell from
2,167 cases in 2001 to 45 cases in 2009 according to the World Health
Organisation.</div>
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In Europe, PAPs can currently be used in pet food. As of June this year
they will also be allowed in EU fish feed.The next planned step would be to
allow them in poultry and pig feed. This would bring Europe back in line with
many other countries, including the United States, China, Thailand, Australia
where there were no major reported outbreaks of BSE.</div>
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Animal by-products are a good alternative and would reduce reliance on
expensive imports, producers say.</div>
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"It is a very good source of protein in terms of nutritional composition
and digestibility and thus feed efficiency," said Leo den Hartog, director of
Research and Development and Quality Affairs at the Dutch animal nutrition
company Nutreco.</div>
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Whether the feed sector will use PAPs once the ban is lifted will depend on
price and availability and the extent of consumer concerns, an industry source
who declined to be named said.</div>
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"All chicken protein currently produced is being used by pet food sector
now. If the ban for compound feed is lifted, there will be even more demand and
prices will go up. It will become too expensive," the source said. </div>
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by World Poultry 27 Mar 2013 </div>
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<a href="http://www.allaboutfeed.net/Nutrition/Feed-Additives/2013/3/U-turn-considered-on-European-PAP-animal-feed-ban-1212721W/?cmpid=NLC|AllAboutFeed.net|27-mrt-2013|U-turn%20considered%20on%20European%20PAP%20animal%20feed%20ban">http://www.allaboutfeed.net/Nutrition/Feed-Additives/2013/3/U-turn-considered-on-European-PAP-animal-feed-ban-1212721W/?cmpid=NLC|AllAboutFeed.net|27-mrt-2013|U-turn%20considered%20on%20European%20PAP%20animal%20feed%20ban</a>
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Wednesday, March 20, 2013 </div>
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</div>
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<div>
VETS have discovered 57 tonnes of banned British mutton in the freezers of
meat products firm Spanghero – and raised fears of a new BSE scare </div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/vets-have-discovered-57-tonnes-of.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/vets-have-discovered-57-tonnes-of.html</a>
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Friday, March 8, 2013 </div>
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Dogs may have been used to make Petfood and animal feed </div>
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<a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html</a>
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Monday, August 8, 2011</div>
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</div>
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<div>
Susceptibility of Domestic Cats to CWD Infection </div>
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</div>
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Oral.29: Susceptibility of Domestic Cats to CWD Infection </div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/2011/08/susceptibility-of-domestic-cats-to-cwd.html">http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/2011/08/susceptibility-of-domestic-cats-to-cwd.html</a>
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</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/">http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/</a>
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Friday, April 20, 2012</div>
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</div>
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<div>
Ultrastructural findings in pigs experimentally infected with bovine
spongiform encephalopathy agent </div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2012/04/ultrastructural-findings-in-pigs.html">http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2012/04/ultrastructural-findings-in-pigs.html</a>
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<div>
PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY PSE </div>
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<div>
<a href="http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/">http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/</a>
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Tuesday, March 5, 2013 </div>
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FSA notified of BSE control breaches again and again 5 March 2013 </div>
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(see 2012 BSE breaches as well...tss) </div>
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</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2013/03/fsa-notified-of-bse-control-breaches.html">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2013/03/fsa-notified-of-bse-control-breaches.html</a>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, February 18, 2013 EU</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Reauthorisation of non-ruminant processed animal proteins for fish feed and
welcomes the likely potential for more TSE prion disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/02/eu-reauthorisation-of-non-ruminant.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/02/eu-reauthorisation-of-non-ruminant.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, December 14, 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a
requirement by law. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from
the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES.
It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible
risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data
on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these
products. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of
deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of
Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and
behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition,
signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a
fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an
altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids
experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB,
for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate
if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the
human food-chain via affected venison. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and
can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil
and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a
bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are
present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with
CWD prion. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving
between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling
to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing,
footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible.
For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the
increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant
uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher
probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer
given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists
and returning GB residents. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Friday, December 14, 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
please note, I do not know how much of this 125 TONS of banned mad cow
protein was part of the ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
bbbut, this was about 10 years post mad cow feed ban from 1997. 10 years
later, and still feeding banned mad cow protein to cervids??? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
considering that .005 gram is lethal to several bovines, and we know that
the oral consumption of CWD tainted products is very efficient mode of
transmission of CWD. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125
TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall #
V-101-6; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50
lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%,
Recall # V-106-6; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to
20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall #
V-107-6; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall #
V-110-6; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email
and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based
protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants". </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
125 tons </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
AL and FL </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
### </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: bovine blood meal was cross-contaminated with prohibited bovine
meat and bone meal 1,366,128 lbs. WI, TX, NE, TN, CO, and MN FEBRUARY 7, 2007
PRODUCT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Bulk Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, distributed in totes and in
1-ton bags (for one customer only), Recall # V-012-2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Blood meal distributed between 9/7/2006-2/3/2007. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Darling National LLC, Omaha, NB, by telephone on January 12, 2007. Firm
initiated recall is ongoing. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Some of the exempt bovine blood meal was cross-contaminated with prohibited
bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and the
labeling did not bear the cautionary BSE statement that it should not be fed to
ruminants. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1,366,128 lbs. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WI, TX, NE, TN, CO, and MN </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR FEBRUARY 7, 2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
### </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120440.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120440.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
O-NO-MORE (Formerly ORPHAN-NO-MORE) Calf Claimer Powder, packaged in 11-oz.
bottles, For Animal Use Only. Recall # V-043-2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
A06 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Springer Magrath Co., Mc Cook, NE, by telephone on January 2, 2007, fax
dated January 9, 2007, by letters on February 22, 2007, March 12, March 14 and
March 21, 2007. Firm initiated recall is ongoing. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The finished product was manufactured with prohibited bovine blood meal and
did not bear the cautionary BSE statement that the product should not be fed to
ruminants. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Approximately 13,255 bottles </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Nationwide </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR JUNE 13, 2007 ### </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120458.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120458.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN
COMMERCE USA 2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried,
Recall # V-024-2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Firm initiated recall is ongoing. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-
contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been
manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE
statement. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
42,090 lbs. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WI </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
___________________________________ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRODUCT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Custom dairy premix products: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX
Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL
PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST
PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN
Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J -
PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN,
BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT
Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CODE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with
commodity and weights identified. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm
initiated recall is complete. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
REASON </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross
contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear
cautionary BSE statement. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
9,997,976 lbs. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DISTRIBUTION </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
ID and NV </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
Saturday, August 4, 2012 </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Final Feed Investigation Summary - California BSE Case - July 2012 </div>
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</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/final-feed-investigation-summary.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/final-feed-investigation-summary.html</a>
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<div>
Saturday, August 4, 2012 </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Update from APHIS Regarding Release of the Final Report on the BSE
Epidemiological Investigation </div>
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</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/update-from-aphis-regarding-release-of.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/update-from-aphis-regarding-release-of.html</a>
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2012-2013 </div>
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Wednesday, March 20, 2013 </div>
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</div>
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<div>
GAO-13-244, Mar 18, 2013 Dietary Supplements FDA May Have Opportunities to
Expand Its Use of Reported Health Problems to Oversee Product </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
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<div>
From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Sent: Tuesday, March 19, 2013 2:46 PM </div>
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</div>
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To: gomezj@gao.gov </div>
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</div>
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Cc: siggerudk@gao.gov ; youngc1@gao.gov ; oighotline@gao.gov </div>
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</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/gao-13-244-mar-18-2013-dietary.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/gao-13-244-mar-18-2013-dietary.html</a>
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Wednesday, February 20, 2013</div>
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</div>
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World Organization for Animal Health Recommends United States' BSE Risk
Status Be Upgraded</div>
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</div>
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<div>
Statement from Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack: </div>
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</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/02/world-organization-for-animal-health.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/02/world-organization-for-animal-health.html</a>
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Thursday, February 14, 2013</div>
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</div>
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<div>
The Many Faces of Mad Cow Disease Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE and
TSE prion disease </div>
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</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-many-faces-of-mad-cow-disease.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-many-faces-of-mad-cow-disease.html</a>
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Monday, March 25, 2013 </div>
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</div>
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Minnesota Firm Recalls Bone-In Ribeye That May Contain Specified Risk
Materials Recall Release CLASS II RECALL FSIS-RC-024-2013 </div>
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</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/03/minnesota-firm-recalls-bone-in-ribeye.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/03/minnesota-firm-recalls-bone-in-ribeye.html</a>
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look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm)
caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE; </div>
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Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in
primates </div>
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Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog,
Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie
Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe
Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
(vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral
infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to
transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human
primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a
BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months
after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the
basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary
estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance
that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.
</div>
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snip... </div>
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BSE bovine brain inoculum </div>
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</div>
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<div>
100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg </div>
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Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%) </div>
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</div>
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Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%)
1/15 (7%) </div>
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</div>
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RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%) </div>
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</div>
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PrPres biochemical detection </div>
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</div>
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<div>
The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum
used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar
PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number
of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of
disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally
judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and
intraperitoneal.</div>
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</div>
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<div>
Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected
orally with similar BSE brain inocula </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Published online January 27, 2005 </div>
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</div>
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<div>
<a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral
Route </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3;
Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6;
Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique,
France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious
Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate
Center, Germany </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Background: In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk
for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE
brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys. </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Aims: The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious
dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this,
to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the
disease to identify possible biomarkers. </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Methods: Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering
amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration
study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005
mg). </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Results: In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques
already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the
onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical
course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence
the detection of biomarkers. </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Conclusions: Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on
the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the
incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus
4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that
develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals. </div>
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</div>
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<div>
The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study “BSE
in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route
using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a>
</div>
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<div>
It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradleys
surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram
triggered infection. </div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a>
</div>
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</div>
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<div>
it is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr
Bradleyâs surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1
gram triggered infection. </div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a>
</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion 7:2, 99–108; March/April 2013; © 2013 Landes Bioscience </div>
<br />
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</div>
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<div>
mini-Rev iew Mini-REVIEW </div>
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</div>
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<div>
A closer look at prion strains </div>
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</div>
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<div>
Characterization and important implications </div>
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</div>
<br />
<div>
Laura Solforosi,†,* Michela Milani,† Nicasio Mancini, Massimo Clementi and
Roberto Burioni</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology; University Vita-Salute San
Raffaele; Milan, Italy</div>
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<div>
</div>
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<div>
†These authors contributed equally to this work.</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Keywords: cellular prion protein (PrPC), scrapie prion protein (PrPSc),
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), prion strains, strain
mutation, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease</div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Abbreviations: PrPC, cellular prion protein; PrPSc, scrapie prion protein;
TSEs, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies; TME, transmissible mink
encephalopathy; CJD, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; sCJD, sporadic CJD; vCJD,
variant CJD; FFI, fatal familial insomnia; BSE, bovine spongiform
encephalopathy; CWD, chronic wasting disease; PK, proteinase K; SAF,
scrapie-associated fibrils; CNS, central nervous system; WB, western blot; PE,
phosphatidylethanolamine; sPMCA, serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification;
CPA, cell panel assay </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prions are infectious proteins that are responsible for transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and consist primarily of scrapie prion
protein (PrPSc), a pathogenic isoform of the host-encoded cellular prion protein
(PrPC). The absence of nucleic acids as essential components of the infectious
prions is the most striking feature associated to these diseases. Additionally,
different prion strains have been isolated from animal diseases despite the lack
of DNA or RNA molecules. Mounting evidence suggests that prion-strain-specific
features segregate with different PrPSc conformational and aggregation states.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Strains are of practical relevance in prion diseases as they can
drastically differ in many aspects, such as incubation period, PrPSc biochemical
profile (e.g., electrophoretic mobility and glycoform ratio) and distribution of
brain lesions. Importantly, such different features are maintained after
inoculation of a prion strain into genetically identical hosts and are
relatively stable across serial passages. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
This review focuses on the characterization of prion strains and on the
wide range of important implications that the study of prion strains involves.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Introduction </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases, such as
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in human, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
in cattle, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and scrapie in sheep, are a
group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders. The major neuropathological
hallmarks of TSEs are extensive spongiosis, neuronal cell loss in the central
nervous system, gliosis,1 and deposition of amyloid plaques.2 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*Correspondence to: Laura Solforosi; Email: solforosi.laura@hsr.it
Submitted: 08/13/12; Revised: 12/20/12; Accepted: 01/03/13 <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.23490">http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.23490</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prions are infectious proteins that are responsible for transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and consist primarily of scrapie prion
protein (PrPSc), a pathogenic isoform of the host-encoded cellular prion protein
(PrPC). The absence of nucleic acids as essential components of the infectious
prions is the most striking feature associated to these diseases. Additionally,
different prion strains have been isolated from animal diseases despite the lack
of DNA or RNA molecules. Mounting evidence suggests that prion-strain-specific
features segregate with different PrPSc conformational and aggregation states.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Strains are of practical relevance in prion diseases as they can
drastically differ in many aspects, such as incubation period, PrPSc biochemical
profile (e.g., electrophoretic mobility and glycoform ratio) and distribution of
brain lesions. Importantly, such different features are maintained after
inoculation of a prion strain into genetically identical hosts and are
relatively stable across serial passages. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
This review focuses on the characterization of prion strains and on the
wide range of important implications that the study of prion strains involves.
... </div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
snip... </div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
This classification arises from the hypothesis that if the polymorphism 129
can modulate the phenotype of the familial prion diseases (fCJD and FFI, as
explained earlier in this review), then probably it can modulate also that of
sporadic prion diseases, justifying their heterogeneity. According to this
hypothesis, the cases affected by sCJD were divided into six groups according to
the genotype of the polymorphism in position 129 and the type of PrPSc. Then,
the phenotypes of every group were analyzed to evaluate the homogeneity within
every group. The results have permitted a molecular sub-classification of the
sCJD.90,91 However, this classification seems not to be sufficient to explain
the complexity of the sporadic form of CJD. In fact, in some molecular subtypes,
additional variants have been reported, such as MM or VV patients with amyloid
plaques, which are absent in the majority of patients with these genotypes.44
Moreover, among patients belonging to the same subgroup, important phenotypic
differences can be found, such as, for instance, the extent of neuronal loss or
PrPSc deposition differences.92 </div>
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<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Even at the biochemical level the complexity is higher: indeed, aside from
the migratory differences of the PrPSc of types 1 and 2, there are other
properties that could be important during the propagation of the strain, like
the presence of other fragments derived from differential cleavage at the C- and
N-terminus of the protein, which probably coincide with the presence of other
forms of PrPSc with different resistance to PK digestion.44 All these molecular
classifications are based upon the principle that in all CNS districts the type
of PrPSc is the same, but there are pieces of evidence pointing to the fact that
different types of PrPSc can be found in different brain areas.64,93 The first
evidence of the presence of more than one form of PrPSc in the brain of a sCJD
patient was reported by Puoti in 1999.94 These different types of PrPSc can be
found to coexist in the same brain region or they can infect distinct districts.
Such co-infection influences the vacuolization and the amyloid aggregates
formation.95 Even the ratio between the different glycoforms is determined in a
regionspecific manner according to the type of PrPSc (1 or 2) and the genotype
of codon 129. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The high degree of phenotypic heterogeneity characterizing sCJD90 can lead
to the conclusion that transmission studies will probably identify a broad panel
of different prions with a great divergence between strains. However, quite
surprisingly, many of the recent studies focusing on the characterization of
sCJD subtypes have shown that there is a strong tendency to converge to a
limited number of strains. This aspect can find an explanation considering the
selection conditions, already described in this review, mediated by the
environment in which the prion replicates and by the differences in the amino
acid sequence of the PrPC. In particular, studies with bank voles96 and mice97
lead to results that support the idea that there are two principal strains
responsible of the sCJD, M1 and V2, and two potential strains, M2 and V1, which
need further studies to be confirmed. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Different is the case of vCJD. vCJD has been observed in 12 different
countries, but in every registered case the same clinical and pathological
characteristics have been found.39 In particular, the PrPSc responsible of the
vCJD shows a peculiar WB profile, with the unglycosylated form of the
protease-resistant PrPSc of 19 kDa (type 2) and a higher representation of the
diglycosilated PrPSc (PrPSc 2B) compared with sCJD.39 Nevertheless, using
specific antibodies against type 1 PrPSc, a small amount of PrPSc type 1 with a
high percentage of diglycosilated form can be detected in association with PrPSc
2B.98 The 2B type is a useful marker for identifying the replication of BSE
prions also in other species, including non-human primates.99 In addition,
unlike sporadic and genetic CJD, in vCJD the same biological marker (2B type)
has been found in all the analyzed brain areas.100 This strong biochemical and
pathological homogeneity is in agreement with the hypothesis of the existence of
a unique strain. However, unexpectedly, typization experiments of the strains in
different transgenic models have given divergent results. In one of these
studies, in a context of homotropic transmission, transgenic mice expressing
high levels of human PrPC-M129 were inoculated with vCJD isolates coming from
France and from the UK.101 All of the French isolates propagated as vCJD, with
abundant amyloid plaques and presence of PrPSc 2B.102 Instead, the isolates from
the UK led to the propagation of either vCJD or sCJD.103 In particular, the
incubation time was shorter and the lesion profile was different compared with
the one obtained with the propagation of the classical vCJD strain. Moreover,
early replication of the typical agent of the vCJD in lymphoid tissues was
detected, indicating that both strains were present in the inoculum. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
This new strain with phenotypical features that were similar to sCJD was
found to be of type 1 and the transmission in transgenic mice expressing the
bovine PrPC failed, unlike the vCJD classical strain (Type 2B).26 The idea that
the infection of vCJD contains a minor component of sCJD prions is supported by
many pieces of evidence such as the presence of this prion strain at the first
passage or the persistence of both types of PrPSc through serial passages in
mice.98 In conclusion, although vCJD is one of the most standardized phenotypes
among the prion human diseases characterized by a typical form of PrPSc, the
transmission studies of vCJD have shown the great potential of divergence of
prions, contrary to the results obtained from the studies of sCJD. This data
challenge our ability to recognize the pathologies that can derive from the
divergence of the BSE strains when they infect humans, both at the pathological
and at the biochemical level. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Conclusion </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The discovery of prions has led to new interpretations of the pathogenetic
mechanism of protein misfolding diseases. Indeed, the common thought was that a
protein misfolding disease could only be caused by a mutation in the primary
sequence of an endogenous protein, but the discovery of prions changed this
view. In fact, it was demonstrated that a seed of misfolded protein can arise
from an exogenous infectious protein, which is able to act as a template or as a
catalyst for the formation of new aberrant protein.5,6 Importantly, new evidence
shows how processes similar to those described for prions could be implicated in
the propagation of misfolded proteins of other neurodegenerative pathologies
like Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease and amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis.104,105 </div>
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Certainly, one of the most puzzling aspects in the prion field is the
existence of different strains of an infectious protein. Nevertheless, such
diversity can be accommodated within the protein-only hypothesis, as several
robust pieces of experimental evidence indicate that strain-specificity is
encoded at the level of the different conformations that the pathogenic protein
can adopt. The identification of factors and mechanisms influencing the
generation of new prion strains or the selection, from a conformationally
heterogeneous PrPSc population, of the most suitable prion conformation in a
specific environment, represents an important milestone toward the understanding
of the mechanisms of prion strain diversity, which can have fundamental clinical
and therapeutic implications. Although considerable advances have been made in
the understanding of the phenomenon of prion strains, many pieces of information
are still missing, foremost among them the definitive evidence for the
structural nature of the differences between prion strains. </div>
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<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/23490/">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/23490/</a>
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<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/2012PRION0076R1.pdf">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/2012PRION0076R1.pdf</a>
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Thursday, February 21, 2013 </div>
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National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined January
16, 2013 </div>
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<a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2013/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2013/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a>
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16 YEAR OLD SPORADIC FFI ? </div>
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Monday, January 14, 2013 </div>
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Gambetti et al USA Prion Unit change another highly suspect USA mad cow
victim to another fake name i.e. sporadic FFI at age 16 CJD Foundation goes
along with this BSe </div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/01/gambetti-et-al-usa-prion-unit-change.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/01/gambetti-et-al-usa-prion-unit-change.html</a>
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Monday, December 31, 2012 </div>
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Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease and Human TSE Prion Disease in Washington State,
2006–2011-2012 </div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-and-human-tse.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-and-human-tse.html</a>
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Tuesday, December 25, 2012 </div>
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CREUTZFELDT JAKOB TSE PRION DISEASE HUMANS END OF YEAR REVIEW DECEMBER 25,
2012 </div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-tse-prion-disease.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-tse-prion-disease.html</a>
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Tuesday, June 26, 2012 </div>
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Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease Human TSE report update North America, Canada,
Mexico, and USDA PRION UNIT as of May 18, 2012 </div>
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type determination pending Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (tdpCJD), is on the
rise in Canada and the USA </div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/06/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-human-tse.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/06/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-human-tse.html</a>
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Wednesday, June 13, 2012 </div>
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MEXICO IS UNDER or MIS DIAGNOSING CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE AND OTHER PRION
DISEASE SOME WITH POSSIBLE nvCJD </div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/06/mexico-is-under-or-mis-diagnosing.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/06/mexico-is-under-or-mis-diagnosing.html</a>
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*** The discovery of previously unrecognized prion diseases in both humans
and animals (i.e., Nor98 in small ruminants) demonstrates that the range of
prion diseases might be wider than expected and raises crucial questions about
the epidemiology and strain properties of these new forms. We are investigating
this latter issue by molecular and biological comparison of VPSPr, GSS and
Nor98. </div>
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VARIABLY PROTEASE-SENSITVE PRIONOPATHY IS TRANSMISSIBLE ...price of prion
poker goes up again $ </div>
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OR-10: Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy is transmissible in bank
voles </div>
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Romolo Nonno,1 Michele Di Bari,1 Laura Pirisinu,1 Claudia D’Agostino,1
Stefano Marcon,1 Geraldina Riccardi,1 Gabriele Vaccari,1 Piero Parchi,2 Wenquan
Zou,3 Pierluigi Gambetti,3 Umberto Agrimi1 1Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome,
Italy; 2Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Università di Bologna; Bologna,
Italy; 3Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH USA </div>
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Background. Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) is a recently
described “sporadic”neurodegenerative disease involving prion protein
aggregation, which has clinical similarities with non-Alzheimer dementias, such
as fronto-temporal dementia. Currently, 30 cases of VPSPr have been reported in
Europe and USA, of which 19 cases were homozygous for valine at codon 129 of the
prion protein (VV), 8 were MV and 3 were MM. A distinctive feature of VPSPr is
the electrophoretic pattern of PrPSc after digestion with proteinase K (PK).
After PK-treatment, PrP from VPSPr forms a ladder-like electrophoretic pattern
similar to that described in GSS cases. The clinical and pathological features
of VPSPr raised the question of the correct classification of VPSPr among prion
diseases or other forms of neurodegenerative disorders. Here we report
preliminary data on the transmissibility and pathological features of VPSPr
cases in bank voles. </div>
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Materials and Methods. Seven VPSPr cases were inoculated in two genetic
lines of bank voles, carrying either methionine or isoleucine at codon 109 of
the prion protein (named BvM109 and BvI109, respectively). Among the VPSPr cases
selected, 2 were VV at PrP codon 129, 3 were MV and 2 were MM. Clinical
diagnosis in voles was confirmed by brain pathological assessment and western
blot for PK-resistant PrPSc (PrPres) with mAbs SAF32, SAF84, 12B2 and 9A2.
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Results. To date, 2 VPSPr cases (1 MV and 1 MM) gave positive transmission
in BvM109. Overall, 3 voles were positive with survival time between 290 and 588
d post inoculation (d.p.i.). All positive voles accumulated PrPres in the form
of the typical PrP27–30, which was indistinguishable to that previously observed
in BvM109 inoculated with sCJDMM1 cases. </div>
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In BvI109, 3 VPSPr cases (2 VV and 1 MM) showed positive transmission
until now. Overall, 5 voles were positive with survival time between 281 and 596
d.p.i.. In contrast to what observed in BvM109, all BvI109 showed a GSS-like
PrPSc electrophoretic pattern, characterized by low molecular weight PrPres.
These PrPres fragments were positive with mAb 9A2 and 12B2, while being negative
with SAF32 and SAF84, suggesting that they are cleaved at both the C-terminus
and the N-terminus. Second passages are in progress from these first successful
transmissions. </div>
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Conclusions. Preliminary results from transmission studies in bank voles
strongly support the notion that VPSPr is a transmissible prion disease.
Interestingly, VPSPr undergoes divergent evolution in the two genetic lines of
voles, with sCJD-like features in BvM109 and GSS-like properties in BvI109.
</div>
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</div>
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<div>
The discovery of previously unrecognized prion diseases in both humans and
animals (i.e., Nor98 in small ruminants) demonstrates that the range of prion
diseases might be wider than expected and raises crucial questions about the
epidemiology and strain properties of these new forms. We are investigating this
latter issue by molecular and biological comparison of VPSPr, GSS and Nor98.
</div>
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<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf?nocache=1216084967">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf?nocache=1216084967</a>
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Wednesday, March 28, 2012 </div>
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VARIABLY PROTEASE-SENSITVE PRIONOPATHY IS TRANSMISSIBLE, price of prion
poker goes up again $ </div>
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<a href="http://prionopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/variably-protease-sensitve-prionopathy.html">http://prionopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/variably-protease-sensitve-prionopathy.html</a>
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*** The discovery of previously unrecognized prion diseases in both humans
and animals (i.e., Nor98 in small ruminants) demonstrates that the range of
prion diseases might be wider than expected and raises crucial questions about
the epidemiology and strain properties of these new forms. We are investigating
this latter issue by molecular and biological comparison of VPSPr, GSS and
Nor98. </div>
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*** atypical Nor-98 Scrapie has spread from coast to coast in the USA 2012
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NIAA Annual Conference April 11-14, 2011 </div>
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San Antonio, Texas </div>
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<a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2012/03/atypical-nor-98-scrapie-has-spread-from.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2012/03/atypical-nor-98-scrapie-has-spread-from.html</a>
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Tuesday, March 5, 2013 </div>
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Use of Materials Derived From Cattle in Human Food and Cosmetics; Reopening
of the Comment Period FDA-2004-N-0188-0051 (TSS SUBMISSION) </div>
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FDA believes current regulation protects the public from BSE but reopens
comment period due to new studies </div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/use-of-materials-derived-from-cattle-in_6452.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/use-of-materials-derived-from-cattle-in_6452.html</a>
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TSS</div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-56141935132760389612012-03-07T19:30:00.000-08:002012-03-07T19:30:00.965-08:00Case-control study of cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy born after July 31, 1996 (BARB cases) in Great BritainVeterinary Record doi:10.1136/vr.100097 <br />
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Papers<br />
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Case-control study of cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy born after July 31, 1996 (BARB cases) in Great Britain <br />
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A. Ortiz-Pelaez, DVM MSc PhD MRCVS1, M. A. Stevenson, MVSc, MACVSc, PhD2, J. W. Wilesmith, BVSc, MRCVS3, J. B. M. Ryan, BEd MBiol4 and A. J. C. Cook, BVM&S, MSc, CertPM, DipECVPH, MRCVS5<br />
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+ Author Affiliations <br />
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Epidemiology Group. Centre for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences. College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand Barton, 1 Woodham Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 4DL, UK Barton, 1 Woodham Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 4DL, UK Epidemiology Group. Centre for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK <br />
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E-mail for correspondence angel.ortizpelaez@ahvla.gsi.gov.uk<br />
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This paper reports the results of a case-control study of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases born in Great Britain after the statutory reinforcement of the ban (BARB) on the feeding of mammalian-derived meat and bone meal on 31 July 1996. <br />
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A total of 499 suspect clinical cases of BSE, born after 31 July 1996, and reported negative by July 31, 1996 and were compared with the set of 164 confirmed Great BARB cases in Great Britain detected by both passive and active surveillance. Animal-level risk factors (age and type of feed offered) and herd-level risk factors (herd size and type, number of prereinforced feed ban BSE cases born on the holding, the presence of other domestic species and waste management) were obtained for the analysis. <br />
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BARB cases were 2.56 times (95 per cent CI 1.29 to 5.07) more likely to be exposed to homemix or a combination of homemix and proprietary feeds were 0.59 times (95 per cent CI 0.50 to 0.69) as less likely to be exposed to the unit increases in the number of prereinforced feed ban BSE cases diagnosed on the natal holding. A supplementary spatial analysis of these cases revealed three areas of excess BARB density: Northwest and Southwest of Wales and Northeast of Scotland. <br />
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Footnotes <br />
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Provenance not commissioned; externally peer reviewed <br />
<br />
Accepted November 9, 2011. <br />
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Published Online First 18 January 2012 <br />
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<a href="http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/early/2012/02/01/vr.100097.abstract">http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/early/2012/02/01/vr.100097.abstract</a> <br />
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Prev Vet Med. 2012 Feb 29. [Epub ahead of print] <br />
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The epidemiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the Republic of Ireland before and after the reinforced feed ban. <br />
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Ryan E, McGrath G, Sheridan H, More SJ, Aznar I. <br />
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Source <br />
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Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland. <br />
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Abstract <br />
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a prion disease spread by the inclusion in cattle feed of meat and bone meal made from cattle infected with the BSE agent. In the Republic of Ireland, a reinforced feed ban on mammalian meat and bone meal (MMBM) was introduced on 17th October 1996 to stop further infection of cattle. Between then and July 2010, 44 cases of BSE from 40 herds have been born, termed "born after the reinforced ban" or "BARB" cases. The objectives of this project were: (a) to describe the epidemiology of these BARB cases, (b) to determine area-level risk factors for BSE herds and how they related to the stage of the BSE epidemic, and (c) to evaluate whether the spatial pattern of BSE cases was non-random and had changed over time. The BSE epidemic was divided into three phases: cases born prior to 1991, born 1991-October 1996 and BARB cases. To determine the area level risk factors for BSE herds, a case-control study was conducted for each phase of the epidemic. We selected four control herds for each herd with one or more BSE cases. A grid of hexagons of 10km diameter was created covering the territory of the Republic of Ireland and BSE herds and control herds were assigned to a hexagon. The numbers of cattle herds, dairy herds, piggeries and poultry holdings within the hexagons containing these case and control herds were enumerated. To evaluate the spatial pattern of BSE cases, standardised mortality ratios were calculated for each hexagon, and Oden's Ipop was used to investigate clustering. The descriptive analysis showed "feeding of concentrates" as the only common factor to all BARB cases for which information existed. The case-control study identified being a dairy herd as a risk factor during the pre-1991 phase of the BSE epidemic. Dairy herd type, a large proportion of local herds which were dairy and large numbers of piggeries and poultry holdings locally were also risk factors during the 1991-1996 phase. For the post-October 1996 phase (BARBs), dairy herd type and large numbers of other herds locally were risk factors. The spatial pattern of BSE cases changed over the three phases of the epidemic and was non-random, with evidence of clustering. The evidence supports the hypothesis that BARB cases do not arise spontaneously but rather are caused by the same food-borne infectious route as other BSE cases. <br />
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Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. <br />
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587712000633">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587712000633</a> <br />
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>>> The evidence supports the hypothesis that BARB cases do not arise spontaneously but rather are caused by the same food-borne infectious route as other BSE cases. <br />
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Wednesday, March 7, 2012<br />
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The epidemiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the Republic of Ireland before and after the reinforced feed ban <br />
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2012/03/epidemiology-of-bovine-spongiform.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2012/03/epidemiology-of-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br />
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Subject: fifth BARB cases has been found in Northern Ireland -- 12 March 2003<br />
<br />
Date: Thu, 13 Mar 2003 20:16:29 –0600<br />
<br />
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <br />
<br />
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <br />
<br />
To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de <br />
<br />
######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ######### <br />
<br />
12 March 2003 - A fifth BARB cases has been found in Northern Ireland. The cow was born in November 1997. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of BSE cases in cattle born after the feed ban of July 1988 (BABs). These cases only count for around 25 percent of all BSE cases but are forming an increasing proportion of suspect cases being reported as the epidemic dies out. The first case of BSE in an animal born after the July 1988 Feed Ban was confirmed in March 1991, in an animal born in August 1988. In the following months a number of further BAB cases were confirmed. Detailed investigations were carried out to determine whether they were the result of food borne exposure or some other route of infection. These initial studies indicated that some feed manufactured before the ban had remained on farms and in the food chain and, despite the prohibition, was used after the ban was introduced. This using up of old, pre-ban feed is the most likely source of infection for a majority of cases in cattle born shortly after the feed ban. <br />
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In the tables below you will find details for cases in animals born after the enhanced feed ban of August 1996. <br />
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GB cases Date of birth Date BSE confirmed Method of detection Published details relevant to the case <br />
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1 25/08/1996 27/06/2000 Passive Surveillance Final report 2 20/05/1997 14/06/2001 Passive Surveillance News release 3 04/12/1996 11/07/2001 Passive Surveillance News release 4 18/01/1997 24/08/2001 Passive Surveillance Official Announcement[pdf file] 5 25/04/1997 28/08/2001 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Official Announcement[pdf file] 6 07/09/1996 06/12/2001 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Official Announcement[pdf file] 7 04/01/1997 17/01/2002 Passive Surveillance Announcement[pdf file] 8 12/02/1997 22/01/2002 Passive Surveillance Announcement[pdf file] 9 27/07/1997 06/02/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] 10 30/07/1997 06/02/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] 11 06/03/1997 26/02/2002 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file] 12A 29/09/1996 13/03/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] 13 27/04/1997 27/03/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] 14B 16/02/1998 27/02/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] 15 27/08/1996 13/05/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] 16 18/09/1996 13/05/2002 Passive Surveillance Announcement[pdf file] 17 29/11/1997 13/05/2002 Passive Surveillance Announcement[pdf file] 18C 28/06/1997 06/06/2002 Active Surveillance - Fallen Stock Survey Announcement[pdf file] 19 20/07/1998 08/08/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] 20 04/03/1998 22/08/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] 21 21/07/1998 03/09/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] 22 22/08/1996 16/10/2002 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file] 23 08/11/1996 17/10/2002 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file] 24 21/02/1997 29/10/2002 Active Surveillance - Fallen Stock Survey Announcement[pdf file] 25 17/09/1997 30/10/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] 26 04/10/1996 21/11/2002 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file] 27 14/02/1997 27/11/2002 Passive Surveillance Announcement[pdf file] 28 12/02/1997 29/11/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] 29 13/02/1997 17/12/2002 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file] 30 06/11/1998 09/01/2003 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file] 31 30/04/1997 04/02/2003 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] 32 20/03/1997 19/02/2003 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] 33 30/07/1997 19/02/2003 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file] 34 05/09/1997 03/03/2003 Passive Surveillance Announcement[pdf file] 35 12/03/1999 04/03/2003 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file] <br />
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Notes: A case, confirmed on 12th December 2001, was previously listed in the above table as born on 16 August 1996. Further investigation has discovered that the animal was in fact born in 1994 and its details have therefore been removed. <br />
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A This animal originated in Eire and was imported into the UK at 20 months of age in 1998. <br />
<br />
B The animal was initially recorded as born in 1995 and confirmed as having disease on 27/02/02. However, further investigation, completed on 10/04/02, has now revealed the true date of birth (February 1998). <br />
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C Due to a recording error this animal was originally described as having been taken in the Casualty Survey. <br />
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NI Cases Date of Birth Date BSE confirmed Method of detection <br />
<br />
1 10/09/1996 08/02/2001 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey 2 01/06/1997 13/12/2001 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey 3 25/05/1999 01/02/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey 4 28/09/1997 30/08/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey 5 20/11/1997 05/03/2003 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey <br />
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[Incidence] [Reasons] [Prevention] Incidence <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Investigations were continued as BAB cases were found to occur in animals born in 1989 and subsequent years. Due to the long mean incubation period of the disease (around five years) such animals did not appear in significant numbers until 1993 and later. These cases indicated that there might have been some leakage of the feed ban. <br />
<br />
By Autumn 1994, it was apparent that the decline in the epidemic, which had begun in the spring of 1993, was occurring more slowly in those parts of the country in which the proportion of pigs and poultry relative to cattle was the greatest. Pig and poultry feed could, at that time, legitimately contain ruminant meat and bone meal (MBM) and in such areas there was a higher possibility of cross contamination of ruminant feed with MBM either in the feed mill, during transport or on farm. Also, in August 1994, samples of cattle feed taken on a farm were shown to contain ruminant MBM, demonstrating that such cross-contamination could occur in practice. <br />
<br />
[top of page] [Incidence] [Reasons] [Prevention] Reasons for BAB cases <br />
<br />
A case control study in 1994 looked in detail at possible causes of BSE in BAB animals. This study found no statistical significance of horizontal or vertical transmission of BSE in BAB cases and concluded that a food borne source of infection was the most likely explanation. <br />
<br />
In order for BSE infectivity to be found in MBM, it is necessary for some tissue carrying BSE infectivity to enter the rendering chain. This would suggest some degree of failing in the Specified Bovine Material (SBM) then called Specified Bovine Offals (SBO) controls. The most likely source of this problem came from the practice of splitting skulls. Until 15 August 1995, when the practice was banned, skulls could be split to remove the brain, allowing the remaining bone to be sent for rendering to meat and bone meal. Observation showed that brain material sometimes remained in the skull, providing a significant route by which infectivity could enter MBM. Research showed that as little as 1g of unprocessed brain from a clinically affected cow would cause infection and eventually disease when fed to calves. <br />
<br />
Other SBM may not have been adequately separated from non-SBM material either, providing another potential route of infection. <br />
<br />
Cross-contamination of feed production in the mill could then lead to the infected MBM entering cattle rations. <br />
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Alternatively, a farmer might, accidentally or deliberately, feed cattle with pig or poultry rations, which could legitimately contain MBM. <br />
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It is significant that research has since shown that some of the rendering systems in use until December 1994 had virtually no effect on any BSE infectivity present. <br />
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<br />
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[top of page] [Incidence] [Reasons] [Prevention] Prevention of cross-contamination <br />
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The controls on the handling of SBMs were strengthened in August 1995, particularly to further protect animal health. They required that the whole skull (with the exception of the tongue) must be disposed of as an SBM and required rendering plants to use dedicated lines for the processing of SBM tissues. <br />
<br />
In April 1996 the use of mammalian MBM was banned in all feed for farmed animals. This was not as a result of fears that non-ruminant species may catch BSE by oral exposure, but rather to remove any possible risk of cross-contamination of cattle rations in feed mills, during transport or on farms with MBM intended for other species. From August 1996 it became an offence (save in very tightly defined and controlled circumstances) to hold mammalian MBM on farms or in feed mills and premises where livestock feed is used, produced, prepared or stored. <br />
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A test has now been developed to look for evidence of mammalian protein in feed, but because of the complex nature of compound feed, and consequent risks of cross-reactions, further improvements will be essential. Up to 24,000 samples a year can now be tested. <br />
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<a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/">http://www.defra.gov.uk/</a> <br />
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TSS <br />
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-------- Original Message -------- <br />
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Subject: BSE has been diagnosed in a cow born in April 2000 <br />
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Date: Sun, 08 Aug 2004 20:28:58 –0500 <br />
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From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <br />
<br />
To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <br />
<br />
© Defra 2004 A BSE case born in April 2000 BSE has been diagnosed in a Limousin Cross cow, born on 01 April 2000, forty-four months after 1 August 1996, when extra control measures on animal feed containing mammalian meat and bone meal (MMBM) were considered to have been fully implemented. The animal was taken under passive surveillance as a clinical suspect. Its farm of origin was in Derbyshire, where it remained until it was slaughtered as a BSE suspect on 25 June 2004. Disease was officially confirmed on 04 August 2004. This is the most recently born case of BSE confirmed in the UK. It was always expected that a small number of cases would be born after the feed ban, and the appearance of these cases is in no way unexpected. <br />
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<a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/animal-health/010400.pdf">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/animal-health/010400.pdf</a><br />
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© Defra 2003 Page 1 of 3 BSE Cases Born on or After 1 August 1996: <br />
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Q & A Q. What is significant about the date 1 August 1996? <br />
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A. Since BSE was first recognised, controls on animal feed have been central to the UK s eradication policy. It is believed that most infected cattle were primarily exposed to the BSE agent through feed containing meat and bone meal (MBM) produced by the rendering of ruminant material. Since 1988, extensive regulatory controls have been introduced by the Government and the EU to keep potentially infectious material out of ruminant feed, with the aim of removing exposure to BSE. In 1996, controls were extended to prevent the feeding of mammalian MBM to all farmed livestock, in order to avoid any possibility of cross-contamination with feed for pigs and poultry. Since 1 August 1996 it has been an offence to possess mammalian MBM on premises where livestock feed is used, produced, prepared or stored. Q. What are the possible causes of BSE cases in cattle born after 1 August 1996? A. Scientific advice suggests that the following routes of transmission might be theoretically possible: (a) some animals might have been exposed to BSE through feed carried over from before 1 August 1996 (either accidentally or deliberately); or (b) some animals might have been exposed to BSE through maternal transmission; or (c) there may be routes of transmission which have not yet been identified. Possibilities include environmental contamination, contamination of imported feed ingredients and the use of tallow-based calf milk replacer; and/or (d) the disease may occur spontaneously in a small number of cases. © Defra 2003 Page 2 of 3 Q. What are the implications if further post-August 1996 cases continue to appear? A. The latest opinion of the EU Scientific Steering Committee, adopted on 10-11 April 2003, effectively removed its previous threshold for concern of 55 of these cases during a 12 month period. This figure was derived some time ago and assumes that 10% of such cases would be due to maternal transmission. The SSC concluded that: These model-based estimates have been overtaken by two sources of subsequent intelligence , i.e. the results of the Community-wide active surveillance programme and the fact that the majority of BARB cases are unlikely to have been caused by maternal transmission. There is likely to be a small increase in case numbers as animals born in 1996 and 1997 reach the peak-risk age for clinical BSE and animals from the 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 cohorts may be expected to contribute more cases. Q. What are the human health implications of these cases? A. There are no public health implications arising from these cases. Even if the animals involved had not been suffering from BSE, because they have all been over thirty months old they would have been excluded from human or animal consumption. Any surviving offspring born after August 1996 are traced and excluded from human consumption too. Q. What if the over thirty months rule is scrapped? A. All over thirty month cattle would need to be tested for BSE before they could enter the food chain. Any cows that tested positive for BSE would be destroyed. The BSE test was rigorously checked before it came into use. No incorrect results were found. More than 20 million cattle have now been tested throughout the European Union. In the UK, more than 600,000 cattle have been tested. Q. Has the Department investigated the cause of individual post-August 1996 animals? A. All such cases are the subject of detailed veterinary enquiries. Although it is very difficult to show how individual animals contracted BSE, veterinary advisers see no indication that maternal transmission could explain the majority of these cases either the dams are still alive and healthy, or they were slaughtered without exhibiting signs of BSE long after the birth of the affected progeny. Similarly, whilst exposure from an environmental source cannot be eliminated, it would appear unlikely based on the results of enquiries into the cause of individual cases and in the absence of other BSE cases on a number of the affected farms. The evidence thus seems to point to a feed-borne source as the most likely explanation for the BARB cases. © Defra 2003 Page 3 of 3 Q. So, are there major problems with the UK feed ban? A. Domestic feed controls are enforced by a major sampling programme under which around 16-18,000 samples are taken each year from different premises. The results of the sampling programme indicate a high level of compliance with the feed ban. In 2003, EU scientists have also indicated that there are so far no reasons to assume widespread and systematic inappropriate implementation of the current feed ban of 1996 . Q. What else is the Government doing to follow up these cases? A. Epidemiological investigations will continue in all cases and a specific study is being planned to investigate the possible reasons for the occurrence of these cases. In addition, the cohorts of the affected animals (animals born 12 months before and after the index case and which may have been exposed to the same source of infection) are identified. When these animals are slaughtered, brain samples are taken to see if they have also been affected. These cohort animals are also excluded from human consumption but they are not slaughtered immediately. Monitoring their progress allows them to develop signs of disease, and ensure that important epidemiological evidence is not destroyed. Q. What tests are used to diagnose BSE cases? Descriptions of the tests used to diagnose BSE are available on the DEFRA website under Science/Research into BSE/Diagnosis of BSE. Q. Does the appearance of post-August 1996 cases mean that the epidemic is not declining as predicted? A. No. The overall BSE epidemic in Great Britain continues to decline by around 40 per cent a year. In 1992, approximately 37,000 clinical cases were detected. Last year there were just over 1,000. Q. Have other EU member states experienced BSE cases in young animals (i.e. born since 1 August 1996)? A. Yes. Most EU member states have recorded cases born after this date. The highest numbers have been recorded in France, Germany, Portugal and Spain. It should be noted, however, that these countries have carried out more active surveillance than the UK over time, because they are required to test all cattle over 30 months old which are sold for human consumption. At present, the UK tests only cattle aged more than 42 months and born after August 1996, plus a sample of 10,000 older cattle slaughtered under our Over 30 Months Scheme. In addition, a fully effective feed ban in the EU was not put in place until January 2001. Details on the numbers of cases and their dates of birth are available on the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) website and on individual countries websites accessed via the OIE website.<br />
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<br />
<a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/animal-health/barbq%2Ba.pdf">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/animal-health/barbq%2Ba.pdf</a><br />
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3. TSEs in Cattle <br />
<br />
We predict a continued decline in cases of BSE in the EU and estimate fewer than 75 cases in UK by the end of 2007 (compared to 114 in 2006). The majority of cases are still being detected in cattle born before the 1996 feed ban. The Older Cattle Disposal Scheme closes at the end of 2008 and we are working with industry to maximise the uptake. The prevalence in successive BARB birth cohorts is extremely low and appears to be decreasing. However, as the pre-1996 cattle population declines, BARBs will form an increasing percentage of the total number of cases. <br />
<br />
The overall prevalence of atypical BSE appears low. Two cases of atypical BSE have been detected in UK to date in older cattle. Oral challenge studies are being planned in Europe and Japan which will provide further information on the pathogenesis. While the aetiology of atypical BSE remains unknown the long term consequences for the maintenance of key BSE controls remains uncertain. <br />
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snip...full text 10 pages ; <br />
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<a href="http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/99-5.pdf">http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/99-5.pdf</a> <br />
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ITEM 6 – BARB CASE CLUSTERS <br />
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> > 39. Professor John Wilesmith (Defra) updated the committee on the <br />
<br />
> > BSE cases born after the 1996 reinforced mammalian meat and <br />
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> > bone meal ban in the UK (BARB cases). Around 116 BARB cases <br />
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> > had been identified in Great Britain up to 22 November 2005, <br />
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> > mostly through active surveillance. BARB cases had decreased in <br />
<br />
> > successive birth cohorts, from 44 in the 1996/1997 cohort to none <br />
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> > to date in the 2000/2001 cohort. However, 3 BARB cases had <br />
<br />
> > been identified in the 2001/2002 cohort. Backcalculation of the <br />
<br />
> > prevalence of BARB cases indicated a drop from 130 infected <br />
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> > animals per million (95% confidence interval 90-190) in the <br />
<br />
> > 1996/1997 cohort to 30 infected animals per million (95% <br />
<br />
> > confidence interval 10-60) in the 1999/2000 cohort. A shift in the <br />
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> > geographical distribution of BSE cases, from the concentration of <br />
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> > pre-1996 BSE cases in Eastern England to a more uniform <br />
<br />
> > 14 <br />
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> > © SEAC 2005 <br />
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> > distribution of BARB cases, had occurred. However, it appeared <br />
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> > that certain post-1996 cohorts had a higher exposure to BSE in <br />
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> > certain areas for limited periods. Several clusters of BARB cases <br />
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> > within herds had been identified (5 pairs, 2 triplets and 1 <br />
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> > quadruplet). <br />
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> > 40. A triplet of BARB cases in South West Wales had been <br />
<br />
> > investigated in detail. The triplet comprised 2 cases born in <br />
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> > September and October 2001 and a third in May 2002. The<br />
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> > animals born in 2001 were reared outdoors from the spring of 2002 <br />
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> > but the animal born in 2002 had been reared indoors. Further <br />
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> > investigation of feeding practices revealed that a new feed bin for <br />
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> > the adult dairy herd had been installed in September 1998. In July <br />
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> > 2002 the feed bin was emptied, but not cleaned, and relocated. All <br />
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> > 3 BARB cases received feed from the relocated bin. This finding <br />
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> > suggested the hypothesis that the feed bin installed in September <br />
<br />
> > 1998 was filled initially with contaminated feed, that remnants of <br />
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> > this feed fell to the bottom of the bin during its relocation, and thus <br />
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> > young animals in the 2001/2002 birth cohort were exposed to <br />
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> > feedstuffs produced in 1998. No adult cattle had been infected<br />
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> > because of the reduced susceptibility to BSE with increasing age. <br />
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> > 41. Further investigation of multiple case herds had found no <br />
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> > association of BARB clusters with the closure of feed mills. <br />
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> > 42. Professor Wilesmith concluded that there is evidence of a decline <br />
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> > in risk of infection for successive birth cohorts of cattle. The BARB <br />
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> > epidemic is unlikely to be sustained by animals born after 31 July <br />
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> > 2000. Feed bins could represent a continued source of occasional <br />
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> > infection and advice to farmers is being formulated to reduce this <br />
<br />
> > risk. There is no evidence for an indigenous source of infection for <br />
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> > the BARB cases. <br />
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> > 43. Members considered it encouraging that no other factor, apart from <br />
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> > feed contamination, had been identified as a possible cause of <br />
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> > BARB cases to date. Members commented that this study <br />
<br />
> > suggests that only a small amount of contaminated feed may be <br />
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> > required for infection and that BSE infectivity can survive in the <br />
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> > environment for several years. Professor Wilesmith agreed and <br />
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> > noted that infection caused by small doses of infectious material <br />
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> > was consistent with other studies, and it would appear there is little <br />
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> > dilution of infectivity, if present, in the rendering system. <br />
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> > Additionally it appeared that the infectious agent had survived for 4 <br />
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> > years in the feed bin. <br />
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> > 44. The Chair thanked Professor Wilesmith for his presentation.<br />
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> > > > snip... <br />
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> > > > http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/final90.pdf <br />
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> > > TSS <br />
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> > #################### https://lists.aegee.org/bse-l.html > #################### <br />
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Wednesday, March 7, 2012 <br />
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ANOTHER COW NOT TESTED FOR BSE AKA MAD COW LIKELY TO HAVE BEEN EATEN UK 2012 <br />
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<a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2012/03/another-cow-not-tested-for-bse-aka-mad.html">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2012/03/another-cow-not-tested-for-bse-aka-mad.html</a> <br />
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Thursday, March 01, 2012 <br />
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Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Fact sheet N°180 Revised February 2012 W.H.O. <br />
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<a href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2012/03/variant-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-fact.html">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2012/03/variant-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-fact.html</a> <br />
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Saturday, March 03, 2012 <br />
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The contribution of different prion protein types and host polymorphisms to clinicopathological variations in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease <br />
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Mark W. Head*, James W. Ironside Article first published online: 28 FEB 2012 <br />
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/03/contribution-of-different-prion-protein.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/03/contribution-of-different-prion-protein.html</a> <br />
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Thursday, February 16, 2012<br />
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE <br />
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31 USA SENATORS ASK PRESIDENT OBAMA TO HELP SPREAD MAD COW DISEASE 2012 <br />
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/02/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse-31.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/02/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse-31.html</a> <br />
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Thursday, February 23, 2012 <br />
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EIGHT FORMER SECRETARIES OF AGRICULTURE SPEAKING AT USDA'S 2012 AGRICULTURE OUTLOOK FORUM INDUCTED INTO USA MAD COW HALL OF SHAME <br />
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/02/eight-former-secretaries-of-agriculture.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/02/eight-former-secretaries-of-agriculture.html</a> <br />
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Sunday, February 5, 2012 February 2012 <br />
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Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE <br />
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/02/february-2012-update-on-feed.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/02/february-2012-update-on-feed.html</a> <br />
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10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007 <br />
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Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST <br />
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RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II <br />
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___________________________________ <br />
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PRODUCT <br />
<br />
Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007 <br />
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CODE <br />
<br />
Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 <br />
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RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER <br />
<br />
Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007. <br />
<br />
Firm initiated recall is ongoing. <br />
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REASON <br />
<br />
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. <br />
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE <br />
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42,090 lbs. <br />
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DISTRIBUTION <br />
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WI <br />
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___________________________________ <br />
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PRODUCT <br />
<br />
Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007 <br />
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CODE <br />
<br />
The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified. <br />
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RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER <br />
<br />
Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete. <br />
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REASON <br />
<br />
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. <br />
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE <br />
<br />
9,997,976 lbs. <br />
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DISTRIBUTION <br />
<br />
ID and NV <br />
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END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 <br />
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http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2007/ENF00996.html <br />
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NEW URL <br />
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a> <br />
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Thursday, March 19, 2009 <br />
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MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL <br />
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a> <br />
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Tuesday, March 2, 2010 <br />
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Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed/Adulterated/Misbranded Rangen Inc 2/11/10 USA <br />
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html</a> <br />
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Monday, March 1, 2010 <br />
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ANIMAL PROTEIN I.E. MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE A REVIEW 2010 <br />
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html</a> <br />
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TSSTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-40794602355896227172012-03-07T19:25:00.000-08:002012-03-07T19:25:19.118-08:00The epidemiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the Republic of Ireland before and after the reinforced feed banPrev Vet Med. 2012 Feb 29. [Epub ahead of print] <br />
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The epidemiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the Republic of Ireland before and after the reinforced feed ban. <br />
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<br />
Ryan E, McGrath G, Sheridan H, More SJ, Aznar I. <br />
<br />
Source <br />
<br />
Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland. <br />
<br />
Abstract <br />
<br />
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a prion disease spread by the inclusion in cattle feed of meat and bone meal made from cattle infected with the BSE agent. In the Republic of Ireland, a reinforced feed ban on mammalian meat and bone meal (MMBM) was introduced on 17th October 1996 to stop further infection of cattle. Between then and July 2010, 44 cases of BSE from 40 herds have been born, termed "born after the reinforced ban" or "BARB" cases. The objectives of this project were: (a) to describe the epidemiology of these BARB cases, (b) to determine area-level risk factors for BSE herds and how they related to the stage of the BSE epidemic, and (c) to evaluate whether the spatial pattern of BSE cases was non-random and had changed over time. The BSE epidemic was divided into three phases: cases born prior to 1991, born 1991-October 1996 and BARB cases. To determine the area level risk factors for BSE herds, a case-control study was conducted for each phase of the epidemic. We selected four control herds for each herd with one or more BSE cases. A grid of hexagons of 10km diameter was created covering the territory of the Republic of Ireland and BSE herds and control herds were assigned to a hexagon. The numbers of cattle herds, dairy herds, piggeries and poultry holdings within the hexagons containing these case and control herds were enumerated. To evaluate the spatial pattern of BSE cases, standardised mortality ratios were calculated for each hexagon, and Oden's Ipop was used to investigate clustering. The descriptive analysis showed "feeding of concentrates" as the only common factor to all BARB cases for which information existed. The case-control study identified being a dairy herd as a risk factor during the pre-1991 phase of the BSE epidemic. Dairy herd type, a large proportion of local herds which were dairy and large numbers of piggeries and poultry holdings locally were also risk factors during the 1991-1996 phase. For the post-October 1996 phase (BARBs), dairy herd type and large numbers of other herds locally were risk factors. The spatial pattern of BSE cases changed over the three phases of the epidemic and was non-random, with evidence of clustering. The evidence supports the hypothesis that BARB cases do not arise spontaneously but rather are caused by the same food-borne infectious route as other BSE cases.<br />
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Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. <br />
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587712000633">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587712000633</a> <br />
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>>> The evidence supports the hypothesis that BARB cases do not arise spontaneously but rather are caused by the same food-borne infectious route as other BSE cases.<br />
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Subject: fifth BARB cases has been found in Northern Ireland -- 12 March 2003<br />
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Date: Thu, 13 Mar 2003 20:16:29 –0600<br />
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From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <br />
<br />
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <br />
<br />
To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de<br />
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<br />
######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########<br />
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<br />
12 March 2003 - A fifth BARB cases has been found in Northern Ireland.<br />
The cow was born in November 1997.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
There have been a number of BSE cases in cattle born after the feed ban<br />
of July 1988 (BABs). These cases only count for around 25 percent of all<br />
BSE cases but are forming an increasing proportion of suspect cases<br />
being reported as the epidemic dies out. The first case of BSE in an<br />
animal born after the July 1988 Feed Ban was confirmed in March 1991, in<br />
an animal born in August 1988. In the following months a number of<br />
further BAB cases were confirmed. Detailed investigations were carried<br />
out to determine whether they were the result of food borne exposure or<br />
some other route of infection. These initial studies indicated that some<br />
feed manufactured before the ban had remained on farms and in the food<br />
chain and, despite the prohibition, was used after the ban was<br />
introduced. This using up of old, pre-ban feed is the most likely source<br />
of infection for a majority of cases in cattle born shortly after the<br />
feed ban.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the tables below you will find details for cases in animals born<br />
after the enhanced feed ban of August 1996.<br />
<br />
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<br />
GB cases Date of birth Date BSE confirmed Method of detection Published<br />
details relevant to the case<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1 25/08/1996 27/06/2000 Passive Surveillance Final report<br />
2 20/05/1997 14/06/2001 Passive Surveillance News release<br />
3 04/12/1996 11/07/2001 Passive Surveillance News release<br />
4 18/01/1997 24/08/2001 Passive Surveillance Official Announcement[pdf file]<br />
5 25/04/1997 28/08/2001 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Official<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
6 07/09/1996 06/12/2001 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Official<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
7 04/01/1997 17/01/2002 Passive Surveillance Announcement[pdf file]<br />
8 12/02/1997 22/01/2002 Passive Surveillance Announcement[pdf file]<br />
9 27/07/1997 06/02/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
10 30/07/1997 06/02/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
11 06/03/1997 26/02/2002 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file]<br />
12A 29/09/1996 13/03/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
13 27/04/1997 27/03/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
14B 16/02/1998 27/02/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
15 27/08/1996 13/05/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
16 18/09/1996 13/05/2002 Passive Surveillance Announcement[pdf file]<br />
17 29/11/1997 13/05/2002 Passive Surveillance Announcement[pdf file]<br />
18C 28/06/1997 06/06/2002 Active Surveillance - Fallen Stock Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
19 20/07/1998 08/08/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
20 04/03/1998<br />
22/08/2002<br />
Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file]<br />
21 21/07/1998 03/09/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
22 22/08/1996 16/10/2002 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file]<br />
23 08/11/1996 17/10/2002 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file]<br />
24 21/02/1997 29/10/2002 Active Surveillance - Fallen Stock Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
25 17/09/1997 30/10/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
26 04/10/1996 21/11/2002 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file]<br />
27 14/02/1997 27/11/2002 Passive Surveillance Announcement[pdf file]<br />
28 12/02/1997 29/11/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
29 13/02/1997 17/12/2002 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file]<br />
30 06/11/1998 09/01/2003 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file]<br />
31<br />
30/04/1997<br />
04/02/2003<br />
Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey Announcement[pdf file]<br />
32 20/03/1997 19/02/2003 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
33 30/07/1997 19/02/2003 Active Surveillance - OTMS Announcement[pdf file]<br />
34 05/09/1997 03/03/2003 Passive Surveillance Announcement[pdf file]<br />
35 12/03/1999 04/03/2003 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
Announcement[pdf file]<br />
<br />
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<br />
Notes:<br />
<br />
<br />
A case, confirmed on 12th December 2001, was previously listed in the<br />
above table as born on 16 August 1996. Further investigation has<br />
discovered that the animal was in fact born in 1994 and its details have<br />
therefore been removed.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
A This animal originated in Eire and was imported into the UK at 20<br />
months of age in 1998.<br />
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B The animal was initially recorded as born in 1995 and confirmed as<br />
having disease on 27/02/02. However, further investigation, completed on<br />
10/04/02, has now revealed the true date of birth (February 1998).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
C Due to a recording error this animal was originally described as<br />
having been taken in the Casualty Survey.<br />
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NI Cases Date of Birth Date BSE confirmed Method of detection<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1 10/09/1996 08/02/2001 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
2 01/06/1997 13/12/2001 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
3 25/05/1999 01/02/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
4 28/09/1997 30/08/2002 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
5 20/11/1997 05/03/2003 Active Surveillance - Casualty Survey<br />
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[Incidence] [Reasons] [Prevention]<br />
Incidence<br />
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Investigations were continued as BAB cases were found to occur in<br />
animals born in 1989 and subsequent years. Due to the long mean<br />
incubation period of the disease (around five years) such animals did<br />
not appear in significant numbers until 1993 and later. These cases<br />
indicated that there might have been some leakage of the feed ban.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
By Autumn 1994, it was apparent that the decline in the epidemic, which<br />
had begun in the spring of 1993, was occurring more slowly in those<br />
parts of the country in which the proportion of pigs and poultry<br />
relative to cattle was the greatest. Pig and poultry feed could, at that<br />
time, legitimately contain ruminant meat and bone meal (MBM) and in such<br />
areas there was a higher possibility of cross contamination of ruminant<br />
feed with MBM either in the feed mill, during transport or on farm.<br />
Also, in August 1994, samples of cattle feed taken on a farm were shown<br />
to contain ruminant MBM, demonstrating that such cross-contamination<br />
could occur in practice.<br />
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[top of page] [Incidence] [Reasons] [Prevention]<br />
Reasons for BAB cases<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
A case control study in 1994 looked in detail at possible causes of BSE<br />
in BAB animals. This study found no statistical significance of<br />
horizontal or vertical transmission of BSE in BAB cases and concluded<br />
that a food borne source of infection was the most likely explanation.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In order for BSE infectivity to be found in MBM, it is necessary for<br />
some tissue carrying BSE infectivity to enter the rendering chain. This<br />
would suggest some degree of failing in the Specified Bovine Material<br />
(SBM) then called Specified Bovine Offals (SBO) controls. The most<br />
likely source of this problem came from the practice of splitting<br />
skulls. Until 15 August 1995, when the practice was banned, skulls could<br />
be split to remove the brain, allowing the remaining bone to be sent for<br />
rendering to meat and bone meal. Observation showed that brain material<br />
sometimes remained in the skull, providing a significant route by which<br />
infectivity could enter MBM. Research showed that as little as 1g of<br />
unprocessed brain from a clinically affected cow would cause infection<br />
and eventually disease when fed to calves.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Other SBM may not have been adequately separated from non-SBM material<br />
either, providing another potential route of infection.<br />
<br />
<br />
Cross-contamination of feed production in the mill could then lead to<br />
the infected MBM entering cattle rations.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Alternatively, a farmer might, accidentally or deliberately, feed cattle<br />
with pig or poultry rations, which could legitimately contain MBM.<br />
<br />
<br />
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It is significant that research has since shown that some of the<br />
rendering systems in use until December 1994 had virtually no effect on<br />
any BSE infectivity present.<br />
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[top of page] [Incidence] [Reasons] [Prevention]<br />
Prevention of cross-contamination<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The controls on the handling of SBMs were strengthened in August 1995,<br />
particularly to further protect animal health. They required that the<br />
whole skull (with the exception of the tongue) must be disposed of as an<br />
SBM and required rendering plants to use dedicated lines for the<br />
processing of SBM tissues.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In April 1996 the use of mammalian MBM was banned in all feed for farmed<br />
animals. This was not as a result of fears that non-ruminant species may<br />
catch BSE by oral exposure, but rather to remove any possible risk of<br />
cross-contamination of cattle rations in feed mills, during transport or<br />
on farms with MBM intended for other species. From August 1996 it became<br />
an offence (save in very tightly defined and controlled circumstances)<br />
to hold mammalian MBM on farms or in feed mills and premises where<br />
livestock feed is used, produced, prepared or stored.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
A test has now been developed to look for evidence of mammalian protein<br />
in feed, but because of the complex nature of compound feed, and<br />
consequent risks of cross-reactions, further improvements will be<br />
essential. Up to 24,000 samples a year can now be tested.<br />
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<a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/">http://www.defra.gov.uk/</a><br />
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########### http://mailhost.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ############<br />
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-------- Original Message -------- <br />
<br />
Subject: BSE has been diagnosed in a cow born in April 2000 <br />
<br />
Date: Sun, 08 Aug 2004 20:28:58 –0500 <br />
<br />
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <br />
<br />
To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
© Defra 2004 <br />
<br />
A BSE case born in April 2000 <br />
<br />
BSE has been diagnosed in a Limousin Cross cow, born on 01 April 2000, forty-four months after 1 August 1996, when extra control measures on animal feed containing mammalian meat and bone meal (MMBM) were considered to have been fully implemented. The animal was taken under passive surveillance as a clinical suspect. Its farm of origin was in Derbyshire, where it remained until it was slaughtered as a BSE suspect on 25 June 2004. Disease was officially confirmed on 04 August 2004. <br />
<br />
This is the most recently born case of BSE confirmed in the UK. It was always expected that a small number of cases would be born after the feed ban, and the appearance of these cases is in no way unexpected. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/animal-health/010400.pdf">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/animal-health/010400.pdf</a> <br />
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© Defra 2003 Page 1 of 3 <br />
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BSE Cases Born on or After 1 August 1996: Q & A <br />
<br />
Q. What is significant about the date 1 August 1996? <br />
<br />
A. Since BSE was first recognised, controls on animal feed have been central to the UK s eradication policy. It is believed that most infected cattle were primarily exposed to the BSE agent through feed containing meat and bone meal (MBM) produced by the rendering of ruminant material. Since 1988, extensive regulatory controls have been introduced by the Government and the EU to keep potentially infectious material out of ruminant feed, with the aim of removing exposure to BSE. In 1996, controls were extended to prevent the feeding of mammalian MBM to all farmed livestock, in order to avoid any possibility of cross-contamination with feed for pigs and poultry. Since 1 August 1996 it has been an offence to possess mammalian MBM on premises where livestock feed is used, produced, prepared or stored. <br />
<br />
Q. What are the possible causes of BSE cases in cattle born after 1 August 1996? A. Scientific advice suggests that the following routes of transmission might be theoretically possible: <br />
<br />
(a) some animals might have been exposed to BSE through feed carried over from before 1 August 1996 (either accidentally or deliberately); or <br />
<br />
(b) some animals might have been exposed to BSE through maternal transmission; or <br />
<br />
(c) there may be routes of transmission which have not yet been identified. Possibilities include environmental contamination, contamination of imported feed ingredients and the use of tallow-based calf milk replacer; and/or <br />
<br />
(d) the disease may occur spontaneously in a small number of cases. <br />
<br />
© Defra 2003 Page 2 of 3 <br />
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Q. What are the implications if further post-August 1996 cases continue to appear? <br />
<br />
A. The latest opinion of the EU Scientific Steering Committee, adopted on 10-11 April 2003, effectively removed its previous threshold for concern of 55 of these cases during a 12 month period. This figure was derived some time ago and assumes that 10% of such cases would be due to maternal transmission. The SSC concluded that: These model-based estimates have been overtaken by two sources of subsequent intelligence , i.e. the results of the Community-wide active surveillance programme and the fact that the majority of BARB cases are unlikely to have been caused by maternal transmission. There is likely to be a small increase in case numbers as animals born in 1996 and 1997 reach the peak-risk age for clinical BSE and animals from the 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 cohorts may be expected to contribute more cases. <br />
<br />
Q. What are the human health implications of these cases? <br />
<br />
A. There are no public health implications arising from these cases. Even if the animals involved had not been suffering from BSE, because they have all been over thirty months old they would have been excluded from human or animal consumption. Any surviving offspring born after August 1996 are traced and excluded from human consumption too. <br />
<br />
Q. What if the over thirty months rule is scrapped? <br />
<br />
A. All over thirty month cattle would need to be tested for BSE before they could enter the food chain. Any cows that tested positive for BSE would be destroyed. <br />
<br />
The BSE test was rigorously checked before it came into use. No incorrect results were found. More than 20 million cattle have now been tested throughout the European Union. In the UK, more than 600,000 cattle have been tested. <br />
<br />
Q. Has the Department investigated the cause of individual post-August 1996 animals? <br />
<br />
A. All such cases are the subject of detailed veterinary enquiries. Although it is very difficult to show how individual animals contracted BSE, veterinary advisers see no indication that maternal transmission could explain the majority of these cases either the dams are still alive and healthy, or they were slaughtered without exhibiting signs of BSE long after the birth of the affected progeny. Similarly, whilst exposure from an environmental source cannot be eliminated, it would appear unlikely based on the results of enquiries into the cause of individual cases and in the absence of other BSE cases on a number of the affected farms. The evidence thus seems to point to a feed-borne source as the most likely explanation for the BARB cases. <br />
<br />
© Defra 2003 Page 3 of 3 <br />
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Q. So, are there major problems with the UK feed ban? <br />
<br />
A. Domestic feed controls are enforced by a major sampling programme under which around 16-18,000 samples are taken each year from different premises. The results of the sampling programme indicate a high level of compliance with the feed ban. In 2003, EU scientists have also indicated that there are so far no reasons to assume widespread and systematic inappropriate implementation of the current feed ban of 1996 . <br />
<br />
Q. What else is the Government doing to follow up these cases? <br />
<br />
A. Epidemiological investigations will continue in all cases and a specific study is being planned to investigate the possible reasons for the occurrence of these cases. In addition, the cohorts of the affected animals (animals born 12 months before and after the index case and which may have been exposed to the same source of infection) are identified. When these animals are slaughtered, brain samples are taken to see if they have also been affected. These cohort animals are also excluded from human consumption but they are not slaughtered immediately. Monitoring their progress allows them to develop signs of disease, and ensure that important epidemiological evidence is not destroyed. <br />
<br />
Q. What tests are used to diagnose BSE cases? <br />
<br />
Descriptions of the tests used to diagnose BSE are available on the DEFRA website under Science/Research into BSE/Diagnosis of BSE. <br />
<br />
Q. Does the appearance of post-August 1996 cases mean that the epidemic is not declining as predicted? <br />
<br />
A. No. The overall BSE epidemic in Great Britain continues to decline by around 40 per cent a year. In 1992, approximately 37,000 clinical cases were detected. Last year there were just over 1,000. <br />
<br />
Q. Have other EU member states experienced BSE cases in young animals (i.e. born since 1 August 1996)? <br />
<br />
A. Yes. Most EU member states have recorded cases born after this date. The highest numbers have been recorded in France, Germany, Portugal and Spain. It should be noted, however, that these countries have carried out more active surveillance than the UK over time, because they are required to test all cattle over 30 months old which are sold for human consumption. At present, the UK tests only cattle aged more than 42 months and born after August 1996, plus a sample of 10,000 older cattle slaughtered under our Over 30 Months Scheme. In addition, a fully effective feed ban in the EU was not put in place until January 2001. Details on the numbers of cases and their dates of birth are available on the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) website and on individual countries websites accessed via the OIE website. <br />
<br />
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<a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/animal-health/barbq%2Ba.pdf">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/animal-health/barbq%2Ba.pdf</a> <br />
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TSS <br />
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3. TSEs in Cattle <br />
<br />
<br />
We predict a continued decline in cases of BSE in the EU and estimate fewer<br />
than 75 cases in UK by the end of 2007 (compared to 114 in 2006). The<br />
majority of cases are still being detected in cattle born before the 1996<br />
feed ban. The Older Cattle Disposal Scheme closes at the end of 2008 and we<br />
are working with industry to maximise the uptake. The prevalence in<br />
successive BARB birth cohorts is extremely low and appears to be decreasing.<br />
However, as the pre-1996 cattle population declines, BARBs will form an<br />
increasing percentage of the total number of cases. <br />
<br />
<br />
The overall prevalence of atypical BSE appears low. Two cases of atypical<br />
BSE have been detected in UK to date in older cattle. Oral challenge studies<br />
are being planned in Europe and Japan which will provide further information<br />
on the pathogenesis. While the aetiology of atypical BSE remains unknown the<br />
long term consequences for the maintenance of key BSE controls remains<br />
uncertain. <br />
<br />
<br />
snip...full text 10 pages ; <br />
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<a href="http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/99-5.pdf">http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/99-5.pdf</a> <br />
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ITEM 6 – BARB CASE CLUSTERS <br />
<br />
> > 39. Professor John Wilesmith (Defra) updated the committee on the <br />
<br />
> > BSE cases born after the 1996 reinforced mammalian meat and <br />
<br />
> > bone meal ban in the UK (BARB cases). Around 116 BARB cases <br />
<br />
> > had been identified in Great Britain up to 22 November 2005, <br />
<br />
> > mostly through active surveillance. BARB cases had decreased in <br />
<br />
> > successive birth cohorts, from 44 in the 1996/1997 cohort to none <br />
<br />
> > to date in the 2000/2001 cohort. However, 3 BARB cases had <br />
<br />
> > been identified in the 2001/2002 cohort. Backcalculation of the <br />
<br />
> > prevalence of BARB cases indicated a drop from 130 infected <br />
<br />
> > animals per million (95% confidence interval 90-190) in the <br />
<br />
> > 1996/1997 cohort to 30 infected animals per million (95% <br />
<br />
> > confidence interval 10-60) in the 1999/2000 cohort. A shift in the <br />
<br />
> > geographical distribution of BSE cases, from the concentration of <br />
<br />
> > pre-1996 BSE cases in Eastern England to a more uniform <br />
<br />
> > 14 <br />
<br />
> > © SEAC 2005 <br />
<br />
> > distribution of BARB cases, had occurred. However, it appeared <br />
<br />
> > that certain post-1996 cohorts had a higher exposure to BSE in <br />
<br />
> > certain areas for limited periods. Several clusters of BARB cases <br />
<br />
> > within herds had been identified (5 pairs, 2 triplets and 1 <br />
<br />
> > quadruplet). <br />
<br />
> > 40. A triplet of BARB cases in South West Wales had been <br />
<br />
> > investigated in detail. The triplet comprised 2 cases born in <br />
<br />
> > September and October 2001 and a third in May 2002. The<br />
<br />
> > animals born in 2001 were reared outdoors from the spring of 2002 <br />
<br />
> > but the animal born in 2002 had been reared indoors. Further <br />
<br />
> > investigation of feeding practices revealed that a new feed bin for <br />
<br />
> > the adult dairy herd had been installed in September 1998. In July <br />
<br />
> > 2002 the feed bin was emptied, but not cleaned, and relocated. All <br />
<br />
> > 3 BARB cases received feed from the relocated bin. This finding <br />
<br />
> > suggested the hypothesis that the feed bin installed in September <br />
<br />
> > 1998 was filled initially with contaminated feed, that remnants of <br />
<br />
> > this feed fell to the bottom of the bin during its relocation, and thus <br />
<br />
> > young animals in the 2001/2002 birth cohort were exposed to <br />
<br />
> > feedstuffs produced in 1998. No adult cattle had been infected<br />
<br />
> > because of the reduced susceptibility to BSE with increasing age. <br />
<br />
> > 41. Further investigation of multiple case herds had found no <br />
<br />
> > association of BARB clusters with the closure of feed mills. <br />
<br />
> > 42. Professor Wilesmith concluded that there is evidence of a decline <br />
<br />
> > in risk of infection for successive birth cohorts of cattle. The BARB <br />
<br />
> > epidemic is unlikely to be sustained by animals born after 31 July <br />
<br />
> > 2000. Feed bins could represent a continued source of occasional <br />
<br />
> > infection and advice to farmers is being formulated to reduce this <br />
<br />
> > risk. There is no evidence for an indigenous source of infection for <br />
<br />
> > the BARB cases. <br />
<br />
> > 43. Members considered it encouraging that no other factor, apart from <br />
<br />
> > feed contamination, had been identified as a possible cause of <br />
<br />
> > BARB cases to date. Members commented that this study <br />
<br />
> > suggests that only a small amount of contaminated feed may be <br />
<br />
> > required for infection and that BSE infectivity can survive in the <br />
<br />
> > environment for several years. Professor Wilesmith agreed and <br />
<br />
> > noted that infection caused by small doses of infectious material <br />
<br />
> > was consistent with other studies, and it would appear there is little <br />
<br />
> > dilution of infectivity, if present, in the rendering system. <br />
<br />
> > Additionally it appeared that the infectious agent had survived for 4 <br />
<br />
> > years in the feed bin. <br />
<br />
> > 44. The Chair thanked Professor Wilesmith for his presentation.<br />
<br />
> > > > snip... <br />
<br />
> > > > http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/final90.pdf <br />
<br />
> > > TSS <br />
<br />
<br />
> > #################### https://lists.aegee.org/bse-l.html > #################### <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Wednesday, March 7, 2012 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ANOTHER COW NOT TESTED FOR BSE AKA MAD COW LIKELY TO HAVE BEEN EATEN UK 2012 <br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2012/03/another-cow-not-tested-for-bse-aka-mad.html">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2012/03/another-cow-not-tested-for-bse-aka-mad.html</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Thursday, March 01, 2012 <br />
<br />
<br />
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Fact sheet N°180 Revised February 2012 W.H.O. <br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2012/03/variant-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-fact.html">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2012/03/variant-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-fact.html</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Saturday, March 03, 2012 <br />
<br />
<br />
The contribution of different prion protein types and host polymorphisms to clinicopathological variations in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Mark W. Head*, James W. Ironside Article first published online: 28 FEB 2012 <br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/03/contribution-of-different-prion-protein.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/03/contribution-of-different-prion-protein.html</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Thursday, February 16, 2012<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
31 USA SENATORS ASK PRESIDENT OBAMA TO HELP SPREAD MAD COW DISEASE 2012 <br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/02/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse-31.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/02/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse-31.html</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Thursday, February 23, 2012 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
EIGHT FORMER SECRETARIES OF AGRICULTURE SPEAKING AT USDA'S 2012 AGRICULTURE OUTLOOK FORUM INDUCTED INTO USA MAD COW HALL OF SHAME <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/02/eight-former-secretaries-of-agriculture.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/02/eight-former-secretaries-of-agriculture.html</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Sunday, February 5, 2012 February 2012 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/02/february-2012-update-on-feed.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/02/february-2012-update-on-feed.html</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
___________________________________ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
PRODUCT <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007 <br />
<br />
CODE <br />
<br />
Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 <br />
<br />
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER <br />
<br />
Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007. <br />
<br />
Firm initiated recall is ongoing. <br />
<br />
REASON <br />
<br />
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. <br />
<br />
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE <br />
<br />
42,090 lbs. <br />
<br />
DISTRIBUTION <br />
<br />
WI <br />
<br />
___________________________________ <br />
<br />
PRODUCT <br />
<br />
Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007 <br />
<br />
CODE <br />
<br />
The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified. <br />
<br />
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER <br />
<br />
Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete. <br />
<br />
REASON <br />
<br />
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. <br />
<br />
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE <br />
<br />
9,997,976 lbs. <br />
<br />
DISTRIBUTION <br />
<br />
ID and NV <br />
<br />
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2007/ENF00996.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2007/ENF00996.html</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
NEW URL <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Thursday, March 19, 2009 <br />
<br />
MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL <br />
<br />
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Tuesday, March 2, 2010 <br />
<br />
Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed/Adulterated/Misbranded Rangen Inc 2/11/10 USA <br />
<br />
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Monday, March 1, 2010 <br />
<br />
ANIMAL PROTEIN I.E. MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE A REVIEW 2010 <br />
<br />
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
TSSTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-35522027379733220062011-10-28T16:51:00.000-07:002011-11-02T19:00:28.285-07:00CVM Issues Animal Feed Safety System (AFSS) (BSE) Overview October 28 2011CVM Issues Animal Feed Safety System (AFSS) Overview<br />
<br />
Document -<br />
<br />
<br />
snip...<br />
<br />
Historically, FDA’s feed program has focused on specific safety issues, such as unsafe tissue residues resulting from feeding of medicated feeds, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), and Salmonella, but has not addressed feed safety in a comprehensive manner. A comprehensive feed safety program is intended to help identify feed hazards and their potential sources and to enable establishments and FDA to prevent or eliminate the occurrence of unacceptable feed risks from those hazards.<br />
<br />
snip...<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/AnimalFeedSafetySystemAFSS/UCM277673.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/AnimalFeedSafetySystemAFSS/UCM277673.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
i about choked when i read about the _historically_ part. in truth, FDA historically failed in the BSE mad cow protein feed ban and SRM removal, along with the BSE surveillance program.<br />
<br />
<br />
strange, i wrote and sent this off earlier today. ...tss<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----- Original Message -----<br />
<br />
From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br />
<br />
To: stephanie.yao@fda.hhs.gov<br />
<br />
Sent: Friday, October 28, 2011 1:35 PM<br />
<br />
Subject: BSE AKA MAD COW FEED ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES reports ???<br />
<br />
Hello Ms. Yao Ma'am and FDA et al,<br />
<br />
A kind and warm greetings from Bacliff, Texas.<br />
<br />
I have been following the mad cow saga here in the USA, pretty much since it started here in the USA. I lost my mother to the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, an exceedingly rare strain of the sporadic CJD's. as a layperson, i never accepted the myth that 85%+ of all human TSE i.e. the sporadic CJD was just a happenstance of bad luck, a spontaneous happening, no source, no route. just bad luck. i am sorry, i just could never accept that.<br />
<br />
<br />
anyway Ma'am, I am wondering why there have been NO reports on the Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE since January 12, 2011 ?<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/ComplianceEnforcement/BovineSpongiformEncephalopathy/ucm117662.htm">http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/ComplianceEnforcement/BovineSpongiformEncephalopathy/ucm117662.htm</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
when will the next BSE FEED ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES report be posted ???<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST<br />
<br />
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II<br />
<br />
___________________________________<br />
<br />
PRODUCT<br />
<br />
Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007<br />
<br />
CODE<br />
<br />
Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007<br />
<br />
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br />
<br />
Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.<br />
<br />
Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br />
<br />
REASON<br />
<br />
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br />
<br />
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br />
<br />
42,090 lbs.<br />
<br />
DISTRIBUTION<br />
<br />
WI<br />
<br />
___________________________________<br />
<br />
PRODUCT<br />
<br />
Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007<br />
<br />
CODE<br />
<br />
The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.<br />
<br />
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br />
<br />
Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br />
<br />
REASON<br />
<br />
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br />
<br />
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br />
<br />
9,997,976 lbs.<br />
<br />
DISTRIBUTION<br />
<br />
ID and NV<br />
<br />
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Archive Number 20101206.4364 Published Date 06-DEC-2010 Subject PRO/AH/EDR> Prion disease update 2010 (11)<br />
<br />
PRION DISEASE UPDATE 2010 (11)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20101206.4364">http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20101206.4364</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
SEE TONNAGE OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN 2007 ALONE, A DECADE POST PARTIAL AND VOLUNTARY MAD COW FEED BAN ;<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Saturday, November 6, 2010<br />
<br />
TAFS1 Position Paper on Position Paper on Relaxation of the Feed Ban in the EU Berne, 2010 TAFS<br />
<br />
INTERNATIONAL FORUM FOR TRANSMISSIBLE ANIMAL DISEASES AND FOOD SAFETY a non-profit Swiss Foundation<br />
<br />
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/11/tafs1-position-paper-on-position-paper.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/11/tafs1-position-paper-on-position-paper.html</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Saturday, July 23, 2011<br />
<br />
CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS, BEEF TONGUES, SPINAL CORD, SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS (SRM's) AND PRIONS, AKA MAD COW DISEASE<br />
<br />
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
EFSA Journal 2011 The European Response to BSE: A Success Story<br />
<br />
This is an interesting editorial about the Mad Cow Disease debacle, and it's ramifications that will continue to play out for decades to come ;<br />
<br />
Monday, October 10, 2011<br />
<br />
EFSA Journal 2011 The European Response to BSE: A Success Story<br />
<br />
<br />
snip...<br />
<br />
EFSA and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) recently delivered a scientific opinion on any possible epidemiological or molecular association between TSEs in animals and humans (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) and ECDC, 2011). This opinion confirmed Classical BSE prions as the only TSE agents demonstrated to be zoonotic so far but the possibility that a small proportion of human cases so far classified as "sporadic" CJD are of zoonotic origin could not be excluded. Moreover, transmission experiments to non-human primates suggest that some TSE agents in addition to Classical BSE prions in cattle (namely L-type Atypical BSE, Classical BSE in sheep, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) and chronic wasting disease (CWD) agents) might have zoonotic potential.<br />
<br />
snip...<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/e991.htm?emt=1">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/e991.htm?emt=1</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/e991.pdf">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/e991.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
see follow-up here about North America BSE Mad Cow TSE prion risk factors, and the ever emerging strains of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy in many species here in the USA, including humans ;<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/10/efsa-journal-2011-european-response-to.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/10/efsa-journal-2011-european-response-to.html</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Thursday, October 27, 2011<br />
<br />
Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) Infected with the Agent of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Develop Tau Pathology doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.09.004 | How to Cite or Link Using DOI<br />
<br />
Experimentally induced disease<br />
<br />
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/10/squirrel-monkeys-saimiri-sciureus.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/10/squirrel-monkeys-saimiri-sciureus.html</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Sunday, September 25, 2011<br />
<br />
Mad Cow Scaremongers by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. a review of the TSE prion agent 2003-2011<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/09/mad-cow-scaremongers.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/09/mad-cow-scaremongers.html</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/</a><br />
<br />
<br />
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a><br />
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/</a><br />
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Thursday, August 4, 2011<br />
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Terry Singeltary Sr. on the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Public Health Crisis, Date aired: 27 Jun 2011 (SEE VIDEO)<br />
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/terry-singeltary-sr-on-creutzfeldt.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/terry-singeltary-sr-on-creutzfeldt.html</a><br />
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Thank You,<br />
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with kindest regards, terryTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-30386941395245431552010-11-06T11:10:00.000-07:002010-11-06T11:32:37.655-07:00TAFS1 Position Paper on Position Paper on Relaxation of the Feed Ban in the EU Berne, 2010TAFS<br /><br />INTERNATIONAL FORUM FOR TRANSMISSIBLE ANIMAL DISEASES AND FOOD SAFETY a non-profit Swiss Foundation<br /><br />TAFS1 Position Paper on Position Paper on Relaxation of the Feed Ban in the EU<br /><br />© TAFS, Berne, 2010<br /><br />Epidemiological evidence implicated contaminated rendered meat and bone meal as the source of the BSE epidemic in the United Kingdom, continental Europe as well as a few other countries around the world. With the overall global decline of BSE cases, national governments are beginning to explore the possibility of relaxing some of the measures taken to bring the disease under control. This paper will examine the current scientific knowledge and other facets that may impact decisions regarding the feed bans.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />Countries outside of Europe<br /><br />After confirming BSE in September 2001, the government of Japan enacted many of the same regulations adopted by the European Union. In regard to feed controls, all meat and bone meal (MBM) is prohibited from being fed to bovines. Porcine and marine mammal derived MBM is banned from the rations of pigs and chickens as well. MBM from poultry produced separately may be fed to pigs and chickens. (Ref. 13)<br /><br />These feed control measures appear to have been effective in Japan. Japan has detected a total of 36 cases of BSE (2001-2009) that seemingly peaked in 2006. In 2008 and 2009, only one case/year has been found. To date, with the exception of one case born in January 2002, all other BSE cases have been born prior to the feed ban.<br /><br />BSE has also been identified in both Canada and the United States (US). The first case of BSE in Canada was reported in May 2003 and the first native-born case in the US was identified in 2004. Both Canada and the US prohibited the feeding of most rendered mammalian proteins to ruminants in 1997. It is evident by the Canadian BSE cases born between 2000-04 that this was not 100% effective.<br /><br />In Canada as of July 12, 2007 SRMs (same list as removed from food for humans) are prohibited from being included in any animal feed including pet food or fertilizer.<br /><br />As of October 2009, the US expanded the 1997 feed ban to prohibit the feeding of certain high risk cattle materials in all animal feed. This list includes: 1) the entire carcass of BSE-positive cattle, 2) the brains and spinal cords from cattle 30 months of age and older, 3) the entire carcass of cattle not inspected and passed for human consumption, unless the cattle are less than 30 months of age or the brains and spinal cords have been effectively removed, 4) tallow derived from BSE-positive cattle, 5) tallow derived from cattle material prohibited in animal feed (CMPAF) that contains more than 0.15% insoluble impurities and 6) mechanically separated beef derived from CMPAF.<br /><br />Many countries not reporting BSE have taken some precautionary feed control measures to prevent an internal recycling of the BSE agent if it were to be introduced into the animal feed chain. The measures usually include a ruminant to ruminant or mammalian to ruminant ban. Some countries have also excluded SRMs from animal feed and set parameters for rendering. For example, as of 2001 Australia prohibits the feeding of any material taken from a vertebrate animal other than tallow, gelatin, milk products or oils extracted from poultry and fish. It includes rendered products such as blood meal, meat meal, meat and bone meal, fish meal, poultry meal, feather meal, and compounded feeds made from these products to be fed to ruminants. In 2002 Argentina enacted a mammalian to ruminant ban.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />Evaluation of these possible future developments<br /><br />Disease considerations<br /><br />In Europe there seems to be general support for the opinion that feeding any animal proteins to ruminants2 should remain forbidden to ensure that the BSE epidemic will not be revived and to respect the herbivorous nature of cattle and sheep. That particular feed ban was at the core of the hugely successful control of the BSE epidemic in Europe.<br /><br />2 With the exception of fish meal in milk replacers<br /><br />The inclusion of non-ruminant feed in the BSE feed ban regulations was not a result of a direct and proven TSE risk to, or arising from, non-ruminants, but rather the consequence of the complexity of the rendering and feed industry and the limited diagnostic capabilities.<br /><br />Prior to the total feed ban, the production processes for ruminant and non-ruminant feed were not separated completely. During rendering processes, feed production, storage or transportation there was ample opportunity for ingredients of non-ruminant feed to contaminate ruminant feed and vice-versa. Despite previous feed bans, ruminant feed therefore continued to contain ruminant proteins, and crossfeeding of ruminants with non-ruminant feed containing ruminant proteins remained a possibility. The number of BSE cases born after ruminant-to-ruminant feed bans or mammalian-to-ruminant feed bans clearly demonstrates that in practice such feed bans were not sufficiently effective in preventing new infections. This was true for Europe and seems to be the same at least in Canada. Prior to finding the first case of BSE in Japan there was only a voluntary feed ban. After the initial case, Japan adopted more stringent and broader measures than the ruminant to ruminant or mammalian to ruminant ban.<br /><br />While maintaining the total ban of PAPs in ruminant feed alone would in theory (e.g., under ideal, controlled conditions) be sufficient to protect cattle and sheep from exposure to potentially infected material, erroneous cross-contamination, labeling errors and fraudulent misconduct could lead to some contamination with PAPs in ruminant feed if they were to be allowed for non-ruminants. Inspections and testing (see below) can reduce, but not eliminate such a risk.<br /><br />Even if PAPs would, unlawfully or unintentionally, end up in ruminant feed, they would pose no known TSE risk under the assumption of two important, jointly sufficient conditions:<br /><br />1) That the PAPs stem exclusively from non-ruminants. With the complete ban of ruminant material being rendered into feed for farmed animals this assumption is very likely to be met, although pet feed could be a source of contamination.<br /><br />2) That non-ruminant proteins can under no circumstances trigger the development of TSE diseases in ruminants even if fed to them. According to an EFSA opinion (Ref. 6) there is no evidence to suggest the contrary and EFSA considers the risk of transmitting BSE to pigs utilizing poultry PAPs (and vice versa) as negligible. On the other hand, there is also only weak evidence to actively support the scientific validity of this assumption. Additionally, pigs have been shown to be susceptible to infection with TSE-material of ruminant origin by parenteral challenge, but experimental transmission of BSE to pigs by the oral route has been unsuccessful (Ref 16). Given the current paucity of the experimental evidence, the condition cannot be considered completely satisfied, since the absence of evidence does not constitute evidence of absence.<br /><br />No spontaneous development of TSE-like disease has been observed in pigs, but it is plausible to assume that pigs can develop such diseases as a very rare event and if left alive long enough. Multiplied by the number of live pigs – close to 1 billion worldwide – that would result in a non-negligible number of pigs with TSE. On the other hand by far most, if not all, pigs slaughtered for human consumption do not live to be even 1 year old.<br /><br />TAFS 6<br /><br />If pig-meal is allowed as feed to poultry and vice versa then a closed loop of material could be established provided that undigested pig proteins contained in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry is fed back to pigs or the other way round. This loop can be prevented if all gastrointestinal tracts and their contents are removed and discarded before the rendering of animal by-products. This requirement would be – like all other risk reduction measures – subject to error and fraud, but add to the redundancy of risk management.<br /><br />In the light of the evolving BSE epidemic, the zoonotic potential of BSE and consumer concerns, the authorities were therefore forced to take drastic measures and exclude all animal proteins from all feed for farmed animals, with a few exceptions as outlined above.<br /><br />By 2010, the BSE epidemic appears to be phasing out. In 2001, 2,167 BSE positive cases were detected within the framework of the EU surveillance activities. By 2008, this number had fallen to 125, 17 times less. Also the number of BSE cases detected per 10,000 animals tested had fallen dramatically: 2.55 BSE cases per 10,000 in 2001 against 0.12 BSE cases per 10,000 in 2008, a 21-fold reduction (Ref. 10). This also implies that the probability has diminished significantly that infected cattle erroneously enter the feed production chain.<br /><br />Emerging Disease Considerations<br /><br />Atypical BSE and other TSEs<br /><br />For almost the entire two decades that BSE had been known in the world it was thought that there was only one ?train?that infected cattle and caused disease in other species such as humans (Refs. 17, 18).<br /><br />In 2004, cases of a bovine prion disease molecularly different than those already documented as classical BSE were described by scientists in both Italy (Ref. 18) and France (Ref. 19). In both countries the cattle were over 8 years of age. The Italian cases (11 and 15 years of age) named bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy (BASE) were characterized by an unglycosylated protein band with a lower molecular mass (thus named L cases) and the predominance of the monoglycosylated band. In addition, immunohistochemical detection of PrPres in these cases found greater deposits in the cerebral cortex and thalamus versus the brain stem, as is characteristic of classical BSE. The French cases found a higher molecular mass associated with the unglycosylated protein band and were called H cases. The different ?trains?are now called atypical BSE.<br /><br />Atypical BSE is a study in progress with more unknowns than knowns. One of the most important of the unknowns is the significance of atypical BSE in regard to human and animal health.<br /><br />Since these two publications, additional cases of atypical BSE have been found in other countries. H cases have been detected in Canada, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. L cases have been diagnosed in Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Poland.<br /><br />It has now been shown that both the L and H types of atypical BSE are experimentally transmissible via the intracerebral route. Homogenates from L cases have been transmitted to wild-type mice, bovinized, ovinized and humanized transgenic mice, Cynomolgus monkeys and cattle (Refs. 20, 21, and 22).<br /><br />H cases have been transmitted to bovinized transgenic (Tgbov) and ovinized transgenic mice (Ref. 23) and cattle (personal communication March 2009).<br /><br />TAFS 7<br /><br />Early studies provide some evidence that L type (or BASE) BSE may be more virulent for primates including humans (Refs. 21, 24, and 25).<br /><br />Studies on the oral route are underway. These would provide data to evaluate the potential for natural transmission of the disease.<br /><br />Atypical BSE may arise spontaneously in a small proportion of cattle. The existence of sporadic CJD in humans has led to postulation that disease could arise spontaneously in any animal, but this theory like others has not been proved.<br /><br />In the US one of the H-type BSE case was found to be associated with the novel mutation E211K within the prion protein gene (Prnp) suggesting that this strain may have a genetic origin (Ref. 26).<br /><br />As per the SEAC: „here are too few data to enable an assessment of the natural transmissibility of L- and H-type BSE between cattle, or to sheep or goats. The present feed control measures which prevent feeding of mammalian meat and bone meal to ruminants would limit the spread of these forms of BSE to cattle, sheep and goats should they be transmissible to these species by the oral route.?<br /><br />Atypical Scrapie<br /><br />In 1998, scientists in Norway discovered a previously uncharacterized strain of scrapie that is now called Nor 98 or atypical scrapie (Ref. 27). Certain epidemiological evidence indicates that atypical scrapie may be a sporadic disease (Ref. 28), however additional research is underway to examine the likelihood of natural transmission and the extent of tissue distribution.<br /><br />As with atypical BSE, there are few data on the potential for natural transmission of the disease to sheep and other species. The disease has been transmitted to sheep however the route was intracerebral (Ref. 29). Studies investigating the possibility of oral transmission are underway.<br /><br />There is some evidence from transmission studies utilizing porcinized transgenic mice that pigs may be susceptible to atypical scrapie and BSE in sheep (Ref. 30). These studies do not involve the natural host or route of transmission so caution may be taken in drawing conclusions.<br /><br />Potential for TSEs in Other Species<br /><br />Studies conducted at the National Institutes of Health Rocky Mountain Laboratory caution against assuming that animals which do not become clinically ill are not infected. There is experimental evidence to indicate that certain species may become carriers (i.e., become infected, shed agent but do not progress to clinical disease) (Ref 31, Ref 32, Ref 33). Specifically, mice inoculated with 263K hamster scrapie demonstrated a phase of inactive persistence. That is, after exposure the mice had a prolonged period (approximately one year), where there was no evidence of infectivity or PrPsc. This was followed by a period of an increasing infectivity and agent adaptation. Many of the mice continued to be devoid of detectable PrPsc.<br /><br />It is important to determine if this persistence and adaptation could occur naturally as it may have significance in feeding programs which continually expose species other than ruminants<br /><br />TAFS 8<br /><br />to TSE infectivity. The results of Race and colleagues, warns that an inactive persistent phase might not produce detectable PrPsc, yet tissues may harbor infectivity (Ref 32).<br /><br />Very recent research provides illustrations of the accumulation of infectivity in tongue and nasal mucosa from terminally diseased field cases and experimentally challenged cases of BSE even when no abnormal PrP was detectable (Ref 34). This same phenomena has also been reported for peripheral tissues collected from sheep with atypical scrapie. (Ref 35).<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />Key issues to deal with before the feed ban for non-ruminants can be relaxed<br /><br />In our opinion, several key requirements need to be met before the feed ban for non-ruminants can be relaxed:<br /><br />The feed industry needs to ensure the following:<br /><br />Ruminant materials remain excluded completely from the entire feed chain. This requires a complete and reliable traceability system for both ruminant and non-ruminant materials.<br /><br />Intra-species feeding is prevented entirely. This requires that pig and poultry by-products are prevented from mutual cross-contamination by dedicated separate logistical pathways from slaughterhouses through rendering and feed production processes.<br /><br />No animal proteins are included in ruminant feed. This requires that the ingredients for and the production of ruminant feed is completely separate from the ingredients for and the production of non-ruminant feed.<br /><br />Scientific knowledge required:<br /><br />Diagnostic tools must be developed with the capacity to verify compliance with any revised feed ban. These tools must be able to differentiate between PAPs from different animal species, and – in case it is decided to implement a tolerance level for contamination of feed – they must be able to determine if the level of contamination exceeds the defined tolerance levels.<br /><br />More research is needed to support the assumption that non-ruminant proteins cannot induce TSE-like diseases in ruminants, even if these diseases circulated among different non-ruminant species beforehand.<br /><br />The authorities need to ensure the following:<br /><br />Competent authorities have the means and capacity to monitor the feed industry closely and assess their capacity to comply with the remaining feed ban regulations BEFORE any changes are allowed to proceed.<br /><br />Legislation is in place to hold the industry liable in case of breaches of the remaining feed ban.<br /><br />Appropriate diagnostic tools are registered and validated to verify compliance with the feed regulations.<br /><br />In the view of TAFS, taking into consideration all of the scientific and epidemiological knowns and unknowns, the fact that the requirements as listed above are currently not met and acknowledging the potential for fraudulent behavior, a relaxation of the feed ban at the present time would not eliminate all risks. We feel strongly that maintenance of the ban is the only means to drive the level of risk toward zero.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><br />see full text and references here ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.tafsforum.org/position_papers/TAFS_POSITION_PAPER_ON_RELAXATION_OF_FEED_BAN_2010.pdf">http://www.tafsforum.org/position_papers/TAFS_POSITION_PAPER_ON_RELAXATION_OF_FEED_BAN_2010.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PLEASE NOTE ***<br /><br /><br /><br />Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><br />The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle...<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030516051623/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030516051623/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Atypical BSE in Cattle<br /><br /><br />BSE has been linked to the human disease variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (vCJD). The known exposure pathways for humans contracting vCJD are through the consumption of beef and beef products contaminated by the BSE agent and through blood transfusions. However, recent scientific evidence suggests that the BSE agent may play a role in the development of other forms of human prion diseases as well. These studies suggest that classical type of BSE may cause type 2 sporadic CJD and that H-type atypical BSE is connected with a familial form of CJD.<br /><br />To date the OIE/WAHO assumes that the human and animal health standards set out in the BSE chapter for classical BSE (C-Type) applies to all forms of BSE which include the H-type and L-type atypical forms. This assumption is scientifically not completely justified and accumulating evidence suggests that this may in fact not be the case. Molecular characterization and the spatial distribution pattern of histopathologic lesions and immunohistochemistry (IHC) signals are used to identify and characterize atypical BSE. Both the L-type and H-type atypical cases display significant differences in the conformation and spatial accumulation of the disease associated prion protein (PrPSc) in brains of afflicted cattle. Transmission studies in bovine transgenic and wild type mouse models support that the atypical BSE types might be unique strains because they have different incubation times and lesion profiles when compared to C-type BSE. When L-type BSE was inoculated into ovine transgenic mice and Syrian hamster the resulting molecular fingerprint had changed, either in the first or a subsequent passage, from L-type into C-type BSE. In addition, non-human primates are specifically susceptible for atypical BSE as demonstrated by an approximately 50% shortened incubation time for L-type BSE as compared to C-type. Considering the current scientific information available, it cannot be assumed that these different BSE types pose the same human health risks as C-type BSE or that these risks are mitigated by the same protective measures.<br /><br />snip...see full text ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2">http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />14th ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure -<br /><br />Final Abstract Number: ISE.114<br /><br />Session: International Scientific Exchange<br /><br />Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America<br /><br />update October 2009<br /><br />T. Singeltary<br /><br />Bacliff, TX, USA<br /><br />Background:<br /><br />An update on atypical BSE and other TSE in North America. Please remember, the typical U.K. c-BSE, the atypical l-BSE (BASE), and h-BSE have all been documented in North America, along with the typical scrapie's, and atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and to date, 2 different strains of CWD, and also TME. All these TSE in different species have been rendered and fed to food producing animals for humans and animals in North America (TSE in cats and dogs ?), and that the trading of these TSEs via animals and products via the USA and Canada has been immense over the years, decades.<br /><br />Methods:<br /><br />12 years independent research of available data<br /><br />Results:<br /><br />I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc.<br /><br />Conclusion:<br /><br />I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. Restricting the reporting of CJD and or any human TSE is NOT scientific. Iatrogenic CJD knows NO age group, TSE knows no boundaries. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.<br /><br />page 114 ;<br /><br /><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf">http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />*** BANNED MAD COW FEED IN THE USA IN COMMERCE TONS AND TONS<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />THIS is just ONE month report, of TWO recalls of prohibited banned MBM, which is illegal, mixed with 85% blood meal, which is still legal, but yet we know the TSE/BSE agent will transmit blood. we have this l-BSE in North America that is much more virulent and there is much concern with blood issue and l-BSE as there is with nvCJD in humans. some are even starting to be concerned with sporadic CJD and blood, and there are studies showing transmission there as well. ... this is one month recall page, where 10 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE, TO BE FED OUT. very little of the product that reaches commerce is ever returned via recall, very, very little. this was 2007, TEN YEARS AFTER THE AUGUST 4, 1997, PARTIAL AND VOLUNTARY MAD COW FEED BAN IN THE USA, that was nothing but ink on paper. i have listed the tonnage of mad cow feed that was in ALABAMA in one of the links too, this is where the infamous g-h-BSEalabama case was, a genetic relation matching the new sporadic CJD in the USA. seems this saga just keeps getting better and better.......$$$<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007<br /><br />Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST<br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />42,090 lbs.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />WI<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />9,997,976 lbs.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />ID and NV<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 14, 2010<br /><br />BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY<br /><br /><br />*** (see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)<br /><br /><br />BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA<br /><br />Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT<br /><br />a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;<br /><br />b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;<br /><br />c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;<br /><br />d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.<br /><br />CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION AL<br /><br />______________________________<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,<br /><br />Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION AL and MS<br /><br />______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;<br /><br />b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;<br /><br />c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;<br /><br />d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;<br /><br />e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;<br /><br />f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;<br /><br />g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6<br /><br />CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a><br /><br /><br />Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006<br /><br />Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT<br /><br />a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;<br /><br />b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;<br /><br />c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;<br /><br />d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;<br /><br />e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;<br /><br />f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;<br /><br />g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;<br /><br />h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;<br /><br />i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;<br /><br />j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;<br /><br />k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;<br /><br />l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;<br /><br />m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE<br /><br />Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION AL and FL<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /><br /><br />MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67<br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br /><br />______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;<br /><br />b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;<br /><br />c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;<br /><br />d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE<br /><br />a) Bulk<br /><br />b) None<br /><br />c) Bulk<br /><br />d) Bulk<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION Nationwide<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />please see full text ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, March 2, 2010<br /><br />Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed/Adulterated/Misbranded Rangen Inc 2/11/10 USA<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, March 1, 2010<br /><br />ANIMAL PROTEIN I.E. MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE A REVIEW 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, September 14, 2010<br /><br />Feed Safety and BSE/Ruminant Feed Ban Support Project (U18)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/09/feed-safety-and-bseruminant-feed-ban.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/09/feed-safety-and-bseruminant-feed-ban.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, October 8, 2010<br /><br />Scientific reasons for a feed ban of meat-and-bone meal, applicable to all farmed animals including cattle, pigs, poultry, farmed fish and pet food<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/10/scientific-reasons-for-feed-ban-of-meat.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/10/scientific-reasons-for-feed-ban-of-meat.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P.9.21<br /><br />Molecular characterization of BSE in Canada<br /><br />Jianmin Yang1, Sandor Dudas2, Catherine Graham2, Markus Czub3, Tim McAllister1, Stefanie Czub1 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Canada; 2National and OIE BSE Reference Laboratory, Canada; 3University of Calgary, Canada<br /><br />Background: Three BSE types (classical and two atypical) have been identified on the basis of molecular characteristics of the misfolded protein associated with the disease. To date, each of these three types have been detected in Canadian cattle.<br /><br />Objectives: This study was conducted to further characterize the 16 Canadian BSE cases based on the biochemical properties of there associated PrPres. Methods: Immuno-reactivity, molecular weight, glycoform profiles and relative proteinase K sensitivity of the PrPres from each of the 16 confirmed Canadian BSE cases was determined using modified Western blot analysis.<br /><br />Results: Fourteen of the 16 Canadian BSE cases were C type, 1 was H type and 1 was L type. The Canadian H and L-type BSE cases exhibited size shifts and changes in glycosylation similar to other atypical BSE cases. PK digestion under mild and stringent conditions revealed a reduced protease resistance of the atypical cases compared to the C-type cases. N terminal- specific antibodies bound to PrPres from H type but not from C or L type. The C-terminal-specific antibodies resulted in a shift in the glycoform profile and detected a fourth band in the Canadian H-type BSE.<br /><br />Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada.<br /><br />*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />O.4.3<br /><br />Spread of BSE prions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after oral transmission<br /><br />Edgar Holznagel1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Barbara Yutzy1, Gerhard Hunsmann3, Johannes Loewer1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Sera and Vaccines, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany<br /><br />Background: BSE-infected cynomolgus monkeys represent a relevant animal model to study the pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD).<br /><br />Objectives: To study the spread of BSE prions during the asymptomatic phase of infection in a simian animal model.<br /><br />Methods: Orally BSE-dosed macaques (n=10) were sacrificed at defined time points during the incubation period and 7 orally BSE-dosed macaques were sacrificed after the onset of clinical signs. Neuronal and non-neuronal tissues were tested for the presence of proteinase-K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by western immunoblot and by paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot technique.<br /><br />Results: In clinically diseased macaques (5 years p.i. + 6 mo.), PrPres deposits were widely spread in neuronal tissues (including the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and in lymphoid tissues including tonsils. In asymptomatic disease carriers, PrPres deposits could be detected in intestinal lymph nodes as early as 1 year p.i., but CNS tissues were negative until 3 – 4 years p.i. Lumbal/sacral segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were PrPres positive as early as 4.1 years p.i., whereas sympathetic trunk and all thoracic/cervical segments of the spinal cord were still negative for PrPres. However, tonsil samples were negative in all asymptomatic cases.<br /><br />Discussion: There is evidence for an early spread of BSE to the CNS via autonomic fibres of the splanchnic and vagus nerves indicating that trans-synaptical spread may be a time-limiting factor for neuroinvasion. Tonsils were predominantly negative during the main part of the incubation period indicating that epidemiological vCJD screening results based on the detection of PrPres in tonsil biopsies may mostly tend to underestimate the prevalence of vCJD among humans.<br /><br /><br />P.4.23<br /><br />Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models<br /><br />Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA<br /><br />Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were largely undefined.<br /><br />Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice. Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.<br /><br />Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time. The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far.<br /><br />Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice.<br /><br />BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice.<br /><br />The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.<br /><br />Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />P03.137<br /><br />Transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus Macaque, a Non-human Primate; Development of Clinical Symptoms and Tissue Distribution of PrPSC<br /><br />Yamakawa, Y1; Ono, F2; Tase, N3; Terao, K3; Tannno, J3; Wada, N4; Tobiume, M5; Sato, Y5; Okemoto-Nakamura, Y1; Hagiwara, K1; Sata, T5 1National Institure of Infectious diseases, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Japan; 2Corporation for Production and Research Laboratory Primates., Japan; 3National Institure of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba Primate Reserch Center, Japan; 4Yamauchi Univ., Veterinary Medicine, Japan; 5National Institure of Infectious diseases, Pathology, Japan<br /><br />Two of three cynomolgus monkeys developed abnormal neuronal behavioral signs at 30-(#7) and 28-(#10) months after intracerebral inoculation of 200ul of 10% brain homogenates of BSE affected cattle (BSE/JP6). Around 30 months post inoculation (mpi), they developed sporadic anorexia and hyperekplexia with squeal against environmental stimulations such as light and sound. Tremor, myoclonic jerk and paralysis became conspicuous during 32 to 33-mpi, and symptoms become worsened according to the disease progression. Finally, one monkey (#7) fell into total paralysis at 36-mpi. This monkey was sacrificed at 10 days after intensive veterinary care including infusion and per oral supply of liquid food. The other monkey (#10) had to grasp the cage bars to keep an upright posture caused by the sever ataxia. This monkey was sacrificed at 35-mpi. EEG of both monkeys showed diffuse slowing. PSD characteristic for sporadic CJD was not observed in both monkeys. The result of forearm movement test showed the hypofunction that was observed at onset of clinical symptoms. Their cognitive function determined by finger maze test was maintained at the early stage of sideration. However, it was rapidly impaired followed by the disease progression. Their autopsied tissues were immunochemically investigated for the tissue distribution of PrPSc. Severe spongiform change in the brain together with heavy accumulation of PrPSc having the type 2B/4 glycoform profile confirmed successful transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus macaques. Granular and linear deposition of PrPSC was detected by IHC in the CNS of both monkeys. At cerebral cortex, PrPSC was prominently accumulated in the large plaques. Sparse accumulation of PrPSc was detected in several peripheral nerves of #7 but not in #10 monkey, upon the WB analysis. Neither #7 nor #10 monkey accumulated detectable amounts of PrPSc in their lymphatic organs such as tonsil, spleen, adrenal grands and thymus although PrPSc was barely detected in the submandibular lymph node of #7 monkey. Such confined tissue distribution of PrPSc after intracerebral infection with BSE agent is not compatible to that reported on the Cynomolgus macaques infected with BSE by oral or intra-venous (intra-peritoneal) routs, in which PrPSc was accumulated at not only CNS but also widely distributed lymphatic tissues.<br /><br />P04.27<br /><br />Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route<br /><br />Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany<br /><br />Background: In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.<br /><br />Aims: The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.<br /><br />Methods: Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).<br /><br />Results: In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.<br /><br />Conclusions: Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.<br /><br />The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study “BSE in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).<br /><br /><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.<br /><br />look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;<br /><br />Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates<br /><br />Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />BSE bovine brain inoculum<br /><br />100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg<br /><br />Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)<br /><br />Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)<br /><br />RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)<br /><br />PrPres biochemical detection<br /><br />The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.<br /><br />Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula<br /><br />Published online January 27, 2005<br /><br /><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a><br /><br /><br /><br />It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />it is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradleyâs surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Date: June 21, 2007 at 2:49 pm PST<br /><br />Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program<br /><br />An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.<br /><br />4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half<br /><br /><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Audit Report Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program ­ Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service<br /><br />Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III<br /><br />Report No. 50601-10-KC January 2006<br /><br />Finding 2 Inherent Challenges in Identifying and Testing High-Risk Cattle Still Remain<br /><br /><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />"The fact the Texas cow showed up fairly clearly implied the existence of other undetected cases," Dr. Paul Brown, former medical director of the National Institutes of Health's Laboratory for Central Nervous System Studies and an expert on mad cow-like diseases, told United Press International. "The question was, 'How many?' and we still can't answer that."<br /><br />Brown, who is preparing a scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow cases to estimate the maximum number of infected cows that occurred in the United States, said he has "absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago" because of the agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that initially tested positive.<br /><br />USDA officials finally retested the cow and confirmed it was infected seven months later, but only at the insistence of the agency's inspector general.<br /><br />"Everything they did on the Texas cow makes everything they did before 2005 suspect," Brown said.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.upi.com/ConsumerHealthDaily/view.php?StoryID=20060315-055557-1284r">http://www.upi.com/ConsumerHealthDaily/view.php?StoryID=20060315-055557-1284r</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />THIS is what happens when industry runs government policy ;<br /><br /><br /><br />STRICTLY PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL 25, AUGUST 1995<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />To minimise the risk of farmers' claims for compensation from feed compounders.<br /><br />To minimise the potential damage to compound feed markets through adverse publicity.<br /><br />To maximise freedom of action for feed compounders, notably by maintaining the availability of meat and bone meal as a raw material in animal feeds, and ensuring time is available to make any changes which may be required.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />THE FUTURE<br /><br />4..........<br /><br />MAFF remains under pressure in Brussels and is not skilled at handling potentially explosive issues.<br /><br />5. Tests _may_ show that ruminant feeds have been sold which contain illegal traces of ruminant protein. More likely, a few positive test results will turn up but proof that a particular feed mill knowingly supplied it to a particular farm will be difficult if not impossible.<br /><br />6. The threat remains real and it will be some years before feed compounders are free of it. The longer we can avoid any direct linkage between feed milling _practices_ and actual BSE cases, the more likely it is that serious damage can be avoided. ...<br /><br /><br />SEE full text ;<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090114060225/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/08/24002001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090114060225/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/08/24002001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Sunday, October 31, 2010<br /><br />Scientific Opinion on the results of the EU survey for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in cervids EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) (October) 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/10/scientific-opinion-on-results-of-eu.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/10/scientific-opinion-on-results-of-eu.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, October 15, 2010<br /><br />BSE infectivity in the absence of detectable PrPSc accumulation in the tongue and nasal mucosa of terminally diseased cattle<br /><br /><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, October 07, 2010<br /><br />Experimental Transmission of H-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to Bovinized Transgenic Mice<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/10/experimental-transmission-of-h-type.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/10/experimental-transmission-of-h-type.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, November 02, 2010<br /><br /><br />BSE - ATYPICAL LESION DISTRIBUTION (RBSE 92-21367) statutory (obex only) diagnostic criteria CVL 1992<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/11/bse-atypical-lesion-distribution-rbse.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/11/bse-atypical-lesion-distribution-rbse.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, July 28, 2010<br /><br /><br />Atypical prion proteins and IBNC in cattle DEFRA project code SE1796 FOIA Final report<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/atypical-prion-proteins-and-ibnc-in.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/atypical-prion-proteins-and-ibnc-in.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />IBNC<br /><br /><br />"All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated prion protein."<br /><br /><br />Saturday, February 28, 2009<br /><br /><br />NEW RESULTS ON IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS "All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated PrP" 2009<br /><br /><br />SEAC 102/2<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-results-on-idiopathic-brainstem.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-results-on-idiopathic-brainstem.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, August 9, 2010<br /><br />National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined (July 31, 2010)<br /><br />(please watch and listen to the video and the scientist speaking about atypical BSE and sporadic CJD and listen to Professor Aguzzi)<br /><br />SEE where sporadic cjd in the USA went from 59 cases in 1997, to 216 cases in 2009. a steady increase since 1997. ...TSS<br /><br />National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined (July 31, 2010)<br /><br />Year Total Referrals2 Prion Disease Sporadic Familial Iatrogenic vCJD<br /><br />1997 114 68 59 9 0 0<br /><br />to<br /><br />2009 425 259 216 43 0 0<br /><br /><a href="http://www.cjdsurveillance.com/pdf/case-table.pdf">http://www.cjdsurveillance.com/pdf/case-table.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />see full text ;<br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, August 18, 2010<br /><br />Incidence of CJD Deaths Reported by CJD-SS in Canada as of July 31, 2010<br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/incidence-of-cjd-deaths-reported-by-cjd.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/incidence-of-cjd-deaths-reported-by-cjd.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />REPORT OF THE WORKING PARTY ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY 1989<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />4.2.9 ...Also, if it resulted from a localised chance transmission of the scrapie strain from sheep to cattle giving rise to a mutant, a different pattern of disease would have been expected: its range would have increased with time. Thus the evidence from Britain is against the disease being due to a new strain of the agent, but we note that in the United States from 1984 to 1988 outbreaks of scrapie in sheep flocks are reported to have Increased markedly, now being nearly 3 times as high as during any previous period (18).<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102132706/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ib/ibd1/tab02.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102132706/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ib/ibd1/tab02.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193106/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m12/tab12.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193106/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m12/tab12.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, December 1, 2008<br /><br />When Atypical Scrapie cross species barriers<br /><br />Authors<br /><br />Andreoletti O., Herva M. H., Cassard H., Espinosa J. C., Lacroux C., Simon S., Padilla D., Benestad S. L., Lantier F., Schelcher F., Grassi J., Torres, J. M., UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse.France; ICISA-INlA, Madrid, Spain; CEA, IBiTec-5, DSV, CEA/Saclay, Gif sur Yvette cedex, France; National Veterinary Institute, Postboks 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway, INRA IASP, Centre INRA de Tours, 3738O Nouzilly, France.<br /><br />Content<br /><br />Atypical scrapie is a TSE occurring in small ruminants and harbouring peculiar clinical, epidemiological and biochemical properties. Currently this form of disease is identified in a large number of countries. In this study we report the transmission of an atypical scrapie isolate through different species barriers as modeled by transgenic mice (Tg) expressing different species PRP sequence.<br /><br />The donor isolate was collected in 1995 in a French commercial sheep flock. inoculation into AHQ/AHQ sheep induced a disease which had all neuro-pathological and biochemical characteristics of atypical scrapie. Transmitted into Transgenic mice expressing either ovine or PrPc, the isolate retained all the described characteristics of atypical scrapie.<br /><br />Surprisingly the TSE agent characteristics were dramatically different v/hen passaged into Tg bovine mice. The recovered TSE agent had biological and biochemical characteristics similar to those of atypical BSE L in the same mouse model. Moreover, whereas no other TSE agent than BSE were shown to transmit into Tg porcine mice, atypical scrapie was able to develop into this model, albeit with low attack rate on first passage.<br /><br />Furthermore, after adaptation in the porcine mouse model this prion showed similar biological and biochemical characteristics than BSE adapted to this porcine mouse model. Altogether these data indicate.<br /><br />(i) the unsuspected potential abilities of atypical scrapie to cross species barriers<br /><br />(ii) the possible capacity of this agent to acquire new characteristics when crossing species barrier<br /><br />These findings raise some interrogation on the concept of TSE strain and on the origin of the diversity of the TSE agents and could have consequences on field TSE control measures.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P03.141<br /><br />Aspects of the Cerebellar Neuropathology in Nor98<br /><br />Gavier-Widén, D1; Benestad, SL2; Ottander, L1; Westergren, E1 1National Veterinary Insitute, Sweden; 2National Veterinary Institute,<br /><br />Norway Nor98 is a prion disease of old sheep and goats. This atypical form of scrapie was first described in Norway in 1998. Several features of Nor98 were shown to be different from classical scrapie including the distribution of disease associated prion protein (PrPd) accumulation in the brain. The cerebellum is generally the most affected brain area in Nor98. The study here presented aimed at adding information on the neuropathology in the cerebellum of Nor98 naturally affected sheep of various genotypes in Sweden and Norway. A panel of histochemical and immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings such as IHC for PrPd, synaptophysin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, amyloid, and cell markers for phagocytic cells were conducted. The type of histological lesions and tissue reactions were evaluated. The types of PrPd deposition were characterized. The cerebellar cortex was regularly affected, even though there was a variation in the severity of the lesions from case to case. Neuropil vacuolation was more marked in the molecular layer, but affected also the granular cell layer. There was a loss of granule cells. Punctate deposition of PrPd was characteristic. It was morphologically and in distribution identical with that of synaptophysin, suggesting that PrPd accumulates in the synaptic structures. PrPd was also observed in the granule cell layer and in the white matter. The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.<br /><br />***The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PR-26<br /><br />NOR98 SHOWS MOLECULAR FEATURES REMINISCENT OF GSS<br /><br />R. Nonno1, E. Esposito1, G. Vaccari1, E. Bandino2, M. Conte1, B. Chiappini1, S. Marcon1, M. Di Bari1, S.L. Benestad3, U. Agrimi1 1 Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy (romolo.nonno@iss.it); 2 Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy; 3 National Veterinary Institute, Department of Pathology, Oslo, Norway<br /><br />Molecular variants of PrPSc are being increasingly investigated in sheep scrapie and are generally referred to as "atypical" scrapie, as opposed to "classical scrapie". Among the atypical group, Nor98 seems to be the best identified. We studied the molecular properties of Italian and Norwegian Nor98 samples by WB analysis of brain homogenates, either untreated, digested with different concentrations of proteinase K, or subjected to enzymatic deglycosylation. The identity of PrP fragments was inferred by means of antibodies spanning the full PrP sequence. We found that undigested brain homogenates contain a Nor98-specific PrP fragment migrating at 11 kDa (PrP11), truncated at both the C-terminus and the N-terminus, and not N-glycosylated. After mild PK digestion, Nor98 displayed full-length PrP (FL-PrP) and N-glycosylated C-terminal fragments (CTF), along with increased levels of PrP11. Proteinase K digestion curves (0,006-6,4 mg/ml) showed that FL-PrP and CTF are mainly digested above 0,01 mg/ml, while PrP11 is not entirely digested even at the highest concentrations, similarly to PrP27-30 associated with classical scrapie. Above 0,2 mg/ml PK, most Nor98 samples showed only PrP11 and a fragment of 17 kDa with the same properties of PrP11, that was tentatively identified as a dimer of PrP11. Detergent solubility studies showed that PrP11 is insoluble in 2% sodium laurylsorcosine and is mainly produced from detergentsoluble, full-length PrPSc. Furthermore, among Italian scrapie isolates, we found that a sample with molecular and pathological properties consistent with Nor98 showed plaque-like deposits of PrPSc in the thalamus when the brain was analysed by PrPSc immunohistochemistry. Taken together, our results show that the distinctive pathological feature of Nor98 is a PrP fragment spanning amino acids ~ 90-155. This fragment is produced by successive N-terminal and C-terminal cleavages from a full-length and largely detergent-soluble PrPSc, is produced in vivo and is extremely resistant to PK digestion.<br /><br />*** Intriguingly, these conclusions suggest that some pathological features of Nor98 are reminiscent of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease.<br /><br />119<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf">http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />A newly identified type of scrapie agent can naturally infect sheep with resistant PrP genotypes<br /><br />Annick Le Dur*,?, Vincent Béringue*,?, Olivier Andréoletti?, Fabienne Reine*, Thanh Lan Laï*, Thierry Baron§, Bjørn Bratberg¶, Jean-Luc Vilotte?, Pierre Sarradin**, Sylvie L. Benestad¶, and Hubert Laude*,?? +Author Affiliations<br /><br />*Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires and ?Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; ?Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, 31066 Toulouse, France; §Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Unité Agents Transmissibles Non Conventionnels, 69364 Lyon, France; **Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France; and ¶Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, 0033 Oslo, Norway<br /><br />***Edited by Stanley B. Prusiner, University of California, San Francisco, CA (received for review March 21, 2005)<br /><br />Abstract Scrapie in small ruminants belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, a family of fatal neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals and can transmit within and between species by ingestion or inoculation. Conversion of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP), normal cellular PrP (PrPc), into a misfolded form, abnormal PrP (PrPSc), plays a key role in TSE transmission and pathogenesis. The intensified surveillance of scrapie in the European Union, together with the improvement of PrPSc detection techniques, has led to the discovery of a growing number of so-called atypical scrapie cases. These include clinical Nor98 cases first identified in Norwegian sheep on the basis of unusual pathological and PrPSc molecular features and "cases" that produced discordant responses in the rapid tests currently applied to the large-scale random screening of slaughtered or fallen animals. Worryingly, a substantial proportion of such cases involved sheep with PrP genotypes known until now to confer natural resistance to conventional scrapie. Here we report that both Nor98 and discordant cases, including three sheep homozygous for the resistant PrPARR allele (A136R154R171), efficiently transmitted the disease to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP, and that they shared unique biological and biochemical features upon propagation in mice. *** These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent, unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract">http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />EU COMMENTS AND POSITIONS<br /><br />On the proposed changes to OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals<br /><br />20<br /><br />CHAPTER 2.4.6: BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY<br /><br />General comments<br /><br />The changes proposed are generally welcomed by the EU. However, some specific comments detailed below should be taken into account for the final revised version to be adopted in the next General Session.<br /><br />Specific comments<br /><br />LINE 13: The words "and possibly spontaneous" should be added as follows: "... suggesting that earlier, undetected indigenous and possibly spontaneous cases may have occurred."<br /><br />LINE 31: The EU would argue for the re-instatement of the deleted phrase [before, or without, the recognition] since fallen stock in particular could be showing some clinical signs which went unrecognised. As written, it applies more to the active screening of the healthy slaughter population.<br /><br />Line 228: Replace: "All currently recognized forms of BSE (C, H and L-Type) are detectable by these methods." with: "Classical BSE is recognized by all these methods, while a complete evaluation of the approved BSE rapid tests on atypical forms (C, H and L-Type) was never carried out".<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/international/organisations/docs/l410677%20EU%20positions%20OIE%2078GS%20Terrestrial%20Manual_annex.pdf">http://ec.europa.eu/food/international/organisations/docs/l410677%20EU%20positions%20OIE%2078GS%20Terrestrial%20Manual_annex.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/international/organisations/docs/0510_general_session/Annex%20XXXV_scrapie%20EU%20position.pdf">http://ec.europa.eu/food/international/organisations/docs/0510_general_session/Annex%20XXXV_scrapie%20EU%20position.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/international/organisations/docs/0510_general_session/Annex%20XXVIII_BSE%20EU%20position.pdf">http://ec.europa.eu/food/international/organisations/docs/0510_general_session/Annex%20XXVIII_BSE%20EU%20position.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/international/organisations/EU_comments_position_papers_en.htm">http://ec.europa.eu/food/international/organisations/EU_comments_position_papers_en.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />SCRAPIE<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mcode/en_chapitre_1.14.9.htm">http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mcode/en_chapitre_1.14.9.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, November 30, 2009<br /><br />USDA AND OIE COLLABORATE TO EXCLUDE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE NOR-98 ANIMAL HEALTH CODE<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/11/usda-and-oie-collaborate-to-exclude.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/11/usda-and-oie-collaborate-to-exclude.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, March 28, 2010<br /><br />Nor-98 atypical Scrapie, atypical BSE, spontaneous TSE, trade policy, sound science ?<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/03/nor-98-atypical-scrapie-atypical-bse.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/03/nor-98-atypical-scrapie-atypical-bse.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />THE O.I.E. and it's junk science continues to emerge, and spread, and put the cart before the horse so to speak about atypical Scrapie with it's may and may not be risk factors, because all science to date shows that in fact the Nor-98 is a risk factor to not only animal health, but human health as well. SINCE when did the 'may not' and 'may' become sound science ?<br /><br />"may not be contagious and may, in fact, be a spontaneous degenerative condition of older sheep’ (22)."<br /><br />The OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code (the Code) does not cover atypical scrapie/Nor 98 because, it states, the condition ‘… is clinically, pathologically, biochemically and epidemiologically unrelated to ‘classical’ scrapie, may not be contagious and may, in fact, be a spontaneous degenerative condition of older sheep’ (22).<br /><br />22. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2009). – Terrestrial Animal Health Code. www.oie.int/eng/normes/mcode/en_chapitre_1.14.9.htm.<br /><br />Last year, after examining member country submissions and investigating rigorous scientific research, the OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) decided that atypical scrapie/Nor 98 should not be listed in its Terrestrial Animal Health Code. The Code sets out trade recommendations or restrictions for listed diseases or conditions, and the OIE determined there was no need for such recommendations around atypical scrapie/Nor 98.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/pests/atypical-scrapie/atypical-scrapie-faq-oct09.pdf">http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/pests/atypical-scrapie/atypical-scrapie-faq-oct09.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, May 7, 2010<br /><br />Identification of atypical scrapie in Canadian sheep Brief Research Reports<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/05/brief-research-reports-identification.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/05/brief-research-reports-identification.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, August 27, 2010<br /><br />NEW ATYPICAL NOR-98 SCRAPIE CASE DETECTED IDAHO NOW 5 CASES DOCUMENTED 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/08/new-atypical-nor-98-scrapie-case.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/08/new-atypical-nor-98-scrapie-case.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Greetings,<br /><br />(Figure 6) including five goat cases in FY 2008 that originated from the same herd in Michigan.<br /><br />This is highly unusual for goats, and I strenuously urge that there should be an independent investigation into finding the common denominator for these 5 goats in the same herd in Michigan with Scrapie. ...<br /><br />Kind Regards, Terry<br /><br />Thursday, January 07, 2010<br /><br />Scrapie and Nor-98 Scrapie November 2009 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2010 and FISCAL YEAR 2008<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/01/scrapie-and-nor-98-scrapie-november.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/01/scrapie-and-nor-98-scrapie-november.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, December 14, 2009<br /><br />Similarities between Forms of Sheep Scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Are Encoded by Distinct Prion Types<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />TRANSMISSION OF SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL SCRAPIE TO HUMANS, why not ?<br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, April 18, 2010<br /><br />SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION STUDIES A REVIEW 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />SEE FULL TEXT ;<br /><br />Sunday, October 3, 2010<br /><br />Scrapie, Nor-98 atypical Scrapie, and BSE in sheep and goats North America, who's looking ?<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/10/scrapie-nor-98-atypical-scrapie-and-bse.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/10/scrapie-nor-98-atypical-scrapie-and-bse.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, December 21, 2009<br /><br /><br />Distinct Molecular Signature of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Prion in Pigs<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2009/12/distinct-molecular-signature-of-bovine.html">http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2009/12/distinct-molecular-signature-of-bovine.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, October 15, 2009<br /><br /><br />The presence of neurological signs in pigs inoculated with BSE without detectable PrPd raises the possibility that the BSE agent may produce a prion disease in pigs that remains undetected by the current postmortem tests.<br /><br /><br /><br />Transmissibility studies of vacuolar changes in the rostral colliculus of pigs<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2009/10/transmissibility-studies-of-vacuolar.html">http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2009/10/transmissibility-studies-of-vacuolar.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, December 01, 2007<br /><br />Phenotypic Similarity of Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy in Cattle and L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Mouse Model Volume 13, Number 12–December 2007 Research<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2007/12/phenotypic-similarity-of-transmissible.html">http://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2007/12/phenotypic-similarity-of-transmissible.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, September 08, 2010<br /><br />CWD PRION CONGRESS SEPTEMBER 8-11 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/09/cwd-prion-2010.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/09/cwd-prion-2010.html</a><br /><br /><br />Thursday, August 12, 2010<br /><br />Seven main threats for the future linked to prions<br /><br /><a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/seven-main-threats-for-future-linked-to.html">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/seven-main-threats-for-future-linked-to.html</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />WHAT ABOUT NORTH AMERICA ATYPICAL TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY, AND FRIENDLY FIRE, i.e. PASS IF FORWARD MODE OF TSE THERE FROM VIA BLOOD PRODUCTS AND OR TISSUE TRANSPLANT ;<br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />1) Plasma Frozen within 24 hours (FP24). Recall # B-2448-10;<br /><br />2) Red Blood Cells. Recall # B-2449-10;<br /><br />3) Cryoprecipitated AHF. Recall # B-2450-10;<br /><br />4) Plasma. Recall # B-2451-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />1) Units: W038509802210, W038509800965;<br /><br />2) Units: W038509802210, W038509800965, W038508801111, W038508330725;<br /><br />3) Unit: W03850830725;<br /><br />4) Units: W038509801111, W038508330725<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Walter L. Shepeard Community Blood Center, Inc., Augusta, GA, by fax on July 9 and 21, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood products, collected from a donor considered to be at increased risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), were distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />9 units<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />Korea, SC, GA<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Recovered Plasma. Recall # B-2306-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />Unit: W137508110097<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Lane Memorial Blood Bank, Eugene, OR, by fax on June 10, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood product, collected from a donor considered to be at increased risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), was distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />1 unit<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />KY<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Red Blood Cells (Apheresis) Leukocytes Reduced. Recall # B-2348-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />Units: W041609075327D (part a and b), 3922801 (part a and b)<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Blood Systems Inc/dba United Blood Services, Meridian, MS, by telephone and fax on May 26, 2010 and May 28, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood products, collected from a donor considered to be at increased risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), were distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />4 units<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />MS<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />1) Recovered Plasma. Recall # B-2363-10;<br /><br />2) Cryoprecipitated AHF, Pooled. Recall # B-2364-10;<br /><br />3) Red Blood Cells Leukocytes Reduced. Recall # B-2365-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />1) and 3) Units: 2613522, 2578779;<br /><br />2) Unit: 2578779<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />South Texas Blood and Tissue Center, San Antonio, TX, by fax and e-mail on May 5, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood products, collected from a donor considered to be at increased risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), were distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />5 units<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />TX<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR OCTOBER 6, 2010<br /><br />#<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm228605.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm228605.htm</a><br /><br /><br />Friday, September 24, 2010<br /><br />USA Blood products, collected from a donor who was at risk for vCJD, were distributed SEPTEMBER 2010<br /><br /><a href="http://vcjdtransfusion.blogspot.com/2010/09/usa-blood-products-collected-from-donor.html">http://vcjdtransfusion.blogspot.com/2010/09/usa-blood-products-collected-from-donor.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Enforcement Report for October 20, 2010<br /><br />October 20, 2010<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />1) Cryoprecipitated AHF. Recall # B-2523-10;<br /><br />2) Plasma. Recall # B-2524-10;<br /><br />3) Red Blood Cells. Recall # B-2525-10;<br /><br />4) Fresh Frozen Plasma. Recall # B-2526-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />1) Unit: W038508310277;<br /><br />2) Units: 3127765, W038508310277, 3129157, 4121927;<br /><br />3) Units: W038508310277, 3129157, 3127765, 4025397, 4121927, 4018030;<br /><br />4) Units: 4025397, 4018030<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Walter L. Shepeard Community Blood Center, Inc., Augusta, GA, by facsimile on July 22, 2010 and July 28, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood products, collected from a donor who was at risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), were distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />13 units<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />GA, MD, SC, Austria, Israel, South Korea, Switzerland<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />1) Fresh Frozen Plasma. Recall # B-2531-10;<br /><br />2) Recovered Plasma. Recall # B-2532-10;<br /><br />3) Red Blood Cells Leukocytes Reduced. Recall # B-2533-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />1) Unit: W115910041730;<br /><br />2) Units: W115910080008, W115910081199;<br /><br />3) Units: W115910080008, W115910041730, W115910081199<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Central California Blood Center, Fresno, CA, by e-mail on July 19, 2010 and July 23, 2010 and by facsimile on July 23, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood products, collected from a donor who was at risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), were distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />6 units<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />Austria, CA<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR OCTOBER 20, 2010<br /><br />#<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm230357.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm230357.htm</a><br /><br /><br />Enforcement Report for October 13, 2010<br /><br />October 13, 2010<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />1) Red Blood Cells Leukocytes Reduced. Recall # B-2275-10;<br /><br />2) Recovered Plasma. Recall # B-2276-10;<br /><br />3) Cryoprecipitated AHF, Pooled. Recall # B-2277-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />1), 2) and 3) Unit: 6400811<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />South Texas Blood & Tissue Center, San Antonio, TX, by fax on April 7, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood products, collected from a donor who was at risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), were distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />3 units<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />FL, TX<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Fresh Frozen Plasma. Recall # B-2283-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />Units: W001606004574; W001606003405<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Department of the Air Force 88th Medical Group SGQC WPAFB, Wright Patterson, AFB, OH, by letter dated April 17, 2008. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood products, collected from a donor who may have warranted deferral for residency in an area at risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, were distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />2 units<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />NJ<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />1) Red Blood Cells Leukocytes Reduced. Recall # B-2322-10<br /><br />2) Fresh Frozen Plasma. Recall # B-2323-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />1) and 2) Unit: W280310400336<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Upstate New York Transplant Services, Inc., Buffalo, NY, by telephone and fax on June 21, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood products, collected from a donor considered to be at increased risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), were distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />2 units<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />NY<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Red Blood Cells. Recall # B-2324-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />Unit: W121610120511<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />The Blood Connection, Inc., Piedmont, SC, by fax and computerized notification system on June 17, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood product, collected from a donor considered to be at increased risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), was distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />1 unit<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />NY<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Recovered Plasma. Recall # B-2325-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />Unit: W121610120511<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />The Blood Connection, Inc., Piedmont, SC, by fax and computerized notification system on June 17, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood product, collected from a donor considered to be at increased risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), was distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />1 unit<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />Switzerland<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm229271.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm229271.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />USA Blood products, collected from a donor who was at risk for vCJD, were distributed END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR OCTOBER 6, 2010<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />1) Plasma Frozen within 24 hours (FP24). Recall # B-2448-10;<br /><br />2) Red Blood Cells. Recall # B-2449-10;<br /><br />3) Cryoprecipitated AHF. Recall # B-2450-10;<br /><br />4) Plasma. Recall # B-2451-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />1) Units: W038509802210, W038509800965;<br /><br />2) Units: W038509802210, W038509800965, W038508801111, W038508330725;<br /><br />3) Unit: W03850830725;<br /><br />4) Units: W038509801111, W038508330725<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Walter L. Shepeard Community Blood Center, Inc., Augusta, GA, by fax on July 9 and 21, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood products, collected from a donor considered to be at increased risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), were distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />9 units<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />Korea, SC, GA<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Recovered Plasma. Recall # B-2306-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />Unit: W137508110097<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Lane Memorial Blood Bank, Eugene, OR, by fax on June 10, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood product, collected from a donor considered to be at increased risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), was distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />1 unit<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />KY<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Red Blood Cells (Apheresis) Leukocytes Reduced. Recall # B-2348-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />Units: W041609075327D (part a and b), 3922801 (part a and b)<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Blood Systems Inc/dba United Blood Services, Meridian, MS, by telephone and fax on May 26, 2010 and May 28, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood products, collected from a donor considered to be at increased risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), were distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />4 units<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />MS<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />1) Recovered Plasma. Recall # B-2363-10;<br /><br />2) Cryoprecipitated AHF, Pooled. Recall # B-2364-10;<br /><br />3) Red Blood Cells Leukocytes Reduced. Recall # B-2365-10<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />1) and 3) Units: 2613522, 2578779;<br /><br />2) Unit: 2578779<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />South Texas Blood and Tissue Center, San Antonio, TX, by fax and e-mail on May 5, 2010. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood products, collected from a donor considered to be at increased risk for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), were distributed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />5 units<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />TX<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR OCTOBER 6, 2010<br /><br />#<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm228605.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm228605.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, September 28, 2010<br /><br />Variant CJD: where has it gone, or has it?<br /><br />Pract Neurol 2010; 10: 250-251<br /><br /><a href="http://vcjdtransfusion.blogspot.com/2010/09/variant-cjd-where-has-it-gone-or-has-it.html">http://vcjdtransfusion.blogspot.com/2010/09/variant-cjd-where-has-it-gone-or-has-it.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, October 18, 2010<br /><br />TSEAC Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Advisory Committee Draft Agenda and Meeting Materials, Posted: 10/18/2010<br /><br /><a href="http://tseac.blogspot.com/2010/10/tseac-transmissible-spongiform.html">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2010/10/tseac-transmissible-spongiform.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, September 14, 2010<br /><br />Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Advisory Committee; Notice of Meeting October 28 and 29, 2010 (COMMENT SUBMISSION)<br /><br /><a href="http://tseac.blogspot.com/2010/09/transmissible-spongiform_14.html">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2010/09/transmissible-spongiform_14.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, September 08, 2010<br /><br />Emerging Infectious Diseases: CJD, BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, PRION, TSE Evaluation to Implementation for Transfusion and Transplantation September 2010<br /><br /><a href="http://vcjdtransfusion.blogspot.com/2010/09/emerging-infectious-diseases-cjd-bse.html">http://vcjdtransfusion.blogspot.com/2010/09/emerging-infectious-diseases-cjd-bse.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />layperson<br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br />P.O. Box 42<br />Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br />flounder9@verizon.netTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-26169239378988671772010-10-08T13:29:00.000-07:002010-10-08T14:04:24.213-07:00Scientific reasons for a feed ban of meat-and-bone meal, applicable to all farmed animals including cattle, pigs, poultry, farmed fish and pet foodHello,<br /><br /><br />xxxxxxxxx wrote ;<br /><br /><br />In my opinion based on empirical evidence it appears that world fish depletion has led to higher cost of fish and feed meal producers subsequently turning to abattoirs to buy lower cost meat offal to produce meat meal in place of fish meal.<br /><br />Meat meal fed to cattle apparently brought brain matter and the relevant Prion protein of the same species together, leading to BSE in that species and CJD in humans.<br /><br />Concerning similar disease and links between offal and feed I have recently noticed imported dry-pellett dog food in Australia and I now wonder if poddy lambs or goats around homesteads and dog food, might be linked to a Prion protein transfer that is presently unseen. ...END<br /><br /><br />========================<br /><br /><br />Thursday, October 7, 2010<br /><br />Australia first documented case of atypical scrapie confirmed<br /><br />First occurrence of atypical scrapie<br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/10/australia-first-documented-case-of.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/10/australia-first-documented-case-of.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />xxxx, you bring up some very valid points of concern. Just recently, this year, we learn that indeed here in the USA, dog and cat food i.e. pet food, it is still legal to feed banned rumminant mad cow feed, and you will see from this recent mad cow feed warning letter i had to finally request to get via the F.O.I.A., you will see just how much risk factor there is from these feeds being exported out of the USA to unsuspecting countries around the Globe, as we have seen recently too with the list of banned products that continued to be exported to Australia from the USA. Also, even though there is no _documented_ case of canine spongiform encephalopathy, don't bet your last dollar that it has not happend.<br /><br /><br />OF course, we could argue till the mad cows come home about the infamous ''spontaneous" hypothesis for everything prion that has no route our source identified to date, but it would do no good, fact is, is, it can't be proven yet with current scientific resources. but, I will say this, IF ''spontaneous'' TSE of any form is ever proven in the field, naturally, then that will be everyone's worst nightmare due to the ramifications there from i.e. the pass it forward mode of many routes and sources. you see, you could never eliminate the source from a spontaneous event. YOU could ban everything, everyone could be in compliant, and the one spontaneous event would then slip by and be rendered unto thee, for all to eat, or be exposed to there from. FROM THAT POINT FORWARD, mandatory 100% testing across the board would then be the only rational/sensible/logical/humane/scientific thing to do, to further prevent exposure. OF course, we know how any of the above 'rational/sensible/logical/humane/scientific' plays into the world of TSE Science, TRADE, and the almighty dollar goes. all that goes right out the window.<br /><br /><br />The studies below will show that it has probably already happened, as with the Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy. I would like to keep this short, but when supplying science with debate, it's just not possible, and I like for everyone to see the science, to date. It's all too long to post here, so I just blogged it all and for those interested, they can go there and read the science. ...<br /><br /><br />kind regards,<br />terry<br /><br /><br /><br />• On June 9, 2009, the investigators observed approximately (b)(4) pallets of (b)(4) 50 pound bags of (b)(4) MINK FEED, lot 06/05/09. All bagged mink feed, as well as approximately (b)(4)% of bulk mink feed, manufactured at your facility, was produced using the aquaculture feed production equipment used to produce feed containing proteins derived from mammalian tissues. Because mink feed produced using this equipment may have contained mammalian tissues, it was not properly labeled, as required by 21 C.F.R. 589.2000(e)(1)(i).<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />Monday, March 8, 2010 UPDATE 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 Greetings,<br /><br />I got a follow on this in the mail this past Saturday in the mail. thought some might be interested in the following ;<br /><br />DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Rockville MD 20857<br /><br />Terry Singeltary P.O. box 42. Bacliff, TX USA 77518<br /><br /><br />Dear Requestor<br /><br />In reply refer to: F2009-7430<br /><br />This is in response to your Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request received by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on September 10,2009 which you ask for Recall V-258-2009. I apologize for the delay in our response to you. Enclosed you will find the records you requested. The following charges will be included in a monthly invoice:<br /><br />Reproduction Search Review Total 5 Pages hour $.50 $ $.50<br /><br />The above charges may not reflect final charges for this request. Please DO NOT send any payment until you receive an invoice from the Agency's Freedom of Information Staff (HFI-35).<br /><br />Sincerely yours,<br /><br />Sandy McGeehan Paralegal Specialist Communications Staff Center for Veterinary Medicine<br /><br />Memorandum<br /><br />Date August 26, 2009<br /><br />From CVM Animal Health Hazard Evaluation Committee<br /><br />Subject Problem:<br /><br />Fargam Land & Grain recalled 429,128 pounds of ground corn because it may have been contaminated with prohibited material (material prohibited for use in ruminant feed by the 1997 BSE feed regulation) and was not labeled with the cautionary statement.<br /><br />The feed mill received two semi trailer loads of barley that had been recalled by Mars Petcare US because it had been contaminated by dog food, some of which is formulated to contain bovine origin meat and bone meal.<br /><br />The auger used to receive the barley was used to receive two truck loads of corn before the feed mill became aware of the problem with the barley. This potentially allowed some of the dog food in the barley to be carried over into the corn.<br /><br />Recall Event IDIRES #: 52103<br /><br />DAF/Surveillance #: 09234<br /><br />CVM Recall and Emergency Coordinator (Kathy Hemming-Thompson), HFV -234<br /><br />Field/RES Report Data:<br /><br />Recalling firm: Fargam Land & Grain 505 Burlington Rd Saginaw, TX 76179<br /><br />Manufacturer: Mars Petcare US 1 Doane Rd Clinton, OK 73601<br /><br />Product & Code: Bulk ground corn; 70AY -02<br /><br />Quantity Manufactured: 429,128 pounds<br /><br />Quantity Distributed: 429,128 pounds<br /><br />Recall Contact: Phil Farr, Owner, Fargam Land & Grain, Saginaw, TX<br /><br />FDA District: Dallas<br /><br />Field Recommended Classification: Class III<br /><br />Effectiveness Check Level: Direct Accounts<br /><br />Page 2 of 4 - DAF 09234 - Health Hazard Evaluation<br /><br />Background: The firm is a feed mill that stores and manufactures products intended for use in animal feed. Its business is commingled with Saginaw Flakes, a feed mill which is under the same ownership, and located across the street from Fargam Land & Grain. A limited inspection was conducted to determine compliance with CP 7371.009 after the firm notified the Office of the Texas State Chemist that it had received four semi trailer loads of barley that may have contained dog food.<br /><br />ReView:<br /><br /><br />please see full text ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/update-429128-lbs-feed-for-ruminant.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/update-429128-lbs-feed-for-ruminant.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, March 8, 2010<br /><br />Canine Spongiform Encephalopathy aka MAD DOG DISEASE<br /><br />Greetings, Another Big Myth about Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, is that TSE will not transmit to dogs. This is simply NOT TRUE. IT is perfectly legal to feed dogs and cats here in the USA bovine meat and bone meal. Canine dementia is real. how many dogs and cats here in the USA are tested for mad cow disease ? I just received this F.O.I.A. request, and thought I would post it here with a follow up on MAD DOG DISEASE. This is a follow up with additional data I just received on a FOIA request in 2009 ; see full text, and be sure to read the BSE Inquiry documents toward the bottom ;<br /><br />It was thought likely that at least some, and probably all, of the cases in zoo animals were caused by the BSE agent. Strong support for this hypothesis came from the findings of Bruce and others (1994) ( Bruce, M.E., Chree, A., McConnell, I., Foster, J., Pearson, G. & Fraser, H. (1994) Transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie to mice: strain variation and species barrier. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 343, 405-411: J/PTRSL/343/405 ), who demonstrated that the pattern of variation in incubation period and lesion profile in six strains of mice inoculated with brain homogenates from an affected kudu and the nyala, was similar to that seen when this panel of mouse strains was inoculated with brain from cattle with BSE. The affected zoo bovids were all from herds that were exposed to feeds that were likely to have contained contaminated ruminant-derived protein and the zoo felids had been exposed, if only occasionally in some cases, to tissues from cattle unfit for human consumption.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />2005<br /><br />DEFRA Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs<br /><br />Area 307, London, SW1P 4PQ Telephone: 0207 904 6000 Direct line: 0207 904 6287 E-mail: h.mcdonagh.defra.gsi.gov.uk<br /><br />GTN: FAX:<br /><br />Mr T S Singeltary P.O. Box 42 Bacliff Texas USA 77518<br /><br />21 November 2001<br /><br />Dear Mr Singeltary<br /><br />TSE IN HOUNDS<br /><br />Thank you for e-mail regarding the hounds survey. I am sorry for the long delay in responding.<br /><br />As you note, the hound survey remains unpublished. However the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC), the UK Government's independent Advisory Committee on all aspects related to BSE-like disease, gave the hound study detailed consideration at their meeting in January 1994. As a summary of this meeting published in the BSE inquiry noted, the Committee were clearly concerned about the work that had been carried out, concluding that there had clearly been problems with it, particularly the control on the histology, and that it was more or less inconclusive. However was agreed that there should be a re-evaluation of the pathological material in the study.<br /><br />Later, at their meeting in June 95, The Committee re-evaluated the hound study to see if any useful results could be gained from it. The Chairman concluded that there were varying opinions within the Committee on further work. It did not suggest any further transmission studies and thought that the lack of clinical data was a major weakness.<br /><br />Overall, it is clear that SEAC had major concerns about the survey as conducted. As a result it is likely that the authors felt that it would not stand up to r~eer review and hence it was never published. As noted above, and in the detailed minutes of the SEAC meeting in June 95, SEAC considered whether additional work should be performed to examine dogs for evidence of TSE infection. Although the Committee had mixed views about the merits of conducting further work, the Chairman noted that when the Southwood Committee made their recommendation to complete an assessment of possible spongiform disease in dogs, no TSEs had been identified in other species and hence dogs were perceived as a high risk population and worthy of study. However subsequent to the original recommendation, made in 1990, a number of other species had been identified with TSE ( e.g. cats) so a study in hounds was less<br /><br />critical. For more details see-<br /><br />SEE UPDATE URL HERE ;<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030327015011/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030327015011/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Agenda Item 7 - Any Other Business: the Hounds Survey 26.<br /><br />Paper SEAC 19n responded to a request from the Committee for a re- evaluation of the pathology material in the hounds survey to determine whether anything further could be derived from the available data. 27.<br /><br />In discussion of the options for further work set but in the paper most members felt that the study had been badly carried out and there would be little value in spending more money to try and improve the interpretation of the data. It was particularly significant that no clinical data were available, although the Committee were reminded that most of the hounds were clinically normal culls. Dr Kimberlin was concerned about the lack of results from the study. Any further work would . require a control but this could be obtained by exposing hounds to BSE which would also help to answer questions about species sensitivity, thereby serving more than one purpose. The use of immunocytochemistry was fairly robust and would enable the work to be brought to a satisfactory conclusion. Dr Kimberlin's view that this would be necessary was confirmed by an article, circulated at the meeting, showing that the predictive protein sequence was the same in dogs as in cattle. Mr Eddy noted that such an experiment could be expensive and it would be necessary to know what questions were to be addressed. 28.<br /><br />Concluding, Dr Tyrrell said that there was a range of opinions in the Committee from those who thought further work a waste of time to those who wished to do limitedfurther experiments using immunocytochemistry. The Committee did not suggest transmission studies and thought that the lack of clinical data was a major weakness. Hounds were initially studied on the recommendation of the Southwood Committee because they were perceived as a "high risk" population exposed to large quantities of potentially infective bovine tissues. Since then, however, a range of other species had been identified with TSEs, and the study of hounds was therefore less critical.<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030327015011/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030327015011/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />As this study remains unpublished, my understanding is that the ownership of the data essentially remains with the original researchers. Thus unfortunately, I am unable to help with your request to supply information on the hound survey directly. My only suggestion is that you contact one of the researchers originally involved in the project, such as Gerald Wells. He can be contacted at the following address.<br /><br />Dr Gerald Wells, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT 15 3NB, UK<br /><br />You may also wish to be aware that since November 1994 all suspected cases of spongiform encephalopathy in animals and poultry were made notifiable. Hence since that date there has been a requirement for vets to report any suspect SE in dogs for further investigation. To date there has never been positive identification of a TSE in a dog.<br /><br />I hope this is helpful<br /><br />Yours sincerely 4<br /><br />HUGH MCDONAGH BSE CORRESPONDENCE SECTION<br /><br />======================================<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />TSE in dogs have not been documented simply because OF THE ONLY STUDY, those brain tissue samples were screwed up too. see my investigation of this here, and to follow, later follow up, a letter from defra, AND SEE SUSPICIOUS BRAIN TISSUE SAF's. ...TSS<br /><br />TSE in hounds<br /><br />Tue, 8 Aug 2000 BSE Inquiry document YB90/11.28/1.1 obtained by Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br /><br />37.Putative TSE in Hounds - work started 1990<br /><br />Robert Higgins, a Veterinary Investigation Officer at Thirsk, had been working on a hound survey in 1990. Gerald Wells and I myself received histological sections from this survey along with the accompanying letter (YB90/11.28/1.1) dated November 1990.<br /><br />This letter details spongiform changes found in brains from hunt hounds failing to keep up with the rest of the pack, along with the results of SAF [scrapie-associated fibrils] extractions from fresh brain material from these same animals. SAFs were not found in brains unless spongiform changes were also present.<br /><br />The spongiform changes were not pathognomonic (ie. conclusive proof) for prion disease, as they were atypical, being largely present in white matter rather than grey matter in the brain and spinal cord.<br /><br />However, Tony Scott, then head of electron microscopy work on TSEs, had no doubt that these SAFs were genuine and that these hounds therefore must have had a scrapie-like disease.<br /><br />I reviewed all the sections myself (original notes appended) and although the pathology was not typical, I could not exclude the possibility that this was a scrapie-like disorder, as white matter vacuolation is seen in TSEs and Wallerian degeneration was also present in the white matter of the hounds, another feature of scrapie.<br /><br />I reviewed the literature on hound neuropathology, and discovered that micrographs and descriptive neuropathology from papers on hound ataxia? mirrored those in material from Robert Higgins? hound survey. Dr Tony Palmer (Cambridge) had done much of this work, and I obtained original sections from hound ataxia cases from him.<br /><br />This enabled me provisionally to conclude that Robert Higgins had in all probability detected hound ataxia, but also that hound ataxia itself was possibly a TSE. Gerald Wells confirmed in blind? examination of single restricted microscopic fields that there was no distinction between the white matter vacuolation present in BSE and scrapie cases, and that occurring in hound ataxia and the hound survey cases.<br /><br />Hound ataxia had reportedly been occurring since the 1930's, and a known risk factor for its development was the feeding to hounds of downer cows, and particularly bovine offal.<br /><br />Circumstantial evidence suggests that bovine offal may also be causal in FSE in cats and TME in mink. Despite the inconclusive nature of the neuropathology, it was clearly evident that this putative canine spongiform encephalopathy merited further investigation.<br /><br />The inconclusive results in hounds were never confirmed, nor was the link with hound ataxia pursued. I telephoned Robert Higgins six years after he first sent the slides to CVL.<br /><br />I was informed that despite his submitting a yearly report to the CVO including the suggestion that the hound work be continued, no further work had been done since 1991. This was surprising, to say the very least.<br /><br />The hound work could have provided valuable evidence that a scrapie-like agent may have been present in cattle offal long before the BSE epidemic was recognised. The MAFF hound survey remains unpublished.<br /><br />Opinion (webmaster): It was politically unacceptable to find TSE in dogs. However, hunting dogs in particular received horrific exposure to terminal downer BSE cows, including skull and spinal column. The most interesting aspect is that hound ataxia, taken above as a proxy for dog TSE, goes back to the 1930's, the time of the louping ill vaccine accident causing tens of thousands of sheep to develop scrapie. Some of the dog cases could be due in fact to consumption of sheep scrapie.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_late_news.html#ggg">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_late_news.html#ggg</a><br /><br /><br /><br />HOUND STUDY<br /><br />The interpretation of these cases is therefore limited to suggesting that there is no evidence of a florid scrapie-like encephalopathy as has presented in domestic cats.<br /><br />THERE are nevertheless observations, including in some cases localized vacuolar changes, the significance of which has not been determined.<br /><br />The objective to he hound survey is stated to be detection of spongiform changes in brains of hounds. THIS would seem to have been ACHIEVED but the design of the survey, without established diagnostic methods for a scrapie-like encephalopathy presenting in dogs, prevents interpretation of the significance of the changes.<br /><br />ALSO, the changes which have given rise to referral of cases seem to have occurred with relative frequency in the survey to date. This being so it can be anticipated that a significant proportion of the survey could result in unresolved cases.<br /><br />AS implied in the Inset 25 we must not _ASSUME_ that transmission of BSE to other species will invariably present pathology typical of a scrapie-like disease.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081106031419/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/01/04004001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081106031419/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/01/04004001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />The spongiform changes were not pathognomonic (ie. conclusive proof) for prion disease, as they were atypical, being largely present in white matter rather than grey matter in the brain and spinal cord. However, Tony Scott, then head of electron microscopy work on TSEs, had no doubt that these SAFs were genuine and that these hounds therefore must have had a scrapie-like disease. I reviewed all the sections myself (original notes appended) and although the pathology was not typical, I could not exclude the possibility that this was a scrapie-like disorder, as white matter vacuolation is seen in TSEs and Wallerian degeneration was also present in the white matter of the hounds, another feature of scrapie.<br /><br />38.I reviewed the literature on hound neuropathology, and discovered that micrographs and descriptive neuropathology from papers on 'hound ataxia' mirrored those in material from Robert Higgins' hound survey. Dr Tony Palmer (Cambridge) had done much of this work, and I obtained original sections from hound ataxia cases from him. This enabled me provisionally to conclude that Robert Higgins had in all probability detected hound ataxia, but also that hound ataxia itself was possibly a TSE. Gerald Wells confirmed in 'blind' examination of single restricted microscopic fields that there was no distinction between the white matter vacuolation present in BSE and scrapie cases, and that occurring in hound ataxia and the hound survey cases.<br /><br />39.Hound ataxia had reportedly been occurring since the 1930's, and a known risk factor for its development was the feeding to hounds of downer cows, and particularly bovine offal. Circumstantial evidence suggests that bovine offal may also be causal in FSE, and TME in mink. Despite the inconclusive nature of the neuropathology, it was clearly evident that this putative canine spongiform encephalopathy merited further investigation.<br /><br />40.The inconclusive results in hounds were never confirmed, nor was the link with hound ataxia pursued. I telephoned Robert Higgins six years after he first sent the slides to CVL. I was informed that despite his submitting a yearly report to the CVO including the suggestion that the hound work be continued, no further work had been done since 1991. This was surprising, to say the very least.<br /><br />41.The hound work could have provided valuable evidence that a scrapie-like agent may have been present in cattle offal long before the BSE epidemic was recognised. The MAFF hound survey remains unpublished.<br /><br />Histopathological support to various other published MAFF experiments<br /><br />42.These included neuropathological examination of material from experiments studying the attempted transmission of BSE to chickens and pigs (CVL 1991) and to mice (RVC 1994).<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030326184703/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s067.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030326184703/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s067.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030327010655/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s067x.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030327010655/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s067x.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />NOW, with all that said, let's look at the uptake of the PrP in feed to some fish, and just a few examples of mad cow fish feed in commerce ;<br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, April 02, 2008<br /><br />In vivo prion protein intestinal uptake in fish<br /><br />1: APMIS. 2008 Mar;116(3):173-80.<br /><br />In vivo prion protein intestinal uptake in fish.<br /><br />Dalla Valle AZ, Iriti M, Faoro F, Berti C, Ciappellano S. Department of Food Science and Microbiology (DISTAM), Section of Human Nutrition, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.<br /><br />Intestinal uptake of abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)), the pathological agent involved in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), has been investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Experimental procedures were conducted in vivo by immunohistological PrP(Sc) localization in intestine and pyloric caeca after forced feeding of infected material. Results indicate that PrP(Sc) was absorbed by the intestinal mucosa and that it persisted in the fish gastrointestinal tract for up to 3 days in pyloric caeca and for up to 7 days in the distal intestine. It did not remain longer than 15 days in the fish intestine; furthermore, it did not cross the intestinal barrier.<br /><br />PMID: 18377582 [PubMed - in process]<br /><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377582?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377582?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Studies of the transmissibility of BSE to fish :<br /><br />Experimental Transmission<br /><br />Groups of Trout and Sea Bream (Spaurus aurata L.) were fed or were inoculated i.c with BSE affected bovine material. Approx. 40 experimental and 15 control in each group. Abnormally swimming animals sacrificed and brains dissected. Samples (brain, muscle, spleen, liver, intestine, reproductive organs, eye, kidney) taken 1, 2, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 days pi. No abnormal swimming between 1 to 120 days. No evidence of infection by histology, IHC or Western blot (prionics). Histological findings: No evidence of significant changes in the brains or other organs studied from fish sampled at 1, 2, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days pi.<br /><br />Immunohistochemical findings: by using ABC-peroxidase technique with mAbs 2A11 and 6H4, no evidence of PrPres deposition has been detected in any sample. The effectiveness of McAb 2A11 on bovine and murine prion infected brains was previously verified with ABC-peroxidase technique, and immunohistochemistry with 6H4 was performed as described previously. However, in the absence of positive TSE infected fish controls and the uncertainty of the existence of a molecule in fish equivalent to mammalian PrP, the efficacy of these antibodies for detection of any surrogate marker for TSE infectivity in fish is unknown. Western blot technique: by using the “Prionics test” (mAb 6H4), every sample of all the groups were negative to the presence of proteinase-K resistant prion protein.<br /><br />It must be remembered that the present period of observation (4 months) is probably not sufficient to provide evidence that would make distinction between residual inoculum infectivity and pathogenetic amplification of agent. In a further experimental step the project proposes to evaluate the possible transmission of prions (Scrapie and BSE) to different fish species (Sea Bream, Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and Trout). The ultimate test would be to feed back/inoculate material from fish experimentally challenged into more fish of the same species. This should be considered.<br /><br /><a href="http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out320_en.pdf">http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out320_en.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/06/farmed-fish-may-pose-risk-for-mad-cow.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/06/farmed-fish-may-pose-risk-for-mad-cow.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />From: TSS (216-119-162-76.ipset44.wt.net)<br /><br />Subject: Attempted transmission of TSE to fish from ovines and bovines:<br /><br />''Infectivity was also found to persist sporadically in the intestine of fish''<br /><br />Date: March 18, 2003 at 12:23 pm PST<br /><br />Subject: RE-High Country eNewsletter 3-18-03<br /><br />Date: Tue, 18 Mar 2003 13:32:59 -0600<br /><br />From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."<br /><br />To: plarmer@hcn.org<br /><br />CC: RayRing@hcn.org, emarston@hcn.org, jess@hcn.org<br /><br />And as Rebecca Clarren writes, there are far greater differences between farmed and wild salmon than just a floating fish pen. In "Are you gonna eat that?", Clarren looks at the hidden dangers of farmed salmon, including cancer-causing PCBs, antibiotics, and a color additive called canthaxanthin, which may cause vision problems.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />We laugh, but it’s easy to see the results of similar unconscious choices of the past: The great bison herds that once roared across the Plains are gone, and in their place we have industrial cattle feedlots. Now, with the advent of fish farms, we’re seeing the same wholesale replacement of creation with industrialized food production. This is a dangerous illusion: that we can enjoy the bounty of nature without protecting rivers, streams and landscapes.<br /><br />Is the nation ready to really look at what’s on the end of its fork? At this point, it’s all up in the air — like the salmon at the Pike Street Market. The difference is, this is not a game of catch that consumers should watch from the sidelines.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.hcn.org/servlets/hcn.Article?article_id=13807">http://www.hcn.org/servlets/hcn.Article?article_id=13807</a><br /><br /><br /><br />WARNING LETTER<br /><br />June 12, 2001<br /><br />Mr. Scott Nelson, Owner Integral Fish Foods, Inc. 715 South 7th Street Grand Junction, CO 81501<br /><br />Ref. #: DEN-01-35<br /><br />Dear Mr. Nelson,<br /><br />An inspection of your fish feed manufacturing operation located at Grand Junction, Colorado, conducted by a Colorado Department of Agriculture Inspector on March 20, 2001, found significant deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 589.2000 - Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. The regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). Such deviations cause products being manufactured and/or distributed by your facility to be adulterated within the meaning of section 402(a)(4) and misbranded within the meaning of Section 403(f) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act).<br /><br />The inspection found that your procedures to prevent cross-contamination are inadequate in that:<br /><br />You do not have written procedures specifying the clean-out procedures for your feed mixer.<br /><br />Our investigation also found that you fail to label your products, Fat Cat Catfish Fingerling Feed and Gold Nugget Trout Fry Feed #2 Crumble, each containing meat and bone meal, with the required cautionary statement "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants". The FDA suggests the statement be distinguished by different type size or color or other means of highlighting the statement so that it is easily noticed by a purchaser.<br /><br />The above is not intended to be an all-inclusive list of violations. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use, you are responsible for assuring that your overall operation and the products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. We have enclosed a copy of the FDA's Small Entity Compliance Guide to assist you with complying with the regulations.<br /><br />Page 2 - Integral Fish Foods, Inc. June 12, 2001<br /><br />We find it quite disturbing that the above violations STILL EXIST CONSIDERING YOU HAVE BEEN ADVISED ON 2 PREVIOUS OCCASIONS OF THESE REQUIREMENTS, INCLUDING APRIL 7, 1999 and MARCH 6, 2000....end...TSS<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;<br /><br />Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;<br /><br />c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;<br /><br />d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;<br /><br />e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;<br /><br />f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;<br /><br />g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;<br /><br />h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;<br /><br />i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;<br /><br />j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;<br /><br />l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;<br /><br />m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs,<br /><br />Recall # V-112-6<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />125 tons<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />AL and FL<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;<br /><br />Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;<br /><br />c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;<br /><br />d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;<br /><br />e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;<br /><br />f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;<br /><br />g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6<br /><br />CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />SSC meeting of 16-17 January 2003 / 2<br /><br />Agenda 01_03.doc<br /><br />Draft agenda of the Scientific Steering Committee Meeting of 16-17 January 2003<br /><br />1. Welcome, apologies, introductory remarks, declaration of interest.<br /><br />2. Approval of the agenda<br /><br />3. Approval of the minutes of the meeting of 5-6 December 2002.<br /><br />4. Procedural matters (if any) - Information on EFSA and the current transitional stage.<br /><br />5. Multidisciplinary matters:<br /><br />a. Co-ordination: Reports of the Chairmen of the 8 Scientific Committees;<br /><br />b. Harmonisation of risk assessment methods: - Progress report on Task Force activities; - Report on the feedback received on the public consultations;<br /><br />c. Emerging scientific issues.<br /><br />d. Guidance document on the information needed for the risk assessment of genetically modified plants and derived food and feed.<br /><br />6. Multidisciplinary matters relating to TSE/BSE<br /><br />6.1. Report by the chairman of the TSE/BSE ad-hoc group meeting of 9 January 2003<br /><br />6.2. Reports on specific multidisciplinary matters relating to TSE/BSE: a. Geographical BSE Risk: the GBR of certain countries. b. Update of the SSC opinion on the safety of di- and tricalcium phosphate from bones;<br /><br />c. Quantitative assessment of the risk of tallow, gelatine and dicalcium phosphate;<br /><br />d. BSE risk of the bovine autonomic nervous system;<br /><br />e. Potential risks arising from the use of small incinerators;<br /><br />f. Conditions under which (1) safe burial and (2) safe burning can be achieved (progress report)<br /><br />g. Chronic Wasting Disease.<br /><br />h. BSE cases born after the reinforced feed ban in the UK (BARBs)<br /><br />i. BSE-related culling in cattle.<br /><br />j. The feeding of wild fishmeal to farmed fish and recycling of fish with regard to the risk of TSE.<br /><br />k. Rapid tests: Information<br /><br />7. Information on the follow-up given to the opinions adopted at previous SSC meetings.<br /><br />8. Information by the Commission services on other matters related to consumer health.<br /><br />9. Any other business.<br /><br /><a href="http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/agenda/agenda12_en.pdf">http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/agenda/agenda12_en.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />F:\WebDev\TSE in fish_OPINION_0303_FINAL.doc<br /><br />EUROPEAN COMMISSION<br /><br />HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL<br /><br />Scientific Steering Committee<br /><br />OPINION ON :<br /><br />THE FEEDING OF WILD FISHMEAL TO FARMED FISH AND RECYCLING OF FISH WITH REGARD TO THE RISK OF TSE<br /><br />ADOPTED BY THE SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE AT ITS MEETING OF 6-7 MARCH 2003.<br /><br />F:\WebDev\TSE in fish_OPINION_0303_FINAL.doc 1<br /><br /><br />THE FEEDING OF WILD FISHMEAL TO FARMED FISH AND RECYCLING OF FISH WITH REGARD TO THE RISK OF TSE<br /><br />OPINION<br /><br />MANDATE:<br /><br />Mammalian MBM and other mammalian products have historically been fed to farmed fish. Furthermore, intra-species and intra-order recycling via feed is common practice in fish farming. It is therefore important to address the question whether the latter practice could enable mammalian TSE agents to establish themselves in fish and for species adaptation of such agents to occur. This could lead to the development of a TSE in fish that might lead to a TSE epidemic in fish and/or create a health risk for the consumer. The outcome of the assessment would improve the scientific basis for the possible updating of the animal waste disposal legislation and other legislative texts in the field of veterinary public health. The Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) was therefore invited:<br /><br />(1) to advise whether the feeding of wild fishmeal to farmed fish presents any risk to animal or human health vis-à-vis TSE’s;<br /><br />(2) if appropriate, to suggest examples of conditions under which intra-species or intra-order recycling of fish could be allowed. The SSC asked the TSE/BSE ad hoc Group to prepare a scientific report to serve as basis for an opinion on the two questions. The report, finalized by the TSE/BSE ad hoc Group at its meeting of 5 September 2002, is attached. This report is largely based on various SSC opinions and reports of the TSE/BSE ad hoc group related to animal waste disposal and intraspecies recycling, on elements from the (draft) report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Welfare on “The use of fish waste in aquaculture” and on the interim results of the FAIR CT97 3308 project entitled “Separation, identification and characterization of the normal and abnormal isoforms of prion protein from normal and experimentally infected fish”<br /><br />BACKGROUND:<br /><br />1. Very little is known about the possible occurrence of TSEs in fish. No targeted (epidemiological) surveys have been conducted to detect pathological changes in fish consistent with TSEs. Limited research results currently available are inconclusive regarding whether or not TSE agents from other orders (e.g. mammals) can be transmitted to fish and lead to replication and disease, or whether or not (certain) fish species could generate or support TSE agent replication based upon the existence of a piscine prionprotein molecule.. However, these possibilities cannot be totally excluded as recently a homologue to prion-protein was identified in the pufferfish Fugu rubripes, showing high homology with mammalian PrP sequences and in another publication the normal isoform of amyloid protein (PrP) was identified in brains of spawning salmon. On the other hand, intra-species and intra-order “recycling” of fish materials occurs naturally in most if not all fish environments. It is likely that natural predation would offer limited scope for amplification of the agent and the “infectivity" could remain confined to a small number of the sea or freshwater fish or mammals. This principle may, however, not apply if the TSE agent were external to the fish environment/ecosystem and it is therefore justified to avoid the introduction of such agents to the fish environment, as this could possibly result in fish presenting a risk to other animal or human health vis-à-vis TSE’s. At this stage of knowledge the SSC, can only assume that the same biological rules that apply to mammalians might apply to fish. This is probably the best one can presently achieve, awaiting the results of current research and the realisation of the urgent requirement for further research to be carried out.<br /><br />2. It is further appropriate to highlight the following additional uncertainties that result from such an approach:<br /><br />- Unknowns exist regarding the structures of putitive fish PrP’s and how they might compare with the structures of mammalian PrP’s. Homologies between them would influence the magnitude of the species/order barrier (e.g., transmission of BSE from cattle to fish).<br /><br />- Strictly speaking, intra-species recycling refers to the recycling of one given animal species to the same species, for example trout to trout. If fish-meals fed to a given species have been derived from a mixture of various / different fish species, it would be more appropriate to use the term “intra-order” recycling. In this case the level of the barrier is likely to be higher than in case of intra-species recycling, assuming that this is determined in fish by the PrP gene sequence and that there is a natural variation in the sequence between fish species. In practice there is the potential for a mixture of both types of recycling to occur.<br /><br />- If TSEs were naturally present in fish populations, they may not manifest themselves in the same way as the known TSEs of mammalian species or may even not be recognised as a disease entity.<br /><br />OPINION:<br /><br />1. The risks caused by recycling in general, are addressed in the SSC opinion of 17 September 1999 on Intra-Species Recycling - the risk born by recycling animal byproducts as feed with regard to propagating TSE in non-ruminant farmed animals.<br /><br />2. From the limited available research results, scientific literature on TSE’s in fish and routine examinations of fish brain in the course of fish disease diagnosis, it can be concluded that there is no evidence that a natural TSE exists in fish and that there are no indications of replication of scrapie or BSE agent in experimental transmission studies.<br /><br />On the question whether the feeding of wild fishmeal to farmed fish presents any risk to animal or human health vis-à-vis TSE’s, the SSC therefore concludes that there is currently no evidence of any such risk existing. The data from the transmission experiments in the above-mentioned FAIR project and from other sources are still very limited and incomplete. Only three species of fish (Trout, Turbot and Sea Bream) are included in the experiments and no marine mammals, which could be more susceptible to TSE’s than fish, have been studied so far in this respect. Therefore, as always, ongoing research should be monitored closely to permit a possible update of this conclusion should research results call for such update.<br /><br />3. Some theoretical risks could exist, linked to feeding possibly TSE-contaminated feeds to animals currently believed to be not susceptible, including fish. These risks include the possible build-up of a pool of infectivity in animals that do not develop disease but may potentially be able to harbour the agent as residual infectivity in the digestive system and/or replicate the agent. The latter risk is higher when intra-species recycling is practised due to the absence of a species barrier. Also the risk of adaptation of the agent to hitherto non-susceptible hosts should be considered. Regarding the request to, if appropriate, suggest examples of conditions under which intra-species or intra-order recycling of fish could be allowed, the SSC therefore considers in general that potentially TSE infected feed should not be fed to fish and that sourcing of fish by-products (including for their use in fish-derived feed) should not be performed from fish that have been exposed to potentially infected feed.<br /><br />4. With regard to the appropriate treatment of fish materials, the SSC refers to its opinion of June 1999 on “Fallen stock”1 and to the Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare on “The use of fish by-products in aquaculture” adopted on 26 February 2003. 1 Scientific Opinion on The risks of non conventional transmissible agents, conventional infectious agents or other hazards such as toxic substances entering the human food or animal feed chains via raw material from fallen stock and dead animals (including also: ruminants, pigs, poultry, fish, wild/exotic/zoo animals, fur animals, cats, laboratory animals and fish) or via condemned materials.<br /><br />Adopted By the Scientific Steering Committee at its meeting of 24-25 June 1999.<br /><br />REPORT ON THE FEEDING OF WILD FISHMEAL TO FARMED FISH AND RECYCLING OF FISH WITH REGARD TO THE RISK OF TSE.<br /><br />Rapporteur: Dr E. Vanopdenbosch<br /><br />I. MANDATE<br /><br />Intra-species or intra-order recycling is common practice in fish and it is thus justified to address the theoretical risk that such recycling could lead, for example, to the adaptation of TSE agents to certain fish species and/or the building up of an infectivity pool which could create a health risk for the consumer and/or to a TSE epidemic in fish. The outcome of the assessment would improve the scientific basis for the possible updating of the animal waste disposal legislation and other legislative texts in the field of veterinary public health. The Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) was therefore invited:<br /><br />(1) to advise whether the feeding of wild fishmeal to farmed fish presents any risk to animal or human health vis-à-vis TSE’s;<br /><br />(2) if appropriate, to suggest examples of conditions under which intra-species or intra-order recycling of fish could be allowed. A scientific report to serve as basis for an opinion on the two questions was prepared under the rapporteurship of Dr. E. Vanopdenbosch and with inputs from Prof. C.L.Bolis, Prof.Em.B.Lahlou, Dr.P.Brown, Dr.R.Bradley, Dr.Ph.Poujeol, Prof.Dr.D.Dormont, Dr.C.Ducrot and Dr.G.Wells. The report was finalised by the TSE/BSE ad hoc Group at its meeting of 5 September 2002.<br /><br />2. PRELIMINARY REMARK<br /><br />The current report is largely based on the following documents:<br /><br />- SSC Opinion (EC, 1999a) on the risks of non conventional transmissible agents, conventional infectious agents or other hazards such as toxic substances entering the human food or animal feed chains via raw material from fallen stock and dead animals (including also: ruminants, pigs, poultry, fish, wild/exotic/zoo animals, fur animals, cats, laboratory animals and fish) or via condemned materials.<br /><br />- SCC Opinion (EC, 1999b) the risk born by recycling animal by-products as feed with regard to propagating TSE in non-ruminant farmed animals.<br /><br />- SSC Opinion (EC, 2000) on the Scientific basis for import bans proposed by 3 member states with regard to BSE risks in France and the Republic of Ireland; on the Scientific basis for several measures proposed by France with regard to BSE risks and on the Scientific basis for banning animal protein from feed for all farmed animals, including pig, poultry, fish and pet animals.<br /><br />- Interim results (2002) of the FAIR CT97 3308 project entitled “Separation, identification and characterisation of the normal and abnormal isoforms of prion protein from normal and experimentally infected fish”<br /><br />- Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (2002). Draft<br /><br />report on “The use of fish waste in aquaculture.”<br /><br />3. FEEDING OF FARMED FISH<br /><br />(See also the Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare on “The use of fish by-products in aquaculture” adopted on 26 February 2003.)<br /><br />Since the end of the Second World War, the rate of growth of marine fisheries has been consistently somewhat higher than the rate of growth of the world's human populations. It has therefore been much higher than the rate of growth of agricultural food production. In fact, since the 1950's, practically each year's world fish catch has set a new record. Aquaculture is defined as the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding and protection from predators. Artificial feeding of fish is one of the principal ways of increasing production in fish farming. In intensive fish farming artificial feeding is essential for growth and even in extensive farming, some artificial feeding is usually required. The majority of fish farmed in intensive aquaculture systems in the EU are carnivorous, having a high requirement for protein in their diets. Generally, fishmeal is used as the major source of protein in feeds formulated for cold-water fish rations. Because many species of fish, which are farmed, are carnivorous by nature they feed on other species of fish and crustaceans. Consequently, the feed of farmed marine and freshwater fish is mainly composed of re-cycled dead fish in the form of fishmeal and fish oil. The fishmeal is predominantly produced from a variety of ocean-caught marine fish. Farmed and wild fish also often have particular dietary requirements in relation to fats and amino acid requirements. The salmonids have a requirement for omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids of longer chain lengths and certain amino acids.<br /><br />Consequently, the most important ingredient in the diets of farmed fish is fishmeal. Mammalian-derived materials have also been used, to some extent, as an ingredient for feeding farmed marine and freshwater fish. For example, up to recently, blood meal was used in fish feeds. However, because of EU legislation banning such ingredients, it is no longer used. Fishmeal is obtained from whole dead wild caught fish or trimmings of such fish after filleting for human consumption The most widely used technique for fish meal processing is the wet reduction process, which is operated continuously and requires large amounts of raw material. The fish is steam cooked and pressed. The pressing of the cooked fish results in a protein fraction called press cake, and a mixed water and oil fraction with suspended and soluble protein. Oil and the water fraction with proteins are separated. The stick water is concentrated through evaporation. The temperature used, particularly at the drying stage, should be hot enough to kill any bacteria but not so hot that it denatures the protein. A drying temperature of 15-80°C is usually considered optimum. The feeding with fishmeal raises the question of intra-species or intra-order recycling of fish tissues. Generally, although recycled fish in the form of fishmeal is the principle ingredient of food for farmed fish, recycled farmed fish tissues are not used as an ingredient of fishmeal produced for fish feeds. Even if intra-species recycling of fish tissue did occur, the heat and drying treatment used to produce fishmeal should be sufficient to destroy any conventional fish or human pathogens, but not TSE agents if present.<br /><br />4. RESEARCH ON TSEs IN FISH<br /><br />4.1. THE EC FAIR CT97 3308 PROJECT: “SEPARATION, IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF THE NORMAL AND ABNORMAL ISOFORMS OF PRION PROTEIN FROM NORMAL AND EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED FISH” The project, has four principle objectives with corresponding results summarized as follows:<br /><br />1: Characterization of normal isoforms of fish PrP and its coding nucleotide sequence: The amphibian (X. Laevis) PrP was sequenced. Using probes designed for screening fish cDNA, some clones showed homology with the prion probe and were partially sequenced, but it is unclear from these data if a true PrP sequence was identified. A final conclusion will be drawn after complete sequence data of all the clones.<br /><br />2: Attempted transmission of TSE to fish from ovines and bovines: several different species of fish were inoculated with scrapie and BSE infected material. Trout and turbot were inoculated simultaneously (intracerebrally, intra-peritoneally and intramuscularly) with scrapie infected material and trout and sea bream were inoculated with BSE infected material. Scrapie agent inoculated turbot had infectivity as demonstrated by mouse inoculation in brain and spleen (15 days post inoculation [pi]) and brain (90 days pi). Infectivity was also found to persist sporadically in the intestine of fish fed with high doses of scrapie infected material. Trout and sea bream which were inoculated with BSE material did not show evidence of infection up to four months pi. The transmission experiments with tissues from fish infected with scrapie are still in progress. Otherwise the experiments with material from fish infected with BSE are completed. (Further detail of the outcome of the transmission studies is given in APPENDIX)<br /><br />3: Establishing a diagnostic test for PrP detection in fish tissues. As this is dependent on the outcome of objective 1, no test has yet been developed.<br /><br />4: Evaluation of the uptake and binding of normal fish PrP. It was not possible to draw conclusions.<br /><br />Comment on experimental studies:<br /><br />a) The transmission protocol maximises the chance of identifying residual inoculum and minimises the chances of identifying agent, which has infected the fish and is being amplified/replicated in the fish tissue because:<br /><br />The inoculum used is mouse adapted scrapie (139A)<br /><br />Mouse (unspecified strain/panel) bioassay is being used for detection of infectivity in fish tissues<br /><br />There is no evidence that any of the antibodies use on fish tissues for IHC or WB have any cross reactivity with “fish PrP”.<br /><br />There has been no sub-passage of tissues from exposed fish in fish of the same species. This would be the only practical way of addressing the question of whether fish can be infected, the problems of adaptation through intra-specific passage etc.<br /><br />b) The research project has, so far, not found any evidence for replication of TSE agents in fish. This is in line with negative results of searches in fish databases, which were unable to detect a sequence with similarities to known prions (Joly et al., 2001), from which it was concluded that a potential fish PrP gene is probably very different from those characterised in mammals and that it would be extremely unlikely to share common pathological properties.<br /><br />However, this is somewhat in contradiction with the data from Gibbs et al (1997) describing, for the first time, the presence of a normal isoform of amyloid protein (PrP) in brains of spawning salmon. Also, in contrast is a recent publication (Suzuki et al., 2002) identifying a PrP-like molecule in the pufferfish (Fugu rubripes), showing high homology with mammalian PrP sequences, but some structural inconsistency. These are the only available data at present, clearly demonstrating that a lot more needs to be known about piscine PrP genes, PrP and variation in sequences of each.<br /><br />c) The final outcome of the project should contribute to the understanding as to whether fish are possible carriers of residual infectivity or whether there is direct evidence of transmission of TSE to fish. it should also inform on the potential risk connected to fish derived foods for human and animal, the establishment of analytical protocols for PrP detection in fresh fish food and the comparison of the molecular properties of normal and abnormal isoforms of PrP.<br /><br />4.2. OTHER DATA ON TSES IN FISH<br /><br />The availability of (recent) data and research results on TSEs in fish is quite limited. In its report2 in support of its opinion of 24-25 June 1999 on “Fallen stock”, the SSC concluded as follows: “So far, no evidence for TSE in fish was found. Alderman (1996) reports that the Fish Diseases laboratory at Weymouth (UK) has for 25 years been involved in studying the diseases of marine and freshwater fish. During that time the laboratory has not observed any scientific evidence of any condition which might in any way be described as a spongiform encephalopathy in fish, whether of species used to produce fishmeal, or directly for human food, from the UK, other EU member states or from elsewhere in the world. What precedes is confirmed by Professor Hugh Ferguson of the Institute of Aquaculture at Stirling University (SEAC, 1999, communication to the SSC secretariat).<br /><br />He reports that fish brains are examined quite frequently, and in young fish often as a result of investigations for gill infections. As there are recognized diseases of fish that could cause vacuolation, fish experts are conscious of concerns about TSEs. Nothing suggestive of a TSE has been found however.” The TSE/BSE ad hoc Group considers that both from the literature and from limited observations on fish, there is no evidence that TSEs would naturally exist in fish but 2 Scientific Report on The risks of non conventional transmissible agents, conventional infectious agents or other hazards such as toxic substances entering the human food or animal feed chains via raw material from fallen stock and dead animals (including also: ruminants, pigs, poultry, fish, wild/exotic/zoo animals, fur animals, cats, laboratory animals and fish) or via condemned materials.<br /><br />Adopted By the Scientific Steering Committee at its meeting of 24-25 June 1999.<br /><br />that the possibility cannot be totally excluded. More research is required to improve the confidence of this conclusion.<br /><br />5. THE RISK OF RECYCLING OF FISH WITH REGARD TO TSES<br /><br />5.1. GENERAL<br /><br />The epidemiological risk depends on the origin and properties of the raw material and the field of application of the product. Unfortunately, from an economic point of view, recycling as feed is the most profitable way, but also theoretically the most dangerous way, of dealing with animal by-products. Intra-species recycling could be regarded as more dangerous than producing feed for phylogenetically less related species, because of possible species barrier effects. However, in the absence of any data on species barrier effect in fish, the potential importance of intra-species recycling versus intra-order recycling cannot be estimated at present and neither are indications available that recycling in fish can be considered in the same context as is done for the domestic animal situation. In this respect reference can be made to the natural and experimental transmission history of mammalian TSE’s, suggesting a wide phylogenetic susceptibility within the Order. In the cases of BSE and CWD the species barrier, in terms of oral route, is probably negligible across several species of the respective phylogenetic families and subfamilies of the host. The kudu may be even more susceptible for BSE than domestic cattle and BSE also affects Felidae under “recycling” conditions. Nevertheless, as long as the TSE problem is not relevant for fish and meat and bone meal from other possibly TSE infected species is not used as feed in aquaculture, recycling would not create an increased risk in respect to TSE in fish. The assessment would have to be reviewed, in line with the general principles of intra-species or intraorder recycling, if evidence is found of replication of TSE agent in fish. The use of resulting products as fertiliser further reduces the epidemiological risk of recycling of organic wastes with respect to direct transmission to susceptible hosts but it increases the risk of uncontrolled and indirect transmission to susceptible hosts or exposed materials with epidemiological importance as feed or food. In addition, if TSE was to be shown to exist in fish, the process designed for treatment of fish material in order to produce a fertiliser must be designed in such a way that the TSE agent is maximally inactivated. The safest way for treating organic wastes of animal origin is processing at 133 °C under 3 bar steam pressure for at least 20 min. If this causes technological problems which might be expected with fish material other time/temperature relationships may be applied but they have to be validated. Fishmeal is obtained from drying, heating and pressing of whole dead wild caught fish or trimmings of such fish after filleting for human consumption. Generally, although recycled fish tissues in the form of fishmeal is the principle ingredient of food for farmed fish, recycled farmed fish are not used as an ingredient of fishmeal produced for fish feeds. Even if intra-species recycling of fish did occur, the heat and drying treatment used to produce fishmeal should be sufficient to destroy any conventional fish or human pathogens, but not totally TSE agent.<br /><br />5.2. THE POSSIBILITIES OF TSE’S BEING RECYCLED IN FISH.<br /><br />Wild fish Many species of wild fish are carnivorous. There are two main scenarios that may result in a build-up of TSE’s in wild fish. Firstly, it is possible to hypothesise that a spontaneous TSE could develop in wild fish and that wild sea or river fish would have the capacity to recycle a TSE. In wild sea fish any pelagic fish (which move continuously in shoals and are the major source of fishmeal for farmed fish) a TSE might conceivably manifest in the early stages as an inability to swim properly, the individual fish would fall out of the shoal and become the prey of larger members of its own or other species eg demersal (ground level, solo feeders) or marine mammals. Such fish or mammals could then become "infected" and eventually fall prey to further carnivorous fish of the same or other species or marine mammals. A mature or semi-mature “infected” fish would most likely be eaten by a larger member of its own or another species. If the biological principles of infection with TSE in fish is similar to that in mammals, it may be difficult for adult fish to become infected by eating “infected” material. However, even in mammals, little is known about age related differences of susceptibility to TSE, but it is possible, as suspected for BSE in cattle that, also in fish, adults are less susceptible than the young of the species.<br /><br />In the absence of information on the ID50 and mean incubation times for TSE’s in any sea or freshwater fin fish only assumptions may be made. It is likely that natural predation would offer limited scope for amplification of the agent and the “infectivity" could remain confined to a small number of the sea or freshwater fish or mammals.<br /><br />The second scenario involves direct exposure to TSE infected mammalian carcasses or their parts. Pelagic, demersal sea fish or freshwater fish could be directly exposed to mammalian TSE’s through direct exposure to a dead TSE infected animal or its parts. Such an exposure could, as with the case of a spontaneous development of a fish TSE, initiate a cycle which could be propagated to other pelagic, demersal, freshwater (coarse or game) fish or marine of freshwater mammals. However, as for spontaneous development and under natural predation conditions, it is unlikely that significant amplification would occur among wild fish. Dumping fish waste/offal at sea or in fresh water is likely to increase any theoretical possibility of recycling a TSE among wild fish as all ages, and sizes of fish could consume the waste.<br /><br />Farmed fish<br /><br />Farmed fish in general, need a protein source in their feed that originates from fish and is generally provided by a diet based on fishmeal. For this reason the possibility of recycling a TSE in farmed fish would be greater than is the case for wild fish. To date, there is no evidence of a TSE in wild fish and therefore, no obvious possibility of “infected” wild fish being caught and processed into fishmeal. Likewise, although scavengers such as crustaceans or even marine mammals could also be infected, such fish or animals generally have a limited contribution to fishmeal. However, even a low-grade infection in the source fish could initiate a cycle in farmed fish if entire, or parts of, “infected” farmed fish were recycled without measures being taken to inactivate TSE’s. It is possible that without treatment to inactivate infectious prions, fishmeal and fish oil could transmit “infectious” prions to farmed fish. The processing parameters for fishmeal (generally a temperature of 85°C is used with other physical processes) would not inactivate infectious prions. If materials from farmed fish were processed at these parameters only, and then fed back to farmed fish recycling of infectious prions to fish or to mammals could occur. Intra-species recycling, due to the absence of a species barrier could increase the risk that TSE cases occur or undetected pools of infectivity develop. However, although intra-species recycling could be regarded as more dangerous than producing feed for phylogenetically less related species, because of possible species barrier effects, in the absence of any data on species barrier effect in fish, the potential importance of intra-species recycling versus intra-order recycling cannot be estimated at present and neither are indications available that recycling in fish can be considered in the same context as is done for the domestic animal situation.<br /><br />Farmed fish in Europe could have been exposed to feed containing meal derived from the blood of ruminants. However blood from ruminants is considered to be low risk by the oral route for transmission of ruminant TSE’s, when taking into account the recommendations in the SSC opinion of 13-14 April 2000 on the “Safety of ruminant blood with respect to TSE risks” Farmed fish could likewise be directly exposed to a mammalian TSE by direct exposure to an infected dead animal or its parts. This is an unlikely, but possible scenario. Recycling farmed fish as feed for other farmed fish would greatly increase the risk of amplifying a TSE in fish and should be avoided.<br /><br />5.3. SSC OPINIONS ON THE RISK OF RECYCLING OF FISH WITH REGARD TO TSE<br /><br />From chapters 3 and 4, it can be concluded that to date there has been no evidence of TSE found in fish. Fish brain is examined quite routinely in fish disease diagnosis and to date no changes similar to those described for TSE have been reported. However, it should be taken into account that a prion infection in fish might not present as an obvious TSE. In addition, the above mentioned FAIR CT97 3308 research project is looking at normal and abnormal prion proteins in fish and has, so far, not found any evidence for replication of TSE in fish3. However, the possibility cannot be totally excluded as in a recent publication (Suzuki et al., 2002) a homologue to prion-protein was identified in the pufferfish Fugu rubripes, showing high homology with mammalian PrP sequences and Gibbs et al (1997) described for the first time the presence of normal isoform of amyloid protein (PrP) in brains of spawning salmon. These are the only available data at present, clearly demonstrating that a lot more needs to be known about piscine PrP genes, PrP and variation in sequences of each. 3 The final outcome of that project should contribute to the assessment of the possibility of transmission of TSE to fish, the evaluation of the potential risk connected to fish derived foods for human and animal, the establishment of analytical protocols for PrP detection in fresh fish food and the comparison of the molecular properties of normal and abnormal isoforms of PrP.<br /><br />Intra-species or intra-order recycling of fish should not present a risk with regard to TSEs, provided a number of conditions are satisfied. These conditions have already been listed in various SSC opinions and reports. The TSE/BSE ad hoc Group considers that they are still valid.<br /><br />The opinions of interest can be listed as follows:<br /><br />a. The opinion on “The risk born by recycling animal by-products as feed with regard to propagating TSE in non-ruminant farmed animals”, adopted on 17 September 1999. In general, this opinion recognises the recycling of animal by-products processed into basic biochemical substances as fat and protein this as an acceptable effective way of re-use of valuable materials. It accepts that intra-species recycling can be acceptable when the material of origin is from epidemiological point of view safely sourced with regard to TSE's and treated accordingly to prevent any spread of conventional diseases. It also notes that current disease monitoring systems are regarded to be unlikely to identify sporadic cases of TSE’s in farmed fish. Monitoring of pathological changes wild fish over a period of 25 years for neurological disorders, on the other hand, has provided no anecdotal evidence leading to any indications of spongiform encephalopathies in fish.<br /><br />b. The SSC opinion of 24-25 June 1999 on “Fallen stock”4, which clarifies what can be considered as safe sourcing of fish materials and the processing conditions to be applied to fish waste.<br /><br />c. Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee (1) on the scientific basis for import bans proposed by 3 Member States with regard to BSE risks in France and the Republic of Ireland;<br /><br />(2) on the scientific basis for several measures proposed by France with regard to BSE risks;<br /><br />(3) and on the scientific basis for banning animal protein from the feed for all farmed animals, including pig, poultry, fish and pet animals.<br /><br />Adopted by the Scientific Steering Committee at its meeting of 27-28 November 2000 This opinion provides the possible scientific reasons for a general feed ban of meat-and-bone meal, applicable to all farmed animals including cattle, pigs, poultry, farmed fish and pet food.<br /><br />6. REFERENCES<br /><br />EC (European Commission) (1999a). Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee on the risks of non conventional transmissible agents, conventional infectious agents or other hazards such as toxic substances entering the human food or animal feed chains via raw material from fallen stock and dead animals (including also: ruminants, pigs, poultry, fish, wild/exotic/zoo animals, fur animals, cats, laboratory animals and fish) or via condemned materials. Adopted by the Scientific Steering Committee at its meeting of 24-25 June 1999 4 Scientific Opinion on The risks of non conventional transmissible agents, conventional infectious agents or other hazards such as toxic substances entering the human food or animal feed chains via raw material from fallen stock and dead animals (including also: ruminants, pigs, poultry, fish, wild/exotic/zoo animals, fur animals, cats, laboratory animals and fish) or via condemned materials. Adopted By the Scientific Steering Committee at its meeting of 24-25 June 1999.<br /><br />F:\WebDev\TSE in fish_OPINION_0303_FINAL.doc 12<br /><br />EC (European Commission) (1999b). Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee on The risk born by recycling animal by-products as feed with regard to propagating TSE in non-ruminant farmed animals. Adopted by the Scientific Steering Committee at its meeting of 17 September 1999 EC (European Commission) (2000). Scientific Steering Committee Opinion on the Scientific basis for import bans proposed by 3 member states with regard to BSE risks in France and the Republic of Ireland; on the Scientific basis for several measures proposed by France with regard to BSE risks and on the Scientific basis for banning animal protein from feed for all farmed animals, including pig, poultry, fish and pet animals. Adopted by the Scientific Steering Committee at its meeting of 27-28 November 2000 EC (European Commission) (2002). Interim results (2002) of the FAIR CT97 3308 project entitled “Separation, identification and characterisation of the normal and abnormal isoforms of prion protein from normal and experimentally infected fish” EC (European Commission) (2002). Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (2002). Draft report on “The use of fish waste in aquaculture.” Gibbs, C.J., Bolis, C.L., 1997. Normal isoform of amyloid protein (PrP) in brains of spawning salmon. Molecular Psychiatry, 2, 146-147. Joly, J.S., Nguyen V., Bourrat F., 2001. Conservation of the prion proteins in Vertebrates. (Conservation des "prions" chez les Vertebres.). Productions-Animales (Paris), Mai, 2001, Vol. 14, No. 2, P. 91-96, Print Issn: 0990-0632. Schoon, H.A., Brunkhorst, B., Pohlenz, J., 1991. Beitrag zur neuropthologie beim Rothalsstrauss (Struthio camelus) - Spongiforme Enzephalopathie. Vehr.ber Erkrg. Zootiere 33, Acad Verl. 309-313. Schoon, H.A., Brunkhorst, B., Pohlenz, J., 1991. Spongiforme Enzephalopathie beim Rothalsstrauss (Struthio camelus). Tierarztl Prax, 19, 263-265 Suzuki T., Kurokawa T., Hashimoto H., Sugiyama M., 2002. cDNA sequence and tissue expression of Fugu rubripes prion protein-like: a candidate for the teleost orthologue of tetrapod PrPs. BBRC, 294, 912-<br /><br />F:\WebDev\TSE in fish_OPINION_0303_FINAL.doc 13<br /><br />APPENDIX: THE EC FAIR CT97 3308 PROJECT:<br /><br />“Separation, identification and characterisation of the normal and abnormal isoforms of prion protein from normal and experimentally infected fish” Studies of the transmissibility of scrapie to fish<br /><br />a. Experimental transmission:<br /><br />Groups of 30 Trout (Onchorrhychus mykiss) and Turbot (Scophtalmus maximus) were inoculated with mouse adapted scrapie agent (strain 139A) by simultaneous intracerebral (i.c.), intra peritoneal (i.p.) and intra muscular (i.m.) routes. There were 15 control animals per group.<br /><br />Brain, spleen, muscle, liver, intestine, kidney from 3 infected and one control fish were sampled at each of the following time points:.<br /><br />15 days post inoculation (pi), 3 months pi, 6 months pi and every 6 months thereafter.<br /><br />All tissues were inoculated into mice and fixed for immunohistochemical studies. The incomplete results are summarised in the following table, showing the number of mice positive/ number of mice inoculated (unconfirmed/pending result) Postinoculation Turbot Trout Brain Spleen brain Spleen 15 days 2/8 (1) 4/7 (0) 90 days 1/8 (7) 0/8 (5) 180 days - - 360 days - - Every 6 months thereafter No results yet available, all mice still alive No lesions were detected so far in infected fish tissues, IHC is being performed on those tissues which were positive on assay in mice.<br /><br />b. Assessment of residual infectivity:<br /><br />Turbot and Trout force fed 139A scrapie infected or normal mouse brain homogenate and samples taken of brain, intestine, muscle at 1, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days.<br /><br />Residual infectivity was detected on mouse bioassay only in one of eight mice, which had been inoculated with Trout intestine, taken 1 day after oral inoculation. Results from scrapie transmissions to mice from fish more than 90 days post inoculation are awaited.<br /><br />Infectivity also found to persist sporadically in intestine of fish fed with high doses of scrapie.<br /><br />F:\WebDev\TSE in fish_OPINION_0303_FINAL.doc 14<br /><br />Studies of the transmissibility of BSE to fish :<br /><br />Experimental Transmission<br /><br />Groups of Trout and Sea Bream (Spaurus aurata L.) were fed or were inoculated i.c with BSE affected bovine material. Approx. 40 experimental and 15 control in each group.<br /><br />Abnormally swimming animals sacrificed and brains dissected. Samples (brain, muscle, spleen, liver, intestine, reproductive organs, eye, kidney) taken 1, 2, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 days pi.<br /><br />No abnormal swimming between 1 to 120 days. No evidence of infection by histology, IHC or Western blot (prionics). Histological findings: No evidence of significant changes in the brains or other organs studied from fish sampled at 1, 2, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days pi.<br /><br />Immunohistochemical findings: by using ABC-peroxidase technique with mAbs 2A11 and 6H4, no evidence of PrPres deposition has been detected in any sample. The effectiveness of McAb 2A11 on bovine and murine prion infected brains was previously verified with ABC-peroxidase technique, and immunohistochemistry with 6H4 was performed as described previously. However, in the absence of positive TSE infected fish controls and the uncertainty of the existence of a molecule in fish equivalent to mammalian PrP, the efficacy of these antibodies for detection of any surrogate marker for TSE infectivity in fish is unknown.<br /><br />Western blot technique: by using the “Prionics test” (mAb 6H4), every sample of all the groups were negative to the presence of proteinase-K resistant prion protein.<br /><br />It must be remembered that the present period of observation (4 months) is probably not sufficient to provide evidence that would make distinction between residual inoculum infectivity and pathogenetic amplification of agent. In a further experimental step the project proposes to evaluate the possible transmission of prions (Scrapie and BSE) to different fish species (Sea Bream, Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and Trout). The ultimate test would be to feed back/inoculate material from fish experimentally challenged into more fish of the same species. This should be considered.<br /><br /><a href="http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out320_en.pdf">http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out320_en.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />3.4. Conclusions<br /><br />The SSC, in considering the possible consequences, concludes as follows:<br /><br />A. So far no scientific evidence exists to demonstrate the natural occurrence of TSE in farmed pigs, poultry and fish, which may create a basis for an intra-species progression of a TSE infection due to intra-species recycling.<br /><br />B. Given the limitations of the surveillance in certain areas, and the length of the incubation time in relation to the normal (=economic or commercial) life span of the animals, it can not be excluded that cases occur and that, perhaps more important, an undetected pool of infectivity is build up.<br /><br />C. Because of these two preceding points, the SSC wants to underline that in scientific terms absence of evidence is neitherevidence of absence nor of presence of a risk. However, it is impossible to exclude, on the basis of the available evidence, that TSEs are already present (albeit undetected) in non-ruminant farmed animals, in particular not if there is reason to assume that these species have been (and might still be) exposed to BSE-contaminated feed (produced from ruminants).<br /><br />D. Recycling of animal material, in general, will increase the risk that cases occur or undetected infectivity pools develop,in particular if potentially BSE (TSE) contaminated material is recycled to ruminants or (possibly) susceptible non-ruminants.<br /><br />E. Intra-species recycling will, due to the absence of a species barrier, increase the risk further.<br /><br />F. If recycling, and in particular intra-species recycling, of animal material to farmed animals can not be avoided, all measures that reduce the recycled infectivity would reduce the risk.<br /><br />G. Measures that reduce the recycled infectivity include 6 :<br /><br />- exposing the recycled animal material to a treatment by 133°/20'/3b or equivalent conditions,<br /><br />- excluding those tissues known to carry the highest infectious load (SRM 7 ),<br /><br />- excluding 8 fallen stock from the production of feed,<br /><br />- stop feeding pig, poultry or fish potentially contaminated feed a sufficiently long period of time before slaughter in order to reduce the risk of recycling infectivity via the gut-content.<br /><br />H. It has to be understood that<br /><br />- the possible measures would not be able to reach a zero risk should infectivity enter the recycling loop, and<br /><br />- that due to the long incubation time of this type of disease a significant risk would have build up before an incidence becomes visible (as has been seen in the case of BSE in the UK).<br /><br />I. The SSC considers R&D in the field of surveillance and (pre-clinical) diagnostic of TSEs and the experimental transmission of TSEs to farmed (non-ruminant) animals to be of highest priority.<br /><br /><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ssc/out60_en.html">http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ssc/out60_en.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />OPINION ON : THE FEEDING OF WILD FISHMEAL TO FARMED FISH AND RECYCLING OF FISH WITH REGARD TO THE RISK OF TSE ADOPTED BY THE SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE AT ITS MEETING OF 6-7 MARCH 2003.<br /><br /><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ssc/out320_en.pdf">http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ssc/out320_en.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />APPENDIX: THE EC FAIR CT97 3308 PROJECT:<br /><br />“Separation, identification and characterisation of the normal and abnormal isoforms of prion protein from normal and experimentally infected fish”<br /><br />Studies of the transmissibility of scrapie to fish<br /><br />a. Experimental transmission:<br /><br />Groups of 30 Trout (Onchorrhychus mykiss) and Turbot (Scophtalmus maximus) were inoculated with mouse adapted scrapie agent (strain 139A) by simultaneous intracerebral (i.c.), intra peritoneal (i.p.) and intra muscular (i.m.) routes. There were 15 control animals per group.<br /><br />Brain, spleen, muscle, liver, intestine, kidney from 3 infected and one control fish were sampled at each of the following time points:. 15 days post inoculation (pi), 3 months pi, 6 months pi and every 6 months thereafter.<br /><br />All tissues were inoculated into mice and fixed for immunohistochemical studies. The incomplete results are summarised in the following table, showing the number of mice positive/ number of mice inoculated (unconfirmed/pending result)<br /><br />Postinoculation<br /><br />Turbot Trout<br /><br />Brain Spleen brain Spleen<br /><br />15 days 2/8 (1) 4/7 (0)<br /><br />90 days 1/8 (7) 0/8 (5)<br /><br />180 days - -<br /><br />360 days - -<br /><br />Every 6 months thereafter No results yet available, all mice still alive<br /><br />No lesions were detected so far in infected fish tissues, IHC is being performed on those tissues which were positive on assay in mice.<br /><br />b. Assessment of residual infectivity:<br /><br />Turbot and Trout force fed 139A scrapie infected or normal mouse brain homogenate and samples taken of brain, intestine, muscle at 1, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days.<br /><br />Residual infectivity was detected on mouse bioassay only in one of eight mice, which had been inoculated with Trout intestine, taken 1 day after oral inoculation. Results from scrapie transmissions to mice from fish more than 90 days post inoculation are awaited.<br /><br />Infectivity also found to persist sporadically in intestine of fish fed with high doses of scrapie.<br /><br />F:\WebDev\TSE in fish_OPINION_0303_FINAL.doc 14<br /><br />Studies of the transmissibility of BSE to fish :<br /><br />Experimental Transmission<br /><br />Groups of Trout and Sea Bream (Spaurus aurata L.) were fed or were inoculated i.c with BSE affected bovine material. Approx. 40 experimental and 15 control in each group.<br /><br />Abnormally swimming animals sacrificed and brains dissected. Samples (brain, muscle, spleen, liver, intestine, reproductive organs, eye, kidney) taken 1, 2, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 days pi.<br /><br />No abnormal swimming between 1 to 120 days. No evidence of infection by histology, IHC or Western blot (prionics).<br /><br />Histological findings: No evidence of significant changes in the brains or other organs studied from fish sampled at 1, 2, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days pi.<br /><br />Immunohistochemical findings: by using ABC-peroxidase technique with mAbs 2A11 and 6H4, no evidence of PrPres deposition has been detected in any sample. The effectiveness of McAb 2A11 on bovine and murine prion infected brains was previously verified with ABC-peroxidase technique, and immunohistochemistry with 6H4 was performed as described previously. However, in the absence of positive TSE infected fish controls and the uncertainty of the existence of a molecule in fish equivalent to mammalian PrP, the efficacy of these antibodies for detection of any surrogate marker for TSE infectivity in fish is unknown.<br /><br />Western blot technique: by using the “Prionics test” (mAb 6H4), every sample of all the groups were negative to the presence of proteinase-K resistant prion protein.<br /><br />It must be remembered that the present period of observation (4 months) is probably not sufficient to provide evidence that would make distinction between residual inoculum infectivity and pathogenetic amplification of agent.<br /><br />In a further experimental step the project proposes to evaluate the possible transmission of prions (Scrapie and BSE) to different fish species (Sea Bream, Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and Trout). The ultimate test would be to feed back/inoculate material from fish experimentally challenged into more fish of the same species. This should be considered.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ssc/out320_en.pdf">http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ssc/out320_en.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Conclusions:<br /><br />The unique characteristics of prions will offer many new avenues for research. There is compelling evidence of the role of prions in TSE diseases, but the cause - effect relationship in animals remains a hypothesis. Research shows that PrP’s can persist in intestinal and caeca submucosa of fishes (Chiesa & Harris 2009) following oral administration. However, the hypothesis in mammals that misfolded prions are multiplied in the intestine and then exported is not the same in fish, as the fish intestine produces a very small amount of prions and the wrong kind. The theory that fish fed MBM though either natural feeding or manufactured feeds play a role in the transmission of TSE’s is far from a scientific validated statement. To suggest additional regulation is needed “just in case,” because “we don’t know for sure” would be irresponsible.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://assets.nationalrenderers.org/Fish_and_Prions.pdf">http://assets.nationalrenderers.org/Fish_and_Prions.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Scrapie infectivity is quickly cleared in tissues of orally-infected farmed fish<br /><br />Loredana Ingrosso1 , Beatriz Novoa2 , Andrea Z Dalla Valle3 , Franco Cardone1 , Raquel Aranguren2 , Marco Sbriccoli1 , Simona Bevivino1 , Marcello Iriti4 , Quanguo Liu1 , Vito Vetrugno1 , Mei Lu1 , Franco Faoro4 , Salvatore Ciappellano3 , Antonio Figueras2 and Maurizio Pocchiari1<br /><br />1 Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience, viale Regina Elena,299,00161 Rome, Italy<br /><br />2 Instituto Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain<br /><br />3 Section of Human Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Microbiology, DiSTAM, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy<br /><br />4 Institute of Plant Pathology, University of Milan and Institute of Plant Virology, CNR, Milano, Italy<br /><br />author email corresponding author email<br /><br />BMC Veterinary Research 2006, 2:21doi:10.1186/1746-6148-2-21<br /><br />The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:<br /><br /><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/2/21">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/2/21</a><br /><br /><br />Received: 28 March 2006 Accepted: 15 June 2006 Published: 15 June 2006<br /><br />© 2006 Ingrosso et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.<br /><br />Abstract Background<br /><br />Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) belongs to the group of animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). BSE epidemic in the UK and elsewhere in Europe has been linked to the use of bovine meat and bone meals (MBM) in the feeding of cattle. There is concern that pigs, poultry and fish bred for human consumption and fed with infected MBM would eventually develop BSE or carry residual infectivity without disease. Although there has been no evidence of infection in these species, experimental data on the susceptibility to the BSE agent of farm animals other than sheep and cow are limited only to pigs and domestic chicken. In the framework of a EU-granted project we have challenged two species of fish largely used in human food consumption, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), with a mouse-adapted TSE strain (scrapie 139A), to assess the risk related to oral consumption of TSE contaminated food. In trout, we also checked the "in vitro" ability of the pathological isoform of the mouse prion protein (PrPSc) to cross the intestinal epithelium when added to the mucosal side of everted intestine.<br /><br />Results<br /><br />Fish challenged with a large amount of scrapie mouse brain homogenate by either oral or parenteral routes, showed the ability to clear the majority of infectivity load. None of the fish tissues taken at different time points after oral or parenteral inoculation was able to provoke scrapie disease after intracerebral inoculation in recipient mice. However, a few recipient mice were positive for PrPSc and spongiform lesions in the brain. We also showed a specific binding of PrPSc to the mucosal side of fish intestine in the absence of an active uptake of the prion protein through the intestinal wall.<br /><br />Conclusion<br /><br />These results indicate that scrapie 139A, and possibly BSE, is quickly removed from fish tissues despite evidence of a prion like protein in fish and of a specific binding of PrPSc to the mucosal side of fish intestine.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/2/21">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/2/21</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Research paper<br /><br /><br />Generation and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) prion protein<br /><br /><br />References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article.<br /><br />B.C. Maddisona, S. Patela, R.F. Jamesb, H.E. Conlonc, B. Oidtmannd, e, M. Baierf, G.C. Whitelamc and K.C. Gougha, ,<br /><br />aADAS, Animal Health and Welfare, Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Adrian Building, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, Leicestershire, UK<br /><br />bDepartment of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK<br /><br />cDepartment of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK<br /><br />dCEFAS, Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK<br /><br />eInstitute of Zoology, Fish Biology and Fish Diseases, University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany<br /><br />fNeurodegenerative Diseases, Robert-Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany<br /><br />Received 17 May 2005; revised 26 July 2005; accepted 7 September 2005. Available online 27 September 2005.<br /><br />Abstract<br /><br />We report the production and characterisation of three monoclonal antibodies to the prion protein (PrP) of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a piscine protein with characteristic structural features common to mammalian prion protein. All of the antibodies were used to detect PrP in ELISA, Western blot and by immunohistochemistry. The antibodies showed specificity for certain genera of the Salmonidae, binding to PrP of Rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) but not to that from Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). Using the immunoreagents in Western blots, we demonstrated that O. mykiss PrP protein is a 64 kDa protein present in brain, spinal chord and optic nerve. PrP was not detected in a range of peripheral tissues: eye, heart, stomach, intestine, liver, kidney, spleen, muscle and skin. Furthermore, PrP could be detected in all brain regions studied: optic lobe, cerebrum/olfactory lobe, cerebellum, hypothalamus/pituitary and medulla oblongata and was widespread within these tissues as determined by immunohistochemistry. These immunoreagents provide specific tools to study the biology of Rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon PrP and any possible transmissible spongiform encephalopathy-like disease of these economically important fish species.<br /><br />Keywords: Prion protein; Fish; Salmonidae; PrP; Antibodies<br /><br />Abbreviations: PrP, prion protein; TSE, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy; AP, alkaline phosphatase; pNPP, para-nitrophenyl phosphate; CNS, central nervous system; TBS, tris-buffered saline; HRP, horse-radish peroxidase; IMS, Industrial Methylated Spirits; BCIP/NBT, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate/nitroblue tetrazolium; LB, Luria-Bertani media<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T2Y-4H6GW7D-2&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=68d737722d1a1f1d56c841d715eb2fff&searchtype=a">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T2Y-4H6GW7D-2&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=68d737722d1a1f1d56c841d715eb2fff&searchtype=a</a><br /><br /><br />Evaluation of the Possible Transmission of BSE and Scrapie to Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)<br /><br /><br /><br />Evgenia Salta1#, Cynthia Panagiotidis2#, Konstantinos Teliousis3, Spyros Petrakis1,4, Eleftherios Eleftheriadis5, Fotis Arapoglou5, Nikolaos Grigoriadis6, Anna Nicolaou7, Eleni Kaldrymidou3, Grigorios Krey5, Theodoros Sklaviadis2*<br /><br />1 Department of Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2 Centre for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Thessaloniki, Greece, 3 Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, 4 Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Neuroproteomics, Berlin-Buch, Germany, 5 National Agricultural Research Foundation, Fisheries Research Institute, Nea Peramos, Greece, 6 B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, 7 Department of Business Administration, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece<br /><br />In transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting many species, the key event in disease pathogenesis is the accumulation of an abnormal conformational isoform (PrPSc) of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC). While the precise mechanism of the PrPC to PrPSc conversion is not understood, it is clear that host PrPC expression is a prerequisite for effective infectious prion propagation. Although there have been many studies on TSEs in mammalian species, little is known about TSE pathogenesis in fish. Here we show that while gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) orally challenged with brain homogenates prepared either from a BSE infected cow or from scrapie infected sheep developed no clinical prion disease, the brains of TSE-fed fish sampled two years after challenge did show signs of neurodegeneration and accumulation of deposits that reacted positively with antibodies raised against sea bream PrP. The control groups, fed with brains from uninfected animals, showed no such signs. Remarkably, the deposits developed much more rapidly and extensively in fish inoculated with BSE-infected material than in the ones challenged with the scrapie-infected brain homogenate, with numerous deposits being proteinase K-resistant. These plaque-like aggregates exhibited congophilia and birefringence in polarized light, consistent with an amyloid-like component. The neurodegeneration and abnormal deposition in the brains of fish challenged with prion, especially BSE, raises concerns about the potential risk to public health. As fish aquaculture is an economically important industry providing high protein nutrition for humans and other mammalian species, the prospect of farmed fish being contaminated with infectious mammalian PrPSc, or of a prion disease developing in farmed fish is alarming and requires further evaluation.<br /><br /><br />Citation: Salta E, Panagiotidis C, Teliousis K, Petrakis S, Eleftheriadis E, et al. (2009) Evaluation of the Possible Transmission of BSE and Scrapie to Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata). PLoS ONE 4(7): e6175. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006175<br /><br />Editor: Etienne Joly, Université de Toulouse, France<br /><br />Received: March 27, 2009; Accepted: May 19, 2009; Published: July 28, 2009<br /><br />Copyright: © 2009 Salta et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.<br /><br />Funding: This work was funded by the European Commission's Food Quality and Safety: Prevention, Control, Treatment, Management and Risk analysis of Prion Diseases, Neuroprion (NOE), Grant ID: FOOD-CT-2004-506579, URL: http://www.neuroprion.org/en/np-neuropri?on.html and TSE & Fish: Evaluation of the possible transmission of prions (Scrapie and BSE) to different fish species, Grant ID: QLK5-2002-00866, URL:<br /><br /><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/research/agriculture?/projects/qlrt_2001_00866_en.htm">http://ec.europa.eu/research/agriculture?/projects/qlrt_2001_00866_en.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Evgenia Salta is a scholar of the Greek States Scholarships Foundation,<br /><br />URL: <a href="http://www.iky.gr/">http://www.iky.gr/</a>.<br /><br />The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.<br /><br />Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.<br /><br />* E-mail: sklaviad@auth.gr<br /><br /># These authors contributed equally to this work.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006175">http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006175</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Prion. 2009 Jul–Sep; 3(3): 129–133. PMCID: PMC2802776<br /><br />Copyright © 2009 Landes Bioscience<br /><br />PrPs: Proteins with a purpose Lessons from the zebrafish<br /><br />Edward Málaga-Trillo and Emily Sempou University of Konstanz; Department of Biology; Konstanz, Germany Corresponding author. Correspondence to: Edward Málaga-Trillo; Email: Edward.Malaga@uni-konstanz.deReceived April 28, 2009; Accepted July 29, 2009. Other Sections?<br /><br />AbstractIntroduction<br /><br />Breaking the “No Phenotype” Spell<br /><br />The Road from Phenotype to Cellular FunctionImplications and Future DirectionsReferencesAbstractThe best-known attribute of the prion protein (PrP) is its tendency to misfold into a rogue isoform. Much less understood is how this misfolded isoform causes deadly brain illnesses. Neurodegeneration in prion disease is often seen as a consequence of abnormal PrP function yet, amazingly little is known about the normal, physiological role of PrP. In particular, the absence of obvious phenotypes in PrP knockout mice has prevented scientists from answering this important question. Using knockdown approaches, we previously produced clear PrP loss-of-function phenotypes in zebrafish embryos. Analysis of these phenotypes revealed that PrP can modulate E-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion, thereby controlling essential morphogenetic cell movements in the early gastrula. Our data also showed that PrP itself can elicit homophilic cell-cell adhesion and trigger intracellular signaling via Src-related kinases. Importantly, these molecular functions of PrP are conserved from fish to mammals. Here we discuss the use of the zebrafish in prion biology and how it may advance our understanding of the roles of PrP in health and disease.<br /><br />Key words: PrP, zebrafish, development, cell adhesion, signaling<br /><br /><br />Because of the genetic and functional complexities of the living embryo, we also have used a simplified cell culture assay to confirm that PrPs possess their own, intrinsic adhesive and signaling properties. Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells lack endogenous PrP, do not express adhesion molecules, and therefore grow as single-cell suspensions. However, when we transfected them with mouse, zebrafish, frog or chicken PrP constructs, they acquired the ability to build cell clusters and accumulate PrP at cell-cell contacts. These effects were accompanied by the local accumulation of activated Src-kinases and tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins at cell-cell contact sites. Intriguingly, cell aggregation and intracellular signaling were also elicited among cells separately transfected with mouse and fish PrPs, revealing that PrP trans-interactions are very conserved and can take place even across a wide species range. If, as thought, PrP-mediated signals play a key role in prion pathogenesis, the observed interaction between fish and mammalian PrPs raises the need to assess whether exposure of fish to mammalian prions would lead to the generation of infectious fish prions.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802776/?tool=pubmed">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802776/?tool=pubmed</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />WHAT has the feed industry done in the past about the TSE prion agent in feed ?<br /><br /><br /><br />STRICTLY PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL 25, AUGUST 1995<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />To minimise the risk of farmers' claims for compensation from feed compounders.<br /><br />To minimise the potential damage to compound feed markets through adverse publicity.<br /><br />To maximise freedom of action for feed compounders, notably by maintaining the availability of meat and bone meal as a raw material in animal feeds, and ensuring time is available to make any changes which may be required.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />THE FUTURE<br /><br />4..........<br /><br />MAFF remains under pressure in Brussels and is not skilled at handling potentially explosive issues.<br /><br />5. Tests _may_ show that ruminant feeds have been sold which contain illegal traces of ruminant protein. More likely, a few positive test results will turn up but proof that a particular feed mill knowingly supplied it to a particular farm will be difficult if not impossible.<br /><br />6. The threat remains real and it will be some years before feed compounders are free of it. The longer we can avoid any direct linkage between feed milling _practices_ and actual BSE cases, the more likely it is that serious damage can be avoided. ...<br /><br />SEE full text ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102153800/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/08/24002001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102153800/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/08/24002001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />THIS is what happens when you have the industry run the government $$$<br /><br /><br /><br />Machine Vision Detection of Bonemeal in Animal Feed Samples<br /><br />Authors: Nansen, Christian1; Herrman, Timothy2; Swanson, Rand3<br /><br />Source: Applied Spectroscopy, Volume 64, Issue 6, Pages 158A-174A and 563-689 (June 2010) , pp. 637-643(7)<br /><br />Publisher: Society for Applied Spectroscopy<br /><br /><br />Abstract:<br /><br />There is growing public concern about contaminants in food and feed products, and reflection-based machine vision systems can be used to develop automated quality control systems. An important risk factor in animal feed products is the presence of prohibited ruminant-derived bonemeal that may contain the BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) prion. Animal feed products are highly complex in composition and texture (i.e., vegetable products, mineral supplements, fish and chicken meal), and current contaminant detection systems rely heavily on labor-intensive microscopy. In this study, we developed a training data set comprising 3.65 million hyperspectral profiles of which 1.15 million were from bonemeal samples, 2.31 million from twelve other feed materials, and 0.19 million denoting light green background (bottom of Petri dishes holding feed materials). Hyperspectral profiles in 150 spectral bands between 419 and 892 nm were analyzed. The classification approach was based on a sequence of linear discriminant analyses (LDA) to gradually improve the classification accuracy of hyperspectral profiles (reduce level of false positives), which had been classified as bonemeal in previous LDAs. That is, all hyperspectral profiles classified as bonemeal in an initial LDA (31% of these were false positives) were used as input data in a second LDA with new discriminant functions. Hyperspectral profiles classified as bonemeal in LDA2 (false positives were equivalent to 16%) were used as input data in a third LDA. This approach was repeated twelve times, in which at each step hyperspectral profiles were eliminated if they were classified as feed material (not bonemeal). Four independent feed materials were experimentally contaminated with 0-25% (by weight) bonemeal and used for validation. The analysis presented here provides support for development of an automated machine vision to detect bonemeal contamination around the 1% (by weight) level and therefore constitutes an important initial screening tool in comprehensive, rapid, and practically feasible quality control of feed materials.<br /><br />Keywords: HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING; QUALITY CONTROL; FEED INSPECTION; REAL-TIME ANALYSIS; BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; PROHIBITED FEED CONTAMINANTS<br /><br />Document Type: Research article<br /><br />DOI: 10.1366/000370210791414335<br /><br />Affiliations: 1: Texas AgriLife Research, 1102 E FM 1294 Lubbock, Texas 79403-6603; Plant and Soil Science Department, Texas Tech University, Campus Box 42122, Lubbock, Texas 79409 2: Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas A&M, PO Box 3160, College Station, Texas 77841 3: Resonon Inc., 619 N. Church Ave. Suite 3, Bozeman, Montana 59715<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sas/sas/2010/00000064/00000006/art00014?token=004e1715a3022dc7e41225f403842574767287d7667254549576b3427656c3c6a333f2566cf9f7">http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sas/sas/2010/00000064/00000006/art00014?token=004e1715a3022dc7e41225f403842574767287d7667254549576b3427656c3c6a333f2566cf9f7</a><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, July 13, 2010<br /><br />(SEE BEEF PRODUCTS EXPORTED TO AUSTRALIA FROM USA...TSS)<br /><br />AUSTRALIAN QUESTIONNAIRE TO ASSESS BSE RISK (OIE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code, 2009 and USA export risk factor for BSE to Australia<br /><br /><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2010/07/australian-questionnaire-to-assess-bse.html">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2010/07/australian-questionnaire-to-assess-bse.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 14, 2010<br /><br />USA NON-SPECIES CODING SYSTEM (BEEF IMPORT EXPORT BSE RISK THERE FROM)<br /><br />US denies it's illegally sending beef to Australia ?<br /><br />Friday, 13/08/2010<br /><br /><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2010/08/usa-non-species-coding-system-beef.html">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2010/08/usa-non-species-coding-system-beef.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, June 19, 2010<br /><br />U.S. DENIED UPGRADED BSE STATUS FROM OIE<br /><br /><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2010/06/us-denied-upgraded-bse-status-from-oie.html">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2010/06/us-denied-upgraded-bse-status-from-oie.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, October 07, 2010<br /><br />Experimental Transmission of H-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to Bovinized Transgenic Mice<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/10/experimental-transmission-of-h-type.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/10/experimental-transmission-of-h-type.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, October 3, 2010<br /><br />Scrapie, Nor-98 atypical Scrapie, and BSE in sheep and goats North America, who's looking ?<br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/10/scrapie-nor-98-atypical-scrapie-and-bse.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/10/scrapie-nor-98-atypical-scrapie-and-bse.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />TSSTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-25452956147821314402010-09-14T13:28:00.000-07:002010-09-14T14:03:52.506-07:00Feed Safety and BSE/Ruminant Feed Ban Support Project (U18)Feed Safety and BSE/Ruminant Feed Ban Support Project (U18)<br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Synopsis Full Announcement Application<br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br /><br /><br />The synopsis for this grant opportunity is detailed below, following this paragraph. This synopsis contains all of the updates to this document that have been posted as of 05/07/2010 . If updates have been made to the opportunity synopsis, update information is provided below the synopsis. If you would like to receive notifications of changes to the grant opportunity click send me change notification emails . The only thing you need to provide for this service is your email address. No other information is requested.<br /><br /><br />Any inconsistency between the original printed document and the disk or electronic document shall be resolved by giving precedence to the printed document.<br /><br /><br />Document Type: Grants Notice Funding Opportunity Number: RFA-FD-10-002 Opportunity Category: Discretionary Posted Date: May 07, 2010 Creation Date: May 07, 2010 Original Closing Date for Applications: Jul 15, 2010 Current Closing Date for Applications: Jul 15, 2010 Archive Date: Funding Instrument Type: Cooperative Agreement<br /><br /><br />Category of Funding Activity: Agriculture Consumer Protection Disaster Prevention and Relief Education Employment, Labor and Training Environment Food and Nutrition Health Natural Resources Science and Technology and other Research and Development<br /><br /><br />Category Explanation: Expected Number of Awards: 12 Estimated Total Program Funding: $3,000,000 Award Ceiling: $250,000 Award Floor: $0 CFDA Number(s): 93.449 -- Ruminant Feed Ban Support Project Cost Sharing or Matching Requirement: No<br /><br /><br />Eligible Applicants State governments Native American tribal governments (Federally recognized) Others (see text field entitled "Additional Information on Eligibility" for clarification)<br /><br /><br />Additional Information on Eligibility: U.S. Territory *This cooperative agreement program is only available to State, Territory, and Tribal government agency feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban regulatory programs that undertake inspections and related activities under Section 702 of the FD&C Act and that are not currently funded under an existing cooperative agreement or contract. Eligible Individuals Any individual(s) with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research as the PD/PI is invited to work with his/her organization to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for FDA support.<br /><br /><br />Agency Name Food & Drug Administration Description<br /><br /><br />1. Research Objectives The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA), Division of Federal-State Relations (DFSR) in coordination with the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), is announcing the availability of cooperative agreements to further enhance the infrastructure of State, territorial, and tribal animal feed safety and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prevention programs. These cooperative agreements are intended to fund additional personnel, equipment, supplies, and training to support activities related to the FDA ruminant feed ban (21 CFR parts 589.2000 - 2001, referred to as the BSE/ruminant feed ban) as well as other activities related to feed safety, in State, territory, and tribal governments. The goal of FDA’s ORA Cooperative Agreement Program is to enhance, complement, develop and improve State/territory/tribal animal feed safety and surveillance programs. This will be accomplished through the provision of funding for additional equipment, supplies, funding for personnel, training in current feed testing methodologies recognized by FDA, participation in proficiency testing to establish additional reliable laboratory sample analysis capacity, and analysis of surveillance samples as well as State/territorial/tribal government compliance inspections. This will also require extensive cooperation and coordination with FDA District Offices to minimize duplication of inspections. Under these cooperative agreements, the State, territory, and tribal governments would enhance their feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban programs to increase the ability to locate and visit firms involved in the manufacture, distribution, and transportation of animal feed and operations feeding livestock in their jurisdiction. Verification of compliance with the BSE/ruminant feed ban as well as other regulations related to feed safety will be conducted. In addition, funds could be used to increase State, territory, and tribal personnel dedicated to conducting these inspections. Funds could be used for supplies, training, and laboratory equipment for feed sample testing using analytical methods recognized by FDA. Funds could also be used to conduct educational outreach activities and to develop materials needed to further and enhance the industries' knowledge of and compliance with feed safety regulations and the BSE/ruminant feed ban. As a result of enhancing their feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban programs, an increase in State, territory, and tribal inspections under section 702 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the FD&C Act) (21 U.S.C. 372) of renderers, protein blenders, feed mills that manufacture animal feeds, feed ingredient manufacturers, feed distributors an d transporters, salvagers of food and feed, and livestock feeders is expected. Animal feed and feed ingredients utilizing materials prohibited under the BSE/ruminant feed ban are of significant interest, although other work related to feed safety may also be conducted. Finally, the Feed Safety and BSE/Ruminant Feed Ban Support Project funds are intended to supplement, not replace, State funding for program improvement. All cooperative agreement projects that are developed at State, territorial, and tribal levels must have existing feed inspection and surveillance programs or propose in detail the development of a State/territory/tribal feed regulatory program. There are eight key project areas identified for this effort that must be addressed: (1) Hire and/or train State/territory/tribal personnel to conduct inspections. Training of State/territory/tribal personnel may be accomplished through the ORA University, training sponsored by the Association of American Feed Control Officials, or other training that meets State/territory/tribal and FDA requirements. New hires for this program must meet the State/territory/tribal agency’s qualifications for feed inspections and sampling techniques. (2) Hire and/or train laboratory personnel to conduct laboratory analyses of fe d samples. Laboratory analyses of samples collecte under this program must utilize methodologies recognized by the FDA, or other professional groups, such as the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (AOACI). (3) Identify animal feed and feed ingredient manufacturers, including renderers, protein blenders, feed mills, ingredient manufacturers, feed salvagers, distributors (including retailers), transporters of animal feed and feed ingredients, and on-farm animal feed mixers, as well as ruminant feeders within the State/territory/tribal jurisdiction where such firms have not already been identified and/or inspected for compliance with feed safety requirements, such as the BSE/ruminant feed ban. (4) Inspect animal feed and feed ingredient manufacturers, including renderers, protein blenders, feed mills, ingredient manufacturers, feed salvagers, distributors (including retailers), transporters of animal feed and feed ingredients, and on-farm animal feed mixers, as well as ruminant feeders within the State/territory/tribal jurisdiction where such firms have not already been identified and/or inspected for compliance with feed safety requirements, such as the BSE/ruminant feed ban. These inspections would be conducted under section 702 of the FD&C Act, using and completing the appropriate inspection forms and following the appropriate guidance to verify compliance. For example, the FDA Ruminant Feed Ban Inspection Checklist and Ruminant Feed Ban Compliance Program would be used to verify compliance with the BSE/ruminant feed ban. These inspections would be conducted by officers and employees duly commissioned by FDA in accordance with section 702 of the FD&C Act. (5) Conduct surveillance sampling at establishments supplying ingredients or finished feed into the feed supply, including manufacturers, distributors, and livestock feeders. Samples should be tested for the presence of materials prohibited under the BSE/ruminant feed ban or other contaminants, such as drug and pesticide residues, mycotoxins, heavy metals or the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. This surveillance sampling would be conducted under section 702 of the FD&C Act and would be conducted by officers and employees duly commissioned by FDA in accor dance with section 702 of the FD&C Act. (6) Provide copies of all completed inspection reports, including any FDA Ruminant Feed Ban Inspection Checklists, analytical results for surveillance sampling, and reports of any other inspection work as a part of the mid-year program progress report to the FDA Project officer or designated office, as well as provide completed checklists and sample results in accordance with section 702 of the FD&C Act. (7) Be able to identify and quantify improvements to the existing State/territory/tribal feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban program or developing new programs (i.e., personnel hiring, personnel training, equipment upgrades, increase in inspections conducted) in the mi d-year report as a result of the cooperative agreement. (8) Conduct educational outreach activities and develop materials needed to further and enhance the industries' knowledge of and compliance with feed safety requirements, such as but not limited to the BSE/ruminant feed ban and medicated feed good manufacturing practice regulations, for example. FDA will support the projects covered by this notice under the authority of section 311 of the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 (the Bioterrorism Act) (Public Law 107-188), which amends the FD&C Act by adding section 909 (21 U.S.C. 399). This program is described in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance under number 93.449.<br /><br />Link to Full Announcement NIH GUIDE ANNOUNCEMENT RFA-FD-10-002 If you have difficulty accessing the full announcement electronically, please contact: MARTIN BERNARD CONTRACT SPECIALIST 301-443-5869 MARTIN.BERNARD@FDA.HHS.GOV Synopsis Modification History There are currently no modifications for this opportunity.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.grants.gov/search/announce.do;jsessionid=MhXdMPVbKNj41pvM72Z9Xk6GndWLpBycYb8zTSgQcF6nHLxbXvjN!1087699643">http://www.grants.gov/search/announce.do;jsessionid=MhXdMPVbKNj41pvM72Z9Xk6GndWLpBycYb8zTSgQcF6nHLxbXvjN!1087699643</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.grants.gov/search/search.do?mode=VIEW&oppId=54453">http://www.grants.gov/search/search.do?mode=VIEW&oppId=54453</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Feed Safety and BSE/Ruminant Feed Ban Support Project (U18)<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-FD-10-002.html">http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-FD-10-002.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE September 14, 2010<br /><br />AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT RECEIVES FEDERAL FUNDING TO PREVENT MAD COW DISEASE FDA cooperative agreement helps Illinois maintain food and feed inspections SPRINGFIELD, Ill. - The Illinois Department of Agriculture (IDOA) will receive more than a million dollars in federal funding to conduct important inspections for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), otherwise known as mad cow disease.<br /><br />The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has entered into a cooperative agreement with the department that will provide a total of $1,244,960 over the next five years to ensure cattle feed produced and used in Illinois does not contain ingredients that could transmit the rare brain-wasting disease. Illinois was one of twelve states to receive federal funding in this cooperative agreement.<br /><br />"For nearly 20 years, our inspectors have been contracted by the FDA to inspect feed mills and feed manufacturing plants across the state," Agriculture Director Tom Jennings said. "But this agreement will allow us to maintain our expanded on-farm surveillance efforts. We believe these inspections provide additional assurance to consumers and our agricultural trading partners that Illinois beef is safe to eat."<br /><br />Feed contaminated with tissue from the nervous system of infected cattle is believed to spread BSE. Therefore, the FDA has prohibited the use of ruminant protein in feed for cattle and other ruminant animals since 1997. The department enforces this prohibition in Illinois through regular inspections.<br /><br />Over the past two years under a similar agreement, IDOA completed 300 on-farm inspections and 100 non-farm inspections. More than 1,000 cattle feed samples were collected and analyzed.<br /><br />###<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.agr.state.il.us/newsrels/r0914101.html">http://www.agr.state.il.us/newsrels/r0914101.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />I suppose we have to give them E for effort. course it's like closing the barn doors after the mad cows got loose. ...TSS<br /><br /><br /><br />P.9.21<br /><br />Molecular characterization of BSE in Canada<br /><br />Jianmin Yang1, Sandor Dudas2, Catherine Graham2, Markus Czub3, Tim McAllister1, Stefanie Czub1 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Canada; 2National and OIE BSE Reference Laboratory, Canada; 3University of Calgary, Canada<br /><br />Background: Three BSE types (classical and two atypical) have been identified on the basis of molecular characteristics of the misfolded protein associated with the disease. To date, each of these three types have been detected in Canadian cattle.<br /><br />Objectives: This study was conducted to further characterize the 16 Canadian BSE cases based on the biochemical properties of there associated PrPres. Methods: Immuno-reactivity, molecular weight, glycoform profiles and relative proteinase K sensitivity of the PrPres from each of the 16 confirmed Canadian BSE cases was determined using modified Western blot analysis.<br /><br />Results: Fourteen of the 16 Canadian BSE cases were C type, 1 was H type and 1 was L type. The Canadian H and L-type BSE cases exhibited size shifts and changes in glycosylation similar to other atypical BSE cases. PK digestion under mild and stringent conditions revealed a reduced protease resistance of the atypical cases compared to the C-type cases. N terminal- specific antibodies bound to PrPres from H type but not from C or L type. The C-terminal-specific antibodies resulted in a shift in the glycoform profile and detected a fourth band in the Canadian H-type BSE.<br /><br />Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada. It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />THIS is just ONE month report, of TWO recalls of prohibited banned MBM, which is illegal, mixed with 85% blood meal, which is still legal, but yet we know the TSE/BSE agent will transmit blood. we have this l-BSE in North America that is much more virulent and there is much concern with blood issue and l-BSE as there is with nvCJD in humans. some are even starting to be concerned with sporadic CJD and blood, and there are studies showing transmission there as well. ... this is one month recall page, where 10 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE, TO BE FED OUT. very little of the product that reaches commerce is ever returned via recall, very, very little. this was 2007, TEN YEARS AFTER THE AUGUST 4, 1997, PARTIAL AND VOLUNTARY MAD COW FEED BAN IN THE USA, that was nothing but ink on paper. i have listed the tonnage of mad cow feed that was in ALABAMA in one of the links too, this is where the infamous g-h-BSEalabama case was, a genetic relation matching the new sporadic CJD in the USA. seems this saga just keeps getting better and better.......$$$<br /><br /><br /><br />10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007<br /><br />Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST<br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />42,090 lbs.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />WI<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />9,997,976 lbs.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />ID and NV<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, March 2, 2010<br /><br />Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed/Adulterated/Misbranded Rangen Inc 2/11/10 USA<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, March 1, 2010<br /><br />ANIMAL PROTEIN I.E. MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE A REVIEW 2010<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (Submitted question): Monday, April 5, 2010<br /><br />Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE April 5, 2010<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-on-feed-enforcement-activities.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-on-feed-enforcement-activities.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, April 23, 2010<br /><br />Upcoming BSE Webinar on Thursday, April 22, 2010 a review<br /><br /><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/04/upcoming-bse-webinar-on-thursday-april.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/04/upcoming-bse-webinar-on-thursday-april.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, January 17, 2010<br /><br />BSE USA feed inspection violations 01/01/2009 to 01/17/2010 FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, January 15, 2010<br /><br />New York Firm Recalls Beef Carcass That Contains Prohibited Materials (BSE)<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-york-firm-recalls-beef-carcass-that.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-york-firm-recalls-beef-carcass-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, September 4, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 29, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />C O N F I R M E D<br /><br />----- Original Message ----- From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." To: Sent: Thursday, November 05, 2009 9:25 PM Subject: [BSE-L] re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, November 12, 2009<br /><br />BSE FEED RECALL Misbranding of product by partial label removal to hide original source of materials 2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, March 19, 2009<br /><br />MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Annual Report Fiscal Year 2008: October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008<br /><br />PUTTING LIPSTICK ON A PIG AND TAKING HER TO A DANCE...TSS<br /><br />BSE Feed Rule Enforcement: A Decade of Success OFF TO A FAST START<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, April 9, 2009<br /><br />Docket No. FDA2002N0031 (formerly Docket No. 2002N0273) RIN 0910AF46 Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food or Feed; Final Rule: Proposed<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/04/docket-no-fda2002n0031-formerly-docket.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/04/docket-no-fda2002n0031-formerly-docket.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />O.4.3<br /><br />Spread of BSE prions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after oral transmission<br /><br />Edgar Holznagel1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Barbara Yutzy1, Gerhard Hunsmann3, Johannes Loewer1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Sera and Vaccines, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany<br /><br />Background: BSE-infected cynomolgus monkeys represent a relevant animal model to study the pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD).<br /><br />Objectives: To study the spread of BSE prions during the asymptomatic phase of infection in a simian animal model.<br /><br />Methods: Orally BSE-dosed macaques (n=10) were sacrificed at defined time points during the incubation period and 7 orally BSE-dosed macaques were sacrificed after the onset of clinical signs. Neuronal and non-neuronal tissues were tested for the presence of proteinase-K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by western immunoblot and by paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot technique.<br /><br />Results: In clinically diseased macaques (5 years p.i. + 6 mo.), PrPres deposits were widely spread in neuronal tissues (including the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and in lymphoid tissues including tonsils. In asymptomatic disease carriers, PrPres deposits could be detected in intestinal lymph nodes as early as 1 year p.i., but CNS tissues were negative until 3 – 4 years p.i. Lumbal/sacral segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were PrPres positive as early as 4.1 years p.i., whereas sympathetic trunk and all thoracic/cervical segments of the spinal cord were still negative for PrPres. However, tonsil samples were negative in all asymptomatic cases.<br /><br />Discussion: There is evidence for an early spread of BSE to the CNS via autonomic fibres of the splanchnic and vagus nerves indicating that trans-synaptical spread may be a time-limiting factor for neuroinvasion. Tonsils were predominantly negative during the main part of the incubation period indicating that epidemiological vCJD screening results based on the detection of PrPres in tonsil biopsies may mostly tend to underestimate the prevalence of vCJD among humans.<br /><br /><br />P.4.23<br /><br />Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models<br /><br />Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA<br /><br />Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were largely undefined.<br /><br />Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice. Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.<br /><br />Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time. The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far.<br /><br />Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice.<br /><br />BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice.<br /><br />The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.<br /><br />Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P03.137<br /><br />Transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus Macaque, a Non-human Primate; Development of Clinical Symptoms and Tissue Distribution of PrPSC<br /><br />Yamakawa, Y1; Ono, F2; Tase, N3; Terao, K3; Tannno, J3; Wada, N4; Tobiume, M5; Sato, Y5; Okemoto-Nakamura, Y1; Hagiwara, K1; Sata, T5 1National Institure of Infectious diseases, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Japan; 2Corporation for Production and Research Laboratory Primates., Japan; 3National Institure of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba Primate Reserch Center, Japan; 4Yamauchi Univ., Veterinary Medicine, Japan; 5National Institure of Infectious diseases, Pathology, Japan<br /><br />Two of three cynomolgus monkeys developed abnormal neuronal behavioral signs at 30-(#7) and 28-(#10) months after intracerebral inoculation of 200ul of 10% brain homogenates of BSE affected cattle (BSE/JP6). Around 30 months post inoculation (mpi), they developed sporadic anorexia and hyperekplexia with squeal against environmental stimulations such as light and sound. Tremor, myoclonic jerk and paralysis became conspicuous during 32 to 33-mpi, and symptoms become worsened according to the disease progression. Finally, one monkey (#7) fell into total paralysis at 36-mpi. This monkey was sacrificed at 10 days after intensive veterinary care including infusion and per oral supply of liquid food. The other monkey (#10) had to grasp the cage bars to keep an upright posture caused by the sever ataxia. This monkey was sacrificed at 35-mpi. EEG of both monkeys showed diffuse slowing. PSD characteristic for sporadic CJD was not observed in both monkeys. The result of forearm movement test showed the hypofunction that was observed at onset of clinical symptoms. Their cognitive function determined by finger maze test was maintained at the early stage of sideration. However, it was rapidly impaired followed by the disease progression. Their autopsied tissues were immunochemically investigated for the tissue distribution of PrPSc. Severe spongiform change in the brain together with heavy accumulation of PrPSc having the type 2B/4 glycoform profile confirmed successful transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus macaques. Granular and linear deposition of PrPSC was detected by IHC in the CNS of both monkeys. At cerebral cortex, PrPSC was prominently accumulated in the large plaques. Sparse accumulation of PrPSc was detected in several peripheral nerves of #7 but not in #10 monkey, upon the WB analysis. Neither #7 nor #10 monkey accumulated detectable amounts of PrPSc in their lymphatic organs such as tonsil, spleen, adrenal grands and thymus although PrPSc was barely detected in the submandibular lymph node of #7 monkey. Such confined tissue distribution of PrPSc after intracerebral infection with BSE agent is not compatible to that reported on the Cynomolgus macaques infected with BSE by oral or intra-venous (intra-peritoneal) routs, in which PrPSc was accumulated at not only CNS but also widely distributed lymphatic tissues.<br /><br /><br />P04.27<br /><br />Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route<br /><br />Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany<br /><br />Background: In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.<br /><br />Aims: The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.<br /><br />Methods: Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).<br /><br />Results: In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.<br /><br />Conclusions: Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.<br /><br />The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study “BSE in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.<br /><br />look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;<br /><br />Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates<br /><br />Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />BSE bovine brain inoculum<br /><br />100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg<br /><br />Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)<br /><br />Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)<br /><br />RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)<br /><br />PrPres biochemical detection<br /><br />The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.<br /><br />Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula<br /><br />Published online January 27, 2005<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />it is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradleyâs surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Subject: USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half (bogus BSE sampling FROM HEALTHY USDA CATTLE) Date: June 21, 2007 at 2:49 pm PST<br /><br />Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program<br /><br />An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />Topics that will be covered in ongoing or planned reviews under Goal 1 include:<br /><br />soundness of BSE maintenance sampling (APHIS),<br /><br />implementation of Performance-Based Inspection System enhancements for specified risk material (SRM) violations and improved inspection controls over SRMs (FSIS and APHIS),<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />The findings and recommendations from these efforts will be covered in future semiannual reports as the relevant audits and investigations are completed.<br /><br />4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, September 13, 2010<br /><br />atypical BSE strains and sporadic CJD strains, is there a connection and why shouldn't there be $<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/09/atypical-bse-strains-and-sporadic-cjd.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/09/atypical-bse-strains-and-sporadic-cjd.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, September 08, 2010<br /><br />Emerging Infectious Diseases: CJD, BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, PRION, TSE Evaluation to Implementation for Transfusion and Transplantation September 2010<br /><br /><a href="http://vcjdtransfusion.blogspot.com/2010/09/emerging-infectious-diseases-cjd-bse.html">http://vcjdtransfusion.blogspot.com/2010/09/emerging-infectious-diseases-cjd-bse.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, September 04, 2010<br /><br />ARS atypical BSE g-h-BSEalabama genetic susceptibility argues against a spontaneous origin for many atypical BSE cases July 2010<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />FEED, FEED, FEED, WHAT ABOUT ATYPICAL BSE AND FEED ??? why not??? have you seen the tonnage in Alabama ???<br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/09/ars-atypical-bse-g-h-bsealabama-genetic.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/09/ars-atypical-bse-g-h-bsealabama-genetic.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />ALABAMA MAD COW g-h-BSEalabama<br /><br />In this study, we identified a novel mutation in the bovine prion protein gene (Prnp), called E211K, of a confirmed BSE positive cow from Alabama, United States of America. This mutation is identical to the E200K pathogenic mutation found in humans with a genetic form of CJD. This finding represents the first report of a confirmed case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. We hypothesize that the bovine Prnp E211K mutation most likely has caused BSE in "the approximately 10-year-old cow" carrying the E221K mutation.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 14, 2010<br /><br />BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, July 28, 2010<br /><br />re-Freedom of Information Act Project Number 3625-32000-086-05, Study of Atypical BSE UPDATE July 28, 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/re-freedom-of-information-act-project.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/re-freedom-of-information-act-project.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, September 6, 2009<br /><br />MAD COW USA 1997 SECRET VIDEO<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/09/mad-cow-usa-1997-video.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/09/mad-cow-usa-1997-video.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />U.S.A. HIDING MAD COW DISEASE VICTIMS AS SPORADIC CJD ? see video at bottom<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/usa-hiding-mad-cow-disease-victims-as.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/usa-hiding-mad-cow-disease-victims-as.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />The EMBO Journal (2002) 21, 6358 - 6366 doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf653<br /><br />BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD-like prion strains in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein<br /><br />Emmanuel A. Asante1, Jacqueline M. Linehan1, Melanie Desbruslais1, Susan Joiner1, Ian Gowland1, Andrew L. Wood1, Julie Welch1, Andrew F. Hill1, Sarah E. Lloyd1, Jonathan D.F. Wadsworth1 and John Collinge1<br /><br />1.MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK Correspondence to:<br /><br />John Collinge, E-mail: j.collinge@prion.ucl.ac.uk<br /><br />Received 1 August 2002; Accepted 17 October 2002; Revised 24 September 2002<br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br /><br />Abstract<br /><br />Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) has been recognized to date only in individuals homozygous for methionine at PRNP codon 129. Here we show that transgenic mice expressing human PrP methionine 129, inoculated with either bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or variant CJD prions, may develop the neuropathological and molecular phenotype of vCJD, consistent with these diseases being caused by the same prion strain. Surprisingly, however, BSE transmission to these transgenic mice, in addition to producing a vCJD-like phenotype, can also result in a distinct molecular phenotype that is indistinguishable from that of sporadic CJD with PrPSc type 2. These data suggest that more than one BSE-derived prion strain might infect humans; it is therefore possible that some patients with a phenotype consistent with sporadic CJD may have a disease arising from BSE exposure.<br /><br />Keywords:BSE, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, prion, transgenic<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.nature.com/emboj/journal/v21/n23/abs/7594869a.html">http://www.nature.com/emboj/journal/v21/n23/abs/7594869a.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, August 9, 2010<br /><br />Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy: A new sporadic disease of the prion protein or just more PRIONBALONEY ?<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />FRIENDLY FIRE FROM ALL OF THE ABOVE ;<br /><br />Wednesday, August 18, 2010<br /><br />Incidence of CJD Deaths Reported by CJD-SS in Canada as of July 31, 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/incidence-of-cjd-deaths-reported-by-cjd.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/incidence-of-cjd-deaths-reported-by-cjd.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, August 9, 2010<br /><br />National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined (July 31, 2010)<br /><br />(please watch and listen to the video and the scientist speaking about atypical BSE and sporadic CJD and listen to Professor Aguzzi)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, August 12, 2010<br /><br />USA Blood products, collected from a donor who was at risk for vCJD, were distributed July-August 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/usa-blood-products-collected-from-donor.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/usa-blood-products-collected-from-donor.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CONFIDENTIAL<br /><br /><br /><br />*****see farmers and farmers wives with BSE HERDS, that came down with sporadic CJD*****<br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, July 10, 2008<br /><br /><br /><br />A Novel Human Disease with Abnormal Prion Protein Sensitive to Protease update July 10, 2008 Friday, June 20, 2008<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/07/novel-human-disease-with-abnormal-prion.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/07/novel-human-disease-with-abnormal-prion.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />STUPID IS, AS STUPID DOES, AND SOME TIMES, YOU JUST CAN'T FIX STUPID $$$<br /><br /><br />STRICTLY PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL 25, AUGUST 1995<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />To minimise the risk of farmers' claims for compensation from feed compounders.<br /><br />To minimise the potential damage to compound feed markets through adverse publicity.<br /><br />To maximise freedom of action for feed compounders, notably by maintaining the availability of meat and bone meal as a raw material in animal feeds, and ensuring time is available to make any changes which may be required.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />THE FUTURE<br /><br />4..........<br /><br />MAFF remains under pressure in Brussels and is not skilled at handling potentially explosive issues.<br /><br />5. Tests _may_ show that ruminant feeds have been sold which contain illegal traces of ruminant protein. More likely, a few positive test results will turn up but proof that a particular feed mill knowingly supplied it to a particular farm will be difficult if not impossible.<br /><br />6. The threat remains real and it will be some years before feed compounders are free of it. The longer we can avoid any direct linkage between feed milling _practices_ and actual BSE cases, the more likely it is that serious damage can be avoided. ...<br /><br />SEE full text ;<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102153800/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/08/24002001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102153800/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/08/24002001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />AND RAMIFICATIONS THERE FROM ;<br /><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, September 14, 2010<br /><br />Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Advisory Committee; Notice of<br />Meeting October 28 and 29, 2010 (COMMENT SUBMISSION)<br /><br /><br />----- Original Message -----<br /><br />From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br />To: william.freas@fda.hhs.gov<br />Cc: rosanna.harvey@fda.hhs.gov ; Emery, Bryan (CBER)<br />Sent: Tuesday, September 14, 2010 11:15 AM<br /><br /><br />SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://tseac.blogspot.com/2010/09/transmissible-spongiform_14.html">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2010/09/transmissible-spongiform_14.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br />P.O. Box 42<br />Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br />flounder9@verizon.netTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-68486690649963674312010-04-05T10:20:00.000-07:002010-04-06T11:08:45.777-07:00Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE April 5, 2010March 2010 Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE April 5, 2010<br /><br />To help prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalophathy (BSE) through feed in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) implemented a final rule that prohibits the use of most mammalian protein in feeds for ruminant animals. This rule, Title 21 Part 589.2000 of the Code of Federal Regulations, here called the Ruminant Feed Ban, became effective on August 4, 1997.<br /><br />A second rule, Title 21 Part 589.2001 of the Code of Federal Regulations, here called the Enhanced Feed Ban, became effective on April 27, 2009. This rule prohibits the use of certain cattle-derived materials in all animal feed. The BSE inspection report form has been revised and is being used for determining compliance with both the ruminant feed ban and the enhanced feed ban. The inspection results summarized below reflect the compliance status for both rules.<br /><br />The following is an update on FDA enforcement activities regarding the ruminant feed ban. FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) has summarized results of those inspections that have been entered into FDA's inspection database as of March 6, 2010. As of March 6, 2010, FDA had received over 76,000 inspection reports since 1997. Approximately 72% of inspections were conducted by State feed control officials, with the remainder conducted by FDA officials.<br /><br />Inspections conducted by FDA or State investigators are classified to reflect the compliance status at the time of the inspection based upon the objectionable conditions documented. These inspection conclusions are reported as Official Action Indicated (OAI), Voluntary Action Indicated (VAI), or No Action Indicated (NAI). A firm’s compliance status and whether the firm handles prohibited material is based on its most recent inspection.<br /><br />An OAI inspection classification occurs when significant objectionable conditions or practices were found and regulatory sanctions are warranted in order to address the establishment's lack of compliance with the regulation. An example of an OAI inspection classification would be findings of manufacturing procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with prohibited material. Inspections classified with OAI violations will be promptly re-inspected following the regulatory sanctions to determine whether adequate corrective actions have been implemented.<br /><br />A VAI inspection classification occurs when objectionable conditions or practices were found that do not meet the threshold of regulatory significance, but do warrant advisory actions to inform the establishment of findings that should be voluntarily corrected. Inspections classified with VAI violations are more technical violations of the Ruminant Feed Ban. These include provisions such as minor recordkeeping lapses and conditions involving non-ruminant feeds.<br /><br />An NAI inspection classification occurs when no objectionable conditions or practices were found during the inspection or the significance of the documented objectionable conditions found does not justify further actions.<br /><br />The results to date are reported here both by “segment of industry” and “in total”. NOTE – A single firm can operate as more than one firm type. As a result, the categories of the different industry segments are not mutually exclusive.<br /><br />RENDERERS These firms are the first to handle and process (i.e., render) animal proteins and to send these processed materials to feed mills and/or protein blenders for use as a feed ingredient.<br /><br />Number of active firms inspected – 270 Number of active firms handling materials prohibited from use in ruminant feed – 153 (57% of those active firms inspected) Of the 153 active firms handling prohibited materials, their most recent inspection revealed that: 0 firms (0%) were classified as OAI 4 firms (2.6%) were classified as VAI LICENSED FEED MILLS FDA licenses these feed mills to produce medicated feed products. The license is required to manufacture and distribute feed using certain potent drug products, usually those requiring some pre-slaughter withdrawal time. This licensing has nothing to do with handling prohibited materials under the feed ban regulation. A medicated feed license from FDA is not required to handle materials prohibited under the Ruminant Feed Ban.<br /><br />Number of active firms inspected – 1,041 Number of active firms handling materials prohibited from use in ruminant feed – 485 (47% of those active firms inspected) Of the 485 active firms handling prohibited materials, their most recent inspection revealed that: 1 firm (0.2%) was classified as OAI 2 firms (0.4 %) were classified as VAI FEED MILLS NOT LICENSED BY FDA These feed mills are not licensed by the FDA to produce medicated feeds.<br /><br />Number of active firms inspected – 5,276 Number of active firms handling materials prohibited from use in ruminant feed – 2,705 (51% of those active firms inspected) Of the 2,705 active firms handling prohibited materials, their most recent inspection revealed that: 0 firms (0%) were classified as OAI 21 firms (0.8%) were classified as VAI PROTEIN BLENDERS These firms blend rendered animal protein for the purpose of producing quality feed ingredients that will be used by feed mills.<br /><br />Number of active firms inspected – 336 Number of active firms handling materials prohibited from use in ruminant feed – 155 (46% of those active firms inspected) Of the 155 active firms handling prohibited materials, their most recent inspection revealed that: 0 firms (0%) were classified as OAI 1 firm (0.6%) was classified as VAI RENDERERS, FEED MILLS, AND PROTEIN BLENDERS MANUFACTURING WITH PROHIBITED MATERIAL This category includes only those firms that actually use prohibited material to manufacture, process, or blend animal feed or feed ingredients.<br /><br />Total number of active renderers, feed mills, and protein blenders inspected – 6,671 Number of active renderers, feed mills, and protein blenders processing with prohibited materials – 460 (6.9%) Of the 460 active renderers, feed mills, and protein blenders processing with prohibited materials, their most recent inspection revealed that: 1 firm (0.2%) was classified as OAI 9 firms (2.0%) were classified as VAI OTHER FIRMS INSPECTED Examples of such firms include ruminant feeders, on-farm mixers, pet food manufacturers, animal feed salvagers, distributors, retailers, and animal feed transporters.<br /><br />Number of active firms inspected – 24,675 Number of active firms handling materials prohibited from use in ruminant feed – 8,285 (34% of those active firms inspected) Of the 8,285 active firms handling prohibited materials, their most recent inspection revealed that: 1 firm (0%) was classified as OAI 106 firms (1.5%) were classified as VAI TOTAL FIRMS Note that a single firm can be reported under more than one firm category; therefore, the summation of the individual OAI/VAI firm categories will be more than the actual total number of OAI/VAI firms, as presented below.<br /><br />Number of active firms whose initial inspection has been reported to FDA – 29,535 Number of active firms handling materials prohibited from use in ruminant feed – 8,885 (30% of those active firms inspected) Of the 8,885 active firms handling prohibited materials, their most recent inspection revealed that: 1 firm (0.01%) was classified as OAI 192 firms (2.2%) were classified as VAI<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm207367.htm">http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm207367.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />please understand, there is literally 100s and 100s of tonnage of banned mad cow protein in commerce in the USA in 2010.<br /><br /><br /><br />THE August 4, 1997 was a voluntary and partial feed ban.<br /><br /><br />IT was nothing more than ink on paper. ...TSS<br /><br /><br /><br />10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007<br /><br />Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST<br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II<br /><br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />42,090 lbs.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />WI<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />9,997,976 lbs.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />ID and NV<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2007/ENF00996.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2007/ENF00996.html</a><br /><br /><br />NEW URL<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a><br /><br /><br />Thursday, March 19, 2009<br /><br />MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, March 2, 2010<br /><br />Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed/Adulterated/Misbranded Rangen Inc 2/11/10 USA<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html</a><br /><br /><br />Monday, March 1, 2010<br /><br />ANIMAL PROTEIN I.E. MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE A REVIEW 2010<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html</a><br /><br /><br />Sunday, January 17, 2010<br /><br />BSE USA feed inspection violations 01/01/2009 to 01/17/2010 FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html</a><br /><br /><br />Friday, January 15, 2010<br /><br />New York Firm Recalls Beef Carcass That Contains Prohibited Materials (BSE)<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-york-firm-recalls-beef-carcass-that.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-york-firm-recalls-beef-carcass-that.html</a><br /><br /><br />Friday, September 4, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 29, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />C O N F I R M E D<br /><br />----- Original Message ----- From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." To: Sent: Thursday, November 05, 2009 9:25 PM Subject: [BSE-L] re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />Thursday, November 12, 2009<br /><br />BSE FEED RECALL Misbranding of product by partial label removal to hide original source of materials 2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Annual Report Fiscal Year 2008: October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008<br /><br />PUTTING LIPSTICK ON A PIG AND TAKING HER TO A DANCE...TSS<br /><br />BSE Feed Rule Enforcement: A Decade of Success OFF TO A FAST START<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />North Dakota Firm Recalls Whole Beef Head Products That Contain Prohibited Materials<br /><br />Recall Release CLASS II RECALL FSIS-RC-023-2010 HEALTH RISK: LOW<br /><br />Congressional and Public Affairs (202) 720-9113 Catherine Cochran<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />WASHINGTON, April 5, 2010 -<br /><br /><br /><br />North American Bison Co-Op, a New Rockford, N.D., establishment is recalling approximately 25,000 pounds of whole beef heads containing tongues that may not have had the tonsils completely removed, which is not compliant with regulations that require the removal of tonsils from cattle of all ages, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) announced today.<br /><br />Tonsils are considered a specified risk material (SRM) and must be removed from cattle of all ages in accordance with FSIS regulations. SRMs are tissues that are known to contain the infective agent in cattle infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), as well as materials that are closely associated with these potentially infective tissues. Therefore, FSIS prohibits SRMs from use as human food to minimize potential human exposure to the BSE agent.<br /><br />The product subject to recall includes: Various weight cases of "Beef Heads KEEP FROZEN." Each case bears the establishment number "EST. 18859" inside the USDA mark of inspection and a case code number "16999." "North Dakota Natural Beef" is printed in the bottom left-hand corner of each label.<br /><br />The recalled products were produced between June 25, 2009, and February 19, 2010. These products were shipped to distribution centers in Md., Mich., and Minn. for further sale.<br /><br />The problem was discovered during FSIS inspection activities at the establishment. FSIS routinely conducts recall effectiveness checks to verify recalling firms notify their customers of the recall and that steps are taken to make certain that the product is no longer available to consumers.<br /><br />Media with questions about the recall should contact Philip Wicke, Vice President of Operations, at (701) 356-7723. Consumers with questions about the recall should contact Jeremy Anderson, Director of Customer Service, at (952) 545-2495.<br /><br />Consumers with food safety questions can "Ask Karen," the FSIS virtual representative available 24 hours a day at AskKaren.gov. The toll-free USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854) is available in English and Spanish and can be reached from l0 a.m. to 4 p.m. (Eastern Time) Monday through Friday. Recorded food safety messages are available 24 hours a day. #<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_023_2010_Release/index.asp">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_023_2010_Release/index.asp</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, April 5, 2010<br /><br />Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE April 5, 2010<br /><br />March 2010 Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE April 5, 2010<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-on-feed-enforcement-activities.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-on-feed-enforcement-activities.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, June 26, 2008<br /><br />Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, July 1, 2008<br /><br />Missouri Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, August 8, 2008<br /><br />Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs 941,271 pounds with tonsils not completely removed<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, April 5, 2008<br /><br />SRM MAD COW RECALL 406 THOUSAND POUNDS CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS KANSAS<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, April 30, 2008<br /><br />Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, October 18, 2009<br /><br />Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, October 17, 2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, October 15, 2009<br /><br />Nebraska Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, Oct 15, 2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, April 9, 2009<br /><br />Docket No. FDA2002N0031 (formerly Docket No. 2002N0273) RIN 0910AF46 Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food or Feed; Final Rule: Proposed<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/04/docket-no-fda2002n0031-formerly-docket.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/04/docket-no-fda2002n0031-formerly-docket.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, January 17, 2010<br /><br />BSE USA feed inspection violations 01/01/2009 to 01/17/2010 FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005 (Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is present also in Mexico.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf">http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />IN A NUT SHELL ;<br /><br />(Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006)<br /><br />11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central Bureau,<br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, November 23, 2009<br /><br />BSE GBR RISK ASSESSMENTS UPDATE NOVEMBER 23, 2009 COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND O.I.E.<br /><br /><a href="http://docket-aphis-2006-0041.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-gbr-risk-assessments-update.html">http://docket-aphis-2006-0041.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-gbr-risk-assessments-update.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />FDA et al thinks as much as 5.5 grams of SRM is just fine for a heifer weighing about 600 lbs ;<br /><br />''FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams - approximately a quarter ounce -- of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds.''<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/EnforcementStory/EnforcementStoryArchive/ucm107472.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/EnforcementStory/EnforcementStoryArchive/ucm107472.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />PRION 2009 CONGRESS BOOK OF ABSTRACTS<br /><br />O.4.3<br /><br />Spread of BSE prions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after oral transmission<br /><br />Edgar Holznagel1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Barbara Yutzy1, Gerhard Hunsmann3, Johannes Loewer1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Sera and Vaccines, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany<br /><br />Background: BSE-infected cynomolgus monkeys represent a relevant animal model to study the pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD).<br /><br />Objectives: To study the spread of BSE prions during the asymptomatic phase of infection in a simian animal model.<br /><br />Methods: Orally BSE-dosed macaques (n=10) were sacrificed at defined time points during the incubation period and 7 orally BSE-dosed macaques were sacrificed after the onset of clinical signs. Neuronal and non-neuronal tissues were tested for the presence of proteinase-K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by western immunoblot and by paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot technique.<br /><br />Results: In clinically diseased macaques (5 years p.i. + 6 mo.), PrPres deposits were widely spread in neuronal tissues (including the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and in lymphoid tissues including tonsils. In asymptomatic disease carriers, PrPres deposits could be detected in intestinal lymph nodes as early as 1 year p.i., but CNS tissues were negative until 3 – 4 years p.i. Lumbal/sacral segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were PrPres positive as early as 4.1 years p.i., whereas sympathetic trunk and all thoracic/cervical segments of the spinal cord were still negative for PrPres. However, tonsil samples were negative in all asymptomatic cases.<br /><br />Discussion: There is evidence for an early spread of BSE to the CNS via autonomic fibres of the splanchnic and vagus nerves indicating that trans-synaptical spread may be a time-limiting factor for neuroinvasion. Tonsils were predominantly negative during the main part of the incubation period indicating that epidemiological vCJD screening results based on the detection of PrPres in tonsil biopsies may mostly tend to underestimate the prevalence of vCJD among humans.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.<br /><br />look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;<br /><br />Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates<br /><br />Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />BSE bovine brain inoculum<br /><br />100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg<br /><br />Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)<br /><br />Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)<br /><br />RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)<br /><br />PrPres biochemical detection<br /><br />The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.<br /><br />Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula<br /><br />Published online January 27, 2005<br /><br /><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a><br /><br /><br /><br />It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />it is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradleyâs surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />OIE AND USDA OUT OF TOUCH WITH RISK FACTORS OF ATYPICAL TSE, AND PUT ALL COUNTRIES AT RISK WITH THIS JUNK SCIENCE<br /><br /><br />To date the OIE/WAHO assumes that the human and animal health standards set out in the BSE chapter for classical BSE (C-Type) applies to all forms of BSE which include the H-type and L-type atypical forms. This assumption is scientifically not completely justified and accumulating evidence suggests that this may in fact not be the case. Molecular characterization and the spatial distribution pattern of histopathologic lesions and immunohistochemistry (IHC) signals are used to identify and characterize atypical BSE. Both the L-type and H-type atypical cases display significant differences in the conformation and spatial accumulation of the disease associated prion protein (PrPSc) in brains of afflicted cattle. Transmission studies in bovine transgenic and wild type mouse models support that the atypical BSE types might be unique strains because they have different incubation times and lesion profiles when compared to C-type BSE. When L-type BSE was inoculated into ovine transgenic mice and Syrian hamster the resulting molecular fingerprint had changed, either in the first or a subsequent passage, from L-type into C-type BSE. In addition, non-human primates are specifically susceptible for atypical BSE as demonstrated by an approximately 50% shortened incubation time for L-type BSE as compared to C-type. Considering the current scientific information available, it cannot be assumed that these different BSE types pose the same human health risks as C-type BSE or that these risks are mitigated by the same protective measures.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2">http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2</a><br /><br /><br />“The U.S. has lower sanitary and phyto-sanitary standards (SPS) for imports than many other countries, especially those concerning bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). These low standards have made the U.S. a dumping ground for beef from the countries that have experienced BSE problems. Food Safety and SPS issues continue to be problematic for our industry, as some countries comply with OIE standards, while others ignore them either for cultural reasons, or too often use them as trade barriers. The USITC October 7, 2008 release reported, ‘U.S. beef processors and beef cattle ranchers lose billions of dollars in export opportunities each year because of animal health and food safety measures in other countries that are inconsistent with international standards and vary by country.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.cattlenetwork.com/USCA-Testifies--Before-USITC/2010-03-03/Article_Latest_News.aspx?oid=996238&fid=CN-LATEST_NEWS">http://www.cattlenetwork.com/USCA-Testifies--Before-USITC/2010-03-03/Article_Latest_News.aspx?oid=996238&fid=CN-LATEST_NEWS</a>_<br /><br /><br /><br />18.173 page 189<br /><br /><br />Experimental Challenge of Cattle with H-type and L-type Atypical BSE<br /><br />A. Buschmann1, U. Ziegler1, M. Keller1, R. Rogers2, B. Hills3, M.H. Groschup1. 1Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany, 2Health Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products & Food Branch, Ottawa, Canada, 3Health Canada, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Secretariat, Ottawa, Canada<br /><br />Background: After the detection of two novel BSE forms designated H-type and L-type atypical BSE the question of the pathogenesis and the agent distribution of these two types in cattle was fully open. From initial studies of the brain pathology, it was already known that the anatomical distribution of L-type BSE differs from that of the classical type where the obex region in the brainstem always displays the highest PrPSc concentrations. In contrast in L-type BSE cases, the thalamus and frontal cortex regions showed the highest levels of the pathological prion protein, while the obex region was only weakly involved.<br /><br />Methods:We performed intracranial inoculations of cattle (five and six per group) using 10%brainstemhomogenates of the two German H- and L-type atypical BSE isolates. The animals were inoculated under narcosis and then kept in a free-ranging stable under appropriate biosafety conditions.At least one animal per group was killed and sectioned in the preclinical stage and the remaining animals were kept until they developed clinical symptoms. The animals were examined for behavioural changes every four weeks throughout the experiment following a protocol that had been established during earlier BSE pathogenesis studies with classical BSE.<br /><br />Results and Discussion: All animals of both groups developed clinical symptoms and had to be euthanized within 16 months. The clinical picture differed from that of classical BSE, as the earliest signs of illness were loss of body weight and depression. However, the animals later developed hind limb ataxia and hyperesthesia predominantly and the head. Analysis of brain samples from these animals confirmed the BSE infection and the atypical Western blot profile was maintained in all animals. Samples from these animals are now being examined in order to be able to describe the pathogenesis and agent distribution for these novel BSE types. Conclusions: A pilot study using a commercially avaialble BSE rapid test ELISA revealed an essential restriction of PrPSc to the central nervous system for both atypical BSE forms. A much more detailed analysis for PrPSc and infectivity is still ongoing.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.isid.org/14th_icid/">http://www.isid.org/14th_icid/</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/IMED2009_AbstrAuth.pdf">http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/IMED2009_AbstrAuth.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.isid.org/publications/ICID_Archive.shtml">http://www.isid.org/publications/ICID_Archive.shtml</a><br /><br /><br /><br />From: xxxx To: Terry Singeltary Sent: Saturday, December 05, 2009 9:09 AM Subject: 14th ICID - abstract accepted for 'International Scientific Exchange'<br /><br />Your preliminary abstract number: 670<br /><br />Dear Mr. Singeltary,<br /><br />On behalf of the Scientific Committee, I am pleased to inform you that your abstract<br /><br />'Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009'<br /><br />WAS accepted for inclusion in the INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGE (ISE) section of the 14th International Congress on Infectious Diseases. Accordingly, your abstract will be included in the "Intl. Scientific Exchange abstract CD-rom" of the Congress which will be distributed to all participants.<br /><br />Abstracts accepted for INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGE are NOT PRESENTED in the oral OR poster sessions.<br /><br />Your abstract below was accepted for: INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGE<br /><br />#0670: Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009<br /><br />Author: T. Singeltary; Bacliff, TX/US<br /><br />Topic: Emerging Infectious Diseases Preferred type of presentation: International Scientific Exchange<br /><br />This abstract has been ACCEPTED.<br /><br />#0670: Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009<br /><br />Authors: T. Singeltary; Bacliff, TX/US<br /><br />Title: Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009<br /><br />Body: Background<br /><br />An update on atypical BSE and other TSE in North America. Please remember, the typical U.K. c-BSE, the atypical l-BSE (BASE), and h-BSE have all been documented in North America, along with the typical scrapie's, and atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and to date, 2 different strains of CWD, and also TME. All these TSE in different species have been rendered and fed to food producing animals for humans and animals in North America (TSE in cats and dogs ?), and that the trading of these TSEs via animals and products via the USA and Canada has been immense over the years, decades.<br /><br />Methods<br /><br />12 years independent research of available data<br /><br />Results<br /><br />I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc.<br /><br />Conclusion<br /><br />I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. Restricting the reporting of CJD and or any human TSE is NOT scientific. Iatrogenic CJD knows NO age group, TSE knows no boundaries.<br /><br />I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.<br /><br />Keywords: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease Prion<br /><br />page 114 ;<br /><br /><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf">http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.isid.org/14th_icid/">http://www.isid.org/14th_icid/</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.isid.org/publications/ICID_Archive.shtml">http://www.isid.org/publications/ICID_Archive.shtml</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/IMED2009_AbstrAuth.pdf">http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/IMED2009_AbstrAuth.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, February 24, 2010<br /><br />Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America 14th<br /><br />ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure -<br /><br /><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br /><br /><br />TSE<br /><br /><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, October 19, 2009<br /><br />Atypical BSE, BSE, and other human and animal TSE in North America Update October 19, 2009<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />I ask Professor Kong ;<br /><br />Thursday, December 04, 2008 3:37 PM Subject: RE: re--Chronic Wating Disease (CWD) and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies (BSE): Public Health Risk Assessment<br /><br />''IS the h-BSE more virulent than typical BSE as well, or the same as cBSE, or less virulent than cBSE? just curious.....''<br /><br />Professor Kong reply ;<br /><br />.....snip<br /><br />''As to the H-BSE, we do not have sufficient data to say one way or another, but we have found that H-BSE can infect humans. I hope we could publish these data once the study is complete.<br /><br />Thanks for your interest.''<br /><br />Best regards,<br /><br />Qingzhong Kong, PhD Associate Professor Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 44106 USA<br /><br />END...TSS<br /><br />I look forward to further transmission studies, and a true ENHANCED BSE/atypical BSE surveillance program put forth testing all cattle for human and animal consumption for 5 years. a surveillance program that uses the most sensitive TSE testing, and has the personnel that knows how to use them, and can be trusted. I look forward to a stringent mad cow feed ban being put forth, and then strictly enforced. we need a forced, not voluntary feed ban, an enhanced feed ban at that, especially excluding blood. we need some sort of animal traceability. no more excuses about privacy. if somebody is putting out a product that is killing folks and or has the potential to kill you, then everybody needs to know who they are, and where that product came from. same with hospitals, i think medical incidents in all states should be recorded, and made public, when it comes to something like a potential accidental transmission exposure event. so if someone is out there looking at a place to go have surgery done, if you have several hospitals having these type 'accidental exposure events', than you can go some place else. it only makes sense. somewhere along the road, the consumer lost control, and just had to take whatever they were given, and then charged these astronomical prices. some where along the line the consumer just lost interest, especially on a long incubating disease such as mad cow disease i.e. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy. like i said before, there is much more to the mad cow story than bovines and eating a hamburger, we must start focusing on all TSE in all species. ...TSS<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Scientific Report of the European Food Safety Authority on the Assessment of the Geographical BSE Risk (GBR) of the USA<br /><br />Question number: EFSA-Q-2003-083<br /><br />Adopted: 1 July 2004 Summary (0.1Mb)<br /><br />Report (0.2Mb)<br /><br />Summary<br /><br />The European Food Safety Authority and its Scientific Expert Working Group on the Assessment of the Geographical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Risk (GBR) were asked by the European Commission (EC) to provide an up-to-date scientific report on the GBR in the United States of America, i.e. the likelihood of the presence of one or more cattle being infected with BSE, pre-clinically as well as clinically, in USA. This scientific report addresses the GBR of USA as assessed in 2004 based on data covering the period 1980-2003.<br /><br />The BSE agent was probably imported into USA and could have reached domestic cattle in the middle of the eighties. These cattle imported in the mid eighties could have been rendered in the late eighties and therefore led to an internal challenge in the early nineties. It is possible that imported meat and bone meal (MBM) into the USA reached domestic cattle and leads to an internal challenge in the early nineties.<br /><br />A processing risk developed in the late 80s/early 90s when cattle imports from BSE risk countries were slaughtered or died and were processed (partly) into feed, together with some imports of MBM. This risk continued to exist, and grew significantly in the mid 90’s when domestic cattle, infected by imported MBM, reached processing. Given the low stability of the system, the risk increased over the years with continued imports of cattle and MBM from BSE risk countries.<br /><br />EFSA concludes that the current GBR level of USA is III, i.e. it is likely but not confirmed that domestic cattle are (clinically or pre-clinically) infected with the BSE-agent. As long as there are no significant changes in rendering or feeding, the stability remains extremely/very unstable. Thus, the probability of cattle to be (pre-clinically or clinically) infected with the BSE-agent persistently increases.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/3r.pdf">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/3r.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />ANNEX<br /><br />5. CONCLUSION ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL BSE-RISK<br /><br />5.1 The current GBR as function of the past stability and challenge<br /><br />• The current geographical BSE risk (GBR) level is III, i.e. it is likely but not confirmed that domestic cattle are (clinically or pre-clinically) infected with the BSE-agent.<br /><br />Note1: It is also worth noting that the current GBR conclusions are not dependent on the large exchange of imports between USA and Canada. External challenge due to exports to the USA from European countries varied from moderate to high. These Annex to the EFSA Scientific Report (2004) 3, 1-17 on the Assessment of the Geographical BSE Risk of USA<br /><br />- 16 -<br /><br />challenges indicate that it was likely that BSE infectivity was introduced into the North American continent.<br /><br />Note2: This assessment deviates from the previous assessment (SSC opinion, 2000) because at that time several exporting countries were not considered a potential risk.<br /><br />5.2 The expected development of the GBR as a function of the past and present stability and challenge<br /><br />• As long as there are no significant changes in rendering or feeding, the stability remains extremely/very unstable. Thus, the probability of cattle to be (preclinically or clinically) infected with the BSE-agent persistently increases.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/3rax1.pdf">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/3rax1.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, April 4, 2010<br /><br />USDA AND OIE OUT OF TOUCH WITH RISK FACTOR ON ATYPICAL TSE<br /><br />position: Post Doctoral Fellow Atypical BSE in Cattle<br /><br />Closing date: December 24, 2009<br /><br />Anticipated start date: January/February 2010<br /><br />Employer: Canadian and OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE CFIA Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge/Alberta<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />To date the OIE/WAHO assumes that the human and animal health standards set out in the BSE chapter for classical BSE (C-Type) applies to all forms of BSE which include the H-type and L-type atypical forms. This assumption is scientifically not completely justified and accumulating evidence suggests that this may in fact not be the case. Molecular characterization and the spatial distribution pattern of histopathologic lesions and immunohistochemistry (IHC) signals are used to identify and characterize atypical BSE. Both the L-type and H-type atypical cases display significant differences in the conformation and spatial accumulation of the disease associated prion protein (PrPSc) in brains of afflicted cattle. Transmission studies in bovine transgenic and wild type mouse models support that the atypical BSE types might be unique strains because they have different incubation times and lesion profiles when compared to C-type BSE. When L-type BSE was inoculated into ovine transgenic mice and Syrian hamster the resulting molecular fingerprint had changed, either in the first or a subsequent passage, from L-type into C-type BSE. In addition, non-human primates are specifically susceptible for atypical BSE as demonstrated by an approximately 50% shortened incubation time for L-type BSE as compared to C-type. Considering the current scientific information available, it cannot be assumed that these different BSE types pose the same human health risks as C-type BSE or that these risks are mitigated by the same protective measures.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><a href="http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2">http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/04/usda-and-oie-out-of-touch-with-risk.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/04/usda-and-oie-out-of-touch-with-risk.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, March 29, 2010<br /><br />Irma Linda Andablo CJD Victim, she died at 38 years old on February 6, 2010 in Mesquite Texas<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19:cjd-english-info&catid=9:cjd-ingles&Itemid=8">http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19:cjd-english-info&catid=9:cjd-ingles&Itemid=8</a><br /><br /><br /><br />>>> Up until about 6 years ago, the pt worked at Tyson foods where she worked on the assembly line, slaughtering cattle and preparing them for packaging. She was exposed to brain and spinal cord matter when she would euthanize the cattle. <<< <a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/03/irma-linda-andablo-cjd-victim-she-died.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/03/irma-linda-andablo-cjd-victim-she-died.html</a><br /><br /><br />CJD TEXAS 38 YEAR OLD FEMALE WORKED SLAUGHTERING CATTLE EXPOSED TO BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD MATTER<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19:cjd-english-info&catid=9:cjd-ingles&Itemid=8">http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19:cjd-english-info&catid=9:cjd-ingles&Itemid=8</a><br /><br /><br />>>> Up until about 6 years ago, the pt worked at Tyson foods where she worked on the assembly line, slaughtering cattle and preparing them for packaging. She was exposed to brain and spinal cord matter when she would euthanize the cattle. <<< <a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/03/cjd-texas-38-year-old-female-worked.html">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/03/cjd-texas-38-year-old-female-worked.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />YOU can be assured they are squirming behind closed doors, and that they are doing there best to squirm right out of this one. they will come up with something, international travel long ago, or some strange PRNP mutation that they might say like sporadic ffi ??? or a case of atypical case of inherited Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) ??? they will make up something. but it will be anything but BSE related here in the USA, in my opinion. sporadic FFI, or sporadic GSS, or sporadic inherited CJD is an oxymoron. it's either familial or not. or even this new novel human disease known as Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (PSPr), they might come up with that. if they cannot do this, it will be an occupational TSE infection, whether they want to admit it or not. and they don't admit those to often, they cover them up.<br /><br /><br /><br />UPDATE ON THIS CASE, I got word from CWRU that ;<br /><br /><br />----- Original Message -----<br /><br />From: Katie Glisic<br />To: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br />Sent: Monday, April 05, 2010 7:39 AM<br />Subject: Re: [cjdsurv] CJD TEXAS 38 YEAR OLD FEMALE WORKED SLAUGHTERING CATTLEEXPOSED TO BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD MATTER<br /><br /><br />Dear Mr. Singelteary,<br /><br /><br />Thank you for contacting the Center. We are aware of Ms. Andablo's case and are in the process of testing, however thank you very much for the enclosed information. As you are aware, there have been no confirmed cases of vCJD (Mad Cow) contracting in the United States. The Center has been testing and diagnosing cases of CJD for over 10 years and reporting our findings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Of the two cases we have documented, neither was contracting in the US. One was contracted in the UK where cases of Mad Cow are known and one was contracted in Saudi Arabia. Please note, we also performed the testing on Ms. Vinson and her family is well informed of the diagnosis provided by the Center. The United States government as well as the USDA go to great lengths to ensure that the US beef consumed by our country is both safe and continually tested to prevent outbreaks of food born illnesses such as Mad Cow. Please rest assured that Dr. Gambetti and the rest of the Center's researchers work tirelessly to provide accurate diagnosis to families with loved ones suffering from CJD.<br /><br /><br />On Fri, Apr 2, 2010 at 12:38 PM, Terry S. Singeltary Sr. <flounder9@verizon.net>wrote:<br /><br />Greetings Professor Gambetti Sir,<br /><br />A kind greetings from sunny Bacliff, Texas !<br /><br />Sadly, i thought i should pass this data to you. You are probably much aware of this, but it seems odd that no media has commented? also, the last suspect nvCJD case i remember here in the USA, it was the USDA that the so called 'confidentiality agreements between family', and came out officially first and over ruled the nvCJD and called in sporadic CJD, well, i don't think they ever even officially called it that, but Aretha N. Vinson family knows what she had, and PD Notebook won in the end ;<br /><br />Portsmouth woman did not die of mad cow-related condition, ___USDA___ says<br /><br />By Nancy Young The Virginian-Pilot © May 7, 2008<br /><br />(towards the end of this blog...tss)<br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/03/nor-98-atypical-scrapie-atypical-bse.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/03/nor-98-atypical-scrapie-atypical-bse.html</a><br /><br /><br />Professor Gambetti Sir, Thank You for your continued work on TSE and all. ....<br /><br />Kindest Regard and very Respectfully,<br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box 42 Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br /><br />SNIP...END...TSS<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />i am reminded of a few things deep throat told me years ago;<br /><br /><br />============================================================<br /><br /><br />The most frightening thing I have read all day is the report of Gambetti's finding of a new strain of sporadic cjd in young people.........Dear God, what in the name of all that is holy is that!!! If the US has different strains of scrapie.....why???? than the UK...then would the same mechanisms that make different strains of scrapie here make different strains of BSE...if the patterns are different in sheep and mice for scrapie.....could not the BSE be different in the cattle, in the mink, in the humans.......I really think the slides or tissues and everything from these young people with the new strain of sporadic cjd should be put up to be analyzed by many, many experts in cjd........bse.....scrapie Scrape the damn slide and put it into mice.....wait.....chop up the mouse brain and and spinal cord........put into some more mice.....dammit amplify the thing and start the damned research.....This is NOT rocket science...we need to use what we know and get off our butts and move....the whining about how long everything takes.....well it takes a whole lot longer if you whine for a year and then start the research!!! Not sure where I read this but it was a recent press release or something like that: I thought I would fall out of my chair when I read about how there was no worry about infectivity from a histopath slide or tissues because they are preserved in formic acid, or formalin or formaldehyde.....for God's sake........ Ask any pathologist in the UK what the brain tissues in the formalin looks like after a year.......it is a big fat sponge...the agent continues to eat the brain ......you can't make slides anymore because the agent has never stopped........and the old slides that are stained with Hemolysin and Eosin......they get holier and holier and degenerate and continue...what you looked at 6 months ago is not there........Gambetti better be photographing every damned thing he is looking at.....<br /><br /><br /><br />Okay, you need to know. You don't need to pass it on as nothing will come of it and there is not a damned thing anyone can do about it. Don't even hint at it as it will be denied and laughed at.......... USDA is gonna do as little as possible until there is actually a human case in the USA of the nvcjd........if you want to move this thing along and shake the earth....then we gotta get the victims families to make sure whoever is doing the autopsy is credible, trustworthy, and a saint with the courage of Joan of Arc........I am not kidding!!!! so, unless we get a human death from EXACTLY the same form with EXACTLY the same histopath lesions as seen in the UK nvcjd........forget any action........it is ALL gonna be sporadic!!!<br /><br /><br /><br />And, if there is a case.......there is gonna be every effort to link it to international travel, international food, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. They will go so far as to find out if a sex partner had ever traveled to the UK/europe, etc. etc. .... It is gonna be a long, lonely, dangerous twisted journey to the truth. They have all the cards, all the money, and are willing to threaten and carry out those threats....and this may be their biggest downfall...<br /><br /><br /><br />Thanks as always for your help.<br /><br /><br /><br />(Recently had a very startling revelation from a rather senior person in government here..........knocked me out of my chair........you must keep pushing. If I was a power person....I would be demanding that there be a least a million bovine tested as soon as possible and agressively seeking this disease. The big players are coming out of the woodwork as there is money to be made!!! In short: "FIRE AT WILL"!!! for the very dumb....who's "will"! "Will be the burden to bare if there is any coverup!"<br /><br /><br /><br />again it was said years ago and it should be taken seriously....BSE will NEVER be found in the US! As for the BSE conference call...I think you did a great service to freedom of information and making some people feign integrity...I find it scary to see that most of the "experts" are employed by the federal government or are supported on the "teat" of federal funds. A scary picture! I hope there is a confidential panel organized by the new government to really investigate this thing.<br /><br /><br /><br />You need to watch your back........but keep picking at them.......like a buzzard to the bone...you just may get to the truth!!! (You probably have more support than you know. Too many people are afraid to show you or let anyone else know. I have heard a few things myself... you ask the questions that everyone else is too afraid to ask.)<br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, February 05, 2010<br /><br />New Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease case reports United States 2010 A Review<br /><br /><a href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2010/02/new-variant-creutzfelt-jakob-disease.html">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2010/02/new-variant-creutzfelt-jakob-disease.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />TSSTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-85250590471384084652010-03-08T13:25:00.000-08:002010-03-08T18:00:15.187-08:00UPDATE 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009Greetings,<br /><br /><br />I got a follow on this in the mail this past Saturday in the mail. thought some might be interested in the following ;<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES<br />Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Rockville MD 20857<br /><br />Terry Singeltary<br />P.O. box 42.<br />Bacliff, TX USA 77518<br /><br />Dear Requestor<br /><br />In reply refer to: F2009-7430<br /><br />This is in response to your Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request received by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on September 10,2009 which you ask for Recall V-258-2009. I apologize for the delay in our response to you. Enclosed you will find the records you requested. The following charges will be included in a monthly invoice:<br /><br />Reproduction Search Review Total 5 Pages hour $.50 $ $.50<br /><br />The above charges may not reflect final charges for this request. Please DO NOT send any payment until you receive an invoice from the Agency's Freedom of Information Staff (HFI-35).<br /><br />Sincerely yours,<br /><br /><br />Sandy McGeehan<br />Paralegal Specialist<br />Communications Staff<br />Center for Veterinary Medicine<br /><br /><br />Memorandum<br /><br />Date August 26, 2009<br /><br />From CVM Animal Health Hazard Evaluation Committee<br /><br />Subject Problem:<br /><br /><br />Fargam Land & Grain recalled 429,128 pounds of ground corn because it may have been contaminated with prohibited material (material prohibited for use in ruminant feed by the 1997 BSE feed regulation) and was not labeled with the cautionary statement.<br /><br />The feed mill received two semi trailer loads of barley that had been recalled by Mars Petcare US because it had been contaminated by dog food, some of which is formulated to contain bovine origin meat and bone meal.<br /><br />The auger used to receive the barley was used to receive two truck loads of corn before the feed mill became aware of the problem with the barley. This potentially allowed some of the dog food in the barley to be carried over into the corn.<br /><br /><br />Recall Event IDIRES #: 52103<br /><br />DAF/Surveillance #: 09234<br /><br />CVM Recall and Emergency Coordinator (Kathy Hemming-Thompson), HFV -234<br /><br />Field/RES Report Data:<br /><br />Recalling firm:<br />Fargam Land & Grain<br />505 Burlington Rd<br />Saginaw, TX 76179<br /><br />Manufacturer:<br />Mars Petcare US<br />1 Doane Rd Clinton, OK 73601<br /><br />Product & Code: Bulk ground corn; 70AY -02<br /><br />Quantity Manufactured: 429,128 pounds<br /><br />Quantity Distributed: 429,128 pounds<br /><br />Recall Contact: Phil Farr, Owner, Fargam Land & Grain, Saginaw, TX<br /><br />FDA District: Dallas<br /><br />Field Recommended Classification: Class III<br /><br />Effectiveness Check Level: Direct Accounts<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Page 2 of 4 - DAF 09234 - Health Hazard Evaluation<br /><br /><br />Background: The firm is a feed mill that stores and manufactures products intended for use in animal feed. Its business is commingled with Saginaw Flakes, a feed mill which is under the same ownership, and located across the street from Fargam Land & Grain. A limited inspection was conducted to determine compliance with CP 7371.009 after the firm notified the Office of the Texas State Chemist that it had received four semi trailer loads of barley that may have contained dog food.<br /><br />ReView:<br /><br />Sample collection:<br /><br />Aseptic technique [ ] Yes [ ] No [X] NA<br /><br />Number of subsamples<br /><br />FDA/FACTS #<br /><br />Was chain of custody documented correctly?<br /><br />[ ] Yes<br /><br />[ ] No Explain in narrative box:<br /><br />[X] NA<br /><br /><br />Analytical method: [ ] Yes [ ] No [X] NA<br /><br />[ ] Official method<br /><br />[ ] FDA method<br /><br />[ ] Other method, explain in narrative box:<br /><br /><br />Was analysis properly conducted? [ ]Yes [ ] No Explain in narrative box: [X] NA<br /><br /><br />Laboratory analysis: [ ] Yes [ ] No [X] NA<br /><br /><br />Done by:<br /><br />[ ] FDA laboratory<br /><br />[ ] State laboratory<br /><br />[ ] Other laboratory<br /><br />[ ] None<br /><br /><br />Have any adverse reaction reports or other indication of injuries or diseases been reported relating to this problem or for similar situations?<br /><br />[X] No<br /><br />[ ] Yes Attach copies or explain in narrative box:<br /><br />[ ] NA<br /><br /><br />Is the problem easily identified by the user?<br /><br />[X] No<br /><br />[ ] Yes<br /><br /><br />What are the animal and human populations at risk?<br /><br />Cattle, particularly calves, is the population that is most susceptible to BSE and at greatest risk ofexposure to the BSE agent through these shipments of ground corn that may have contained prohibited material and were not labeled with the cautionary statement. Other susceptible populations, such as humans, domestic cats, and zoo animals are best protected by keeping BSE out of the cattle population.<br /><br /><br /><br />Page 3 of 4 - DAF 09234 - Health Hazard Evaluation<br /><br />What is the hazard associated with use of the product?<br /><br />[X ] Life-threatening (death has or could occur) .<br /><br />[ ] Results in permanent impaiiment of a body function or permanent damage to a body structure<br /><br />[ ] Necessitates medical or surgical intervention to preclude or reverse permanent damage to a body structure orpermanent impairment of a body function<br /><br />[ ] Temporary-or reversible (without medical intervention)<br /><br />[ ] Limited (transient, minor impairment or complaints)<br /><br />[ ] No adverse health consequences<br /><br />[ ] Hazard cannot be assessed with the data currently available<br /><br /><br />What is the likelihood of an adverse event occurring?<br /><br /><br />[ ] Probable<br /><br />[ ] Possible<br /><br />[X] Unlikely<br /><br />[ ] Unknown<br /><br /><br />CVM's AHHE Committee recommends the following:<br /><br />a) Recall Classification: [21 CFR 7.41(b) and RPM 5-00-20 (j)].<br /><br />l-Class I [ ]<br /><br />2-Class ll [ ]<br /><br />3-Class III [X]<br /><br />4-Market withdrawal [ ] Skip parts b & c<br /><br />5-0ther [ ] Skip parts b & c.<br /><br /><br />b) Depth of Recall: [21 CFR 7 .42(b )(1) and RPM 5-00-20(k)].<br /><br />l-Consumer or User Level [X]<br /><br />2- Retail Level/Veterinarian [ ]<br /><br />3- Wholesale Level [ ]<br /><br />4-NA [ ]<br /><br /><br />c) Level of Audit Checks: [Investigations Operations Manual Chapter 7, Section 7.3.2.2]<br /><br /><br />[ ] Level A-I 00% of the total number of consignees to be contacted.<br /><br />[ ] Level B - Greater than 10% but less than 100% of the total number of consignees to be contacted.<br /><br />[ ] Level C - 10% of the total number of consignees to be contacted.<br /><br />[ ] Level D - 2% of the total number of consignees to be contacted.<br /><br />[ X] Level E - No checks.<br /><br /><br />Narrative Summary:<br /><br />Fargam Land & Grain, Saginaw, TX recalled 429,128 pounds of ground corn that may have contained prohibited material. The com was not labeled with the required cautionary statement to alert users of the product that it should not be fed to ruminants or be used as an ingredient in<br /><br /><br />Page 4 of 4 - DAF 09234 - Health Hazard Evaluation<br /><br /><br />ruminant feed. The corn was shipped to eleven dairy farms in Texas and one dairy farm in Louisiana between May 13th and May 15th, 2009. This is a sub-recall of a recall by Mars Petcare US, Clinton, OK of bulk whole barley that was cross-contaminated with dog food during storage and loading at the Mars Petcare plant. A receiving auger at Fargam Land and Grain that was used to unload the contaminated barley was used to unload whole corn before the problem was discovered. This potentially allowed some of the dog food in the barley to be carried over into the corn.<br /><br /><br />BSE is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system of cattle and is always fatal. It is characterized by a long incubation period of three to eight years, followed by a much shorter course of illness. The BSE agent is also the cause of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, which is also always fatal.<br /><br /><br />While the health hazard is life threatening, It is highly unlikely that deaths or illnesses would result from the use of the recalled product. The meat and bone meal ingredient of the dog food carried over into the barley as a result of cross contamination, and then potentially carried over into the corn through cross-contamination, would have to have been derived from a BSE infected animal for the BSE agent to be present in the dog food-barley, and corn. This is unlikely due to the low prevalence of BSE in the U.S. cattle population. In 2006, USDA estimated the prevalence of BSE in the United States to be less than one infected animal per million adult cattle. This estimate was based on results of 735,213 cattle tested over a seven year period. The most recent of only three BSE cases ever detected in the United States was found in March 2006.<br /><br />CVM Animal Health Hazard Evaluation Committee recommends a class _III_ recall and we concur with the effectiveness check level of _100_ percent.<br /><br /><br />Animal Health Hazard Evaluation Committee<br /><br /><br />Lynn Post, DVM, Ph.D., D.A.B.V.T., Chair<br /><br />Sharon Benz, Ph.D., PAS<br /><br />Terry Proescholdt, Leader, Feed Safety Team<br /><br /><br /><br />Prepared by :<br /><br />Burt Pritchett, DVM<br /><br /><br />end...March 4, 2010...TSS<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />HISTORY F.O.I.A.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 29, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, September 3, 2009<br /><br />429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/429128-lbs-feed-for-ruminant-animals.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/429128-lbs-feed-for-ruminant-animals.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, September 4, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, November 3, 2009<br /><br />re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br />To: CVMHomeP@cvm.fda.gov<br />Cc: FOIASTAFF@oig.usda.gov ; paffairs@oig.hhs.gov ; HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov ; phyllis.fong@oig.usda.gov<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009<br /><br /><br /><br />September 4, 2009<br /><br /><br /><br />TO:<br /><br />Food and Drug Administration<br /><br />Division of Freedom of Information (HFI-35)<br /><br />Office of Shared Services<br /><br />Office of Public Information and Library Services<br /><br />5600 Fishers Lane<br /><br />Rockville, MD 20857<br /><br /><br /><br />Or requests may be sent via fax to: fax number 301-443-1726 or 301-443-1719. If experience difficulty sending a fax, please call (301) 443-2414.<br /><br /><br /><br />FROM:<br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br /><br />P.O. Box 42<br /><br />Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br /><br /><br /><br />Greetings FDA FOIE, and the Honorable Phyllis Fong et al @ OIG FOIA,<br /><br /><br /><br />ANOTHER FOIA REQUEST PLEASE !<br /><br /><br /><br />I apologize for wasting your time. this could have been handled differently if the FDA et al would just clearly identify these feed recalls with exactly what was in them, and what type recall it is.<br /><br /><br /><br />I was told that the only way to find any more information on the following recall, i would have to submit a FOIA ? why, i do not know ?<br /><br /><br /><br />----- Original Message -----<br /><br />From: Pritchett, Burt<br />To: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br />Sent: Thursday, August 27, 2009 3:26 PM<br />Subject: RE: hello Mr. Pritchett Sir !!! mad cow feed question<br /><br />Terry,<br /><br />That is the extent of the public information on the recall. If you wish to obtain additional information, you should submit a freedom of information act request through our communications staff. You could send an email request to: CVMHomeP@cvm.fda.gov<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Burt<br /><br />================end...TSS<br /><br /><br /><br />Greetings again FDA, OIG et al,<br /><br /><br /><br />I am trying to find out more information on another recall, that contains possible mad cow protein? but we do not know for sure, the way the recall warning letters are being wrote up now.<br /><br /><br /><br />I had to file FOIA last week for the same thing. see ;<br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 29, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />and I recieved 'confirmation' of my request in the postal mail with Log No. xx-xxxxx.<br /><br /><br /><br />HOWEVER, SADLY, I requested another explaination again from Pritchett, Burt on this newest suspect mad cow feed recall this week below, explaining to him that this is rediculous to have to file a FOIA on every feed recall now, and that all he had to do was to explain exactly what we are speaking of in these recalls, and I have gotten no response to date. SO, I will continue to write these FOIA request, until we get this straightened out, even if it takes another 6+ years to find the truth.<br /><br /><br /><br />F.O.I.A request on the following please ;<br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Bulk ground corn; distributed by Saginaw Flakes, Saginaw, TX, Recall # V-258-2009<br /><br />CODE Bulk ground corn shipped between 05/13/-14/09<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Fargam Land & Grain, Saginaw, TX, by telephone on May 21, 2009. Manufacturer: Mars Petcare US, Clinton, OK.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Bulk ground corn used as feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 429,128 lbs.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION TX, LA<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR SEPTEMBER 2, 2009<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm181251.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm181251.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />IS this is a BSE/TSE feed ban violation of some sort, or exactly what ?<br /><br /><br /><br />NOT KNOWING EXACTLY what this recall is about, we must assume it is just more mad cow feed in commerce, but they refuse to tell us exactly what it is.<br /><br /><br />> ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material<br /><br /><br />exactly what was it ???<br /><br /><br />under regs just previously posted, if i understand this right, you now have 3<br /><br />Subpart B-Listing of Specific Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food or Feed ;<br /><br /><br />§ 589.1000 Gentian violet.<br /><br />§ 589.1001 Propylene glycol in or on cat food.<br /><br />§ 589.2000 Animal proteins prohibited in ruminant feed.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=8f6d4f71330c3337921d820e1854476e&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:6.0.1.1.26&idno=21">http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=8f6d4f71330c3337921d820e1854476e&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:6.0.1.1.26&idno=21</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />SO, which one is it ???<br /><br /><br /><br />THIS recall is not confusing ;<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST<br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />42,090 lbs.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />WI<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007<br /><br />CODE<br /><br />The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br />Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON<br /><br />Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br />9,997,976 lbs.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br />ID and NV<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007<br /><br /><br /><br />http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2007/ENF00996.html<br /><br /><br /><br />NEW URL<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, March 19, 2009<br /><br />MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br /><br />P.O. Box 42<br /><br />Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />How to Make a FOIA Request<br />All FOIA requests must be in writing and should include the following information:<br /><br />A. Requestor's name, address, and telephone number.<br /><br /><br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br /><br />P.O. Box 42<br /><br />Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br /><br />281-559-xxxx<br /><br /><br /><br />B. A description of the records being sought. The records should be identified as specifically as possible. A request for specific records that are releasable to the public can be processed much more quickly than a request for "all information" on a particular subject. Also fees for a more specific and limited request will generally be less.<br /><br /><br /><br />SEE ABOVE FOIA SPECIFIC REQUEST OF RECORDS. ...TSS<br /><br /><br /><br />C. Separate requests should be submitted for each firm or product involved.<br /><br /><br /><br />DUE TO THE LACK OF INFORMATION IN THE ORIGINAL WARNING LETTER, THIS IS NOT POSSIBLE. ...TSS<br /><br /><br /><br />D. A statement concerning willingness to pay fees, including any limitations.<br /><br /><br /><br />I CANNOT PAY ANYTHING. I AM DISABLED AND ON FIXED INCOME. THIS INFORMATION I REQUEST IS FOR ME AND THE PUBLIC. ...TSS<br /><br /><br /><br />Questions relating to FOI requests may be addressed to the Division of the Freedom of Information Offices at 301-827-6567.<br /><br /><br /><br />All FOIA requests must be in writing. At this time, FDA does not accept FOIA requests sent via e-mail. Requests should be mailed to the following address:<br /><br /><br /><br />Food and Drug Administration<br /><br />Division of Freedom of Information (HFI-35)<br /><br />Office of Shared Services<br /><br />Office of Public Information and Library Services<br /><br />5600 Fishers Lane<br /><br />Rockville, MD 20857<br /><br /><br /><br />Or requests may be sent via fax to: fax number 301-443-1726 or 301-443-1719. If experience difficulty sending a fax, please call (301) 443-2414.<br /><br /><br /><br />FAXED AND RECIEVED TO THE ABOVE NUMBER SEPTEMBER 4, 2009...TSS<br /><br /><br /><br />PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT ;<br /><br /><br /><br />>>> Is anybody even looking at the dogs..especially with CWD now so widespread? <<<<br /><br /><br /><br />NA, na, na........they know what they will find, Canine Spongiform Encephalopathy, and it was documented, but then they decided not to push the issue anymore, they had enough mad cow disease in different species to deal with. so they screwed the brains up with dogs and deer in the UK. then we took a page or two from the UKs testing protocols and USDA screwed the brains up with cattle, again, and again, and again. then played the stupid card. ya can't fix stupid.<br /><br /><br />... TSS<br /><br /><br />Monday, March 8, 2010<br /><br />Canine Spongiform Encephalopathy aka MAD DOG DISEASE<br /><br /><br />Greetings, Another Big Myth about Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, is that TSE will not transmit to dogs. This is simply NOT TRUE. IT is perfectly legal to feed dogs and cats here in the USA bovine meat and bone meal. Canine dementia is real. how many dogs and cats here in the USA are tested for mad cow disease ? I just received this F.O.I.A. request, and thought I would post it here with a follow up on MAD DOG DISEASE. This is a follow up with additional data I just received on a FOIA request in 2009 ; see full text, and be sure to read the BSE Inquiry documents toward the bottom ;<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />TSSTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-880189256099046012010-03-02T11:26:00.000-08:002010-03-02T15:37:34.196-08:00Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed/Adulterated/Misbranded Rangen Inc 2/11/10 USARangen Inc 2/11/10<br /><br />Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service<br />Food and Drug Administration<br />Seattle District Pacific Region 22201 23rd Drive SE Bothell, WA 98021-4421 Telephone: 425-486-8788 FAX: 425-483-4996<br /><br />February 11, 2010<br /><br />CERTIFIED MAIL<br /><br />RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED<br /><br />In reply refer to Warning Letter SEA 10-11<br /><br />Christopher T. Rangen, President Rangen, Inc. 115-13th Avenue South PO Box 706 Buhl, Idaho 83316<br /><br />WARNING LETTER<br /><br />Dear Mr. Rangen: On June 9-11, 2009, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigators inspected your animal feed manufacturing facilities located at 115-13th Avenue South, Buhl, Idaho. The inspection revealed significant deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Section 589.2000 (21 C.F.R. 589.2000), Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. This regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). You failed to follow the requirements of this regulation, resulting in products being manufactured and distributed by your facility that were adulterated within the meaning of section 402(a)(4) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act), 21 U.S.C. § 342(a)(4), and misbranded within the meaning of section 403(a)(1) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 343(a)(1). Our investigation determined that adulteration resulted from the failure of your firm to provide for measures to avoid commingling or cross-contamination. The adulterated feed was subsequently misbranded because it was not properly labeled. Specifically, we found:<br /><br />1. Your firm failed to provide for and use cleanout procedures or other means adequate to prevent carry-over of products that contain or may contain proteins derived from mammalian tissues into animal feed that may be used for ruminants, as required by 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1)(iii)(B). Since your feed is prepared, packed, or held under these conditions it is, therefore, adulterated under section 402(a)(4) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 342(a)(4).<br /><br />• Mink feed that was not labeled "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants," in accordance with 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1)(i) and that, therefore, might be fed to ruminants, was produced using the same equipment as aquaculture feed that contains proteins derived from mammalian tissues, such as meat and bone meal. You conducted no clean-outs or flushes of equipment to remove proteins derived from mammalian tissues that may have been present before manufacturing the mink feed that might be fed to ruminants.<br /><br />• The auger trucks you used to deliver bulk mink feed which contained or may have contained proteins derived from mammalian tissues were not subject to an effective clean-out prior to their use to deliver bulk animal feed, including ruminant feed, that did not contain such materials. There were no procedures to clean the trucks to remove proteins derived from mammalian tissues before shipment of animal feeds that did not contain such materials.<br /><br />2. You failed to label all products which contained or may have contained proteins derived from mammalian tissues with the statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants," as required by 21 C.F.R. 589.2000(e)(1)(i). Such products are misbranded under Section 403(a)(1) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 343(a)(1). The misbranded product includes bulk mink feed.<br /><br />• On June 9, 2009, the investigators observed approximately (b)(4) pallets of (b)(4) 50 pound bags of (b)(4) MINK FEED, lot 06/05/09. All bagged mink feed, as well as approximately (b)(4)% of bulk mink feed, manufactured at your facility, was produced using the aquaculture feed production equipment used to produce feed containing proteins derived from mammalian tissues. Because mink feed produced using this equipment may have contained mammalian tissues, it was not properly labeled, as required by 21 C.F.R. 589.2000(e)(1)(i).<br /><br />This letter is not intended to serve as an all-inclusive list of violations at your facility. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use, you are responsible for ensuring your overall operation and the products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. You should take prompt action to correct the above violations and you should establish a system whereby violations do not occur. Failure to promptly correct these violations may result in regulatory action, such seizure and/or injunction, without further notice.<br /><br />We acknowledge your July 31, 2009 letter detailing procedures you had implemented or planned to implement to prevent future violations of FDA regulations relating to mammalian proteins in animal feed. In particular the letter stated that Rangen would no longer purchase meat and bone meal for use in any of its animal feeds and that existing inventories of mammalian protein ingredients would be exhausted by December 31, 2009. Division Manager, Joy Kinyon made similar assertions in the course of FDA's June 2009 inspection. The July 31, 2009 letter further set out procedures Rangen would use to remedy observed violations of FDA regulations while mammalian proteins were still being used at Rangen. Finally you explained steps taken to recover or relabel feed that may have been contaminated due to commingling resulting from your manufacturing and distribution procedures. Within fifteen (15) working days of receiving this letter you should, in writing, confirm the steps you took prior to receiving this letter and notify FDA of steps you have taken since receiving this letter to bring your firm into compliance with the law. Your response should include each step that has been taken or will be taken to correct the violations and prevent their recurrence. If corrective action cannot be completed within fifteen (15) working days, state the reason for the delay and the time frame within which the corrections will be completed. Please include copies of any available documentation demonstrating that corrections have been made.<br /><br />Your written reply should be directed to Scott A. Nabe, Compliance Officer, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 22201 23rd Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021-4421. If you have any questions about this letter, please contact Mr. Nabe at (425) 483-4753.<br /><br />Sincerely,<br /><br />/s/<br /><br />Charles M. Breen District Director Seattle District<br /><br />cc: Joy A. Kinyon, Division Manager, Aquaculture Feeds-General Feeds Rangen, Inc. PO Box 706 115-13th Avenue South Buhl, Idaho 83316<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm201893.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm201893.htm</a><br /><br /><br />Monday, March 1, 2010<br /><br />ANIMAL PROTEIN I.E. MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE A REVIEW 2010<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, December 01, 2007 Phenotypic Similarity of Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy in Cattle and L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Mouse Model Volume 13, Number 12–December 2007 Research<br /><br />Phenotypic Similarity of Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy in Cattle and L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Mouse Model<br /><br />Thierry Baron,* Anna Bencsik,* Anne-Gaëlle Biacabe,* Eric Morignat,* andRichard A. Bessen†*Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments–Lyon, Lyon, France; and†Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA<br /><br />Abstract<br /><br />Transmissible mink encepholapathy (TME) is a foodborne transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of ranch-raised mink; infection with a ruminant TSE has been proposed as the cause, but the precise origin of TME is unknown. To compare the phenotypes of each TSE, bovine-passaged TME isolate and 3 distinct natural bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agents (typical BSE, H-type BSE, and L-type BSE) were inoculated into an ovine transgenic mouse line (TgOvPrP4). Transgenic mice were susceptible to infection with bovine-passaged TME, typical BSE, and L-type BSE but not to H-type BSE. Based on survival periods, brain lesions profiles, disease-associated prion protein brain distribution, and biochemical properties of protease-resistant prion protein, typical BSE had a distint phenotype in ovine transgenic mice compared to L-type BSE and bovine TME.The similar phenotypic properties of L-type BSE and bovine TME in TgOvPrP4 mice suggest that L-type BSE is a much more likely candidate for the origin of TME than is typical BSE.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />Conclusion<br /><br />These studies provide experimental evidence that the Stetsonville TME agent is distinct from typical BSE but has phenotypic similarities to L-type BSE in TgOvPrP4 mice. Our conclusion is that L-type BSE is a more likely candidate for a bovine source of TME infection than typical BSE. In the scenario that a ruminant TSE is the source for TME infection in mink, this would be a second example of transmission of a TSE from ruminants to non-ruminants under natural conditions or farming practices in addition to transmission of typical BSE to humans, domestic cats, and exotic zoo animals(37). The potential importance of this finding is relevant to L-type BSE, which based on experimental transmission into humanized PrP transgenic mice and macaques, suggests that L-type BSE is more pathogenic for humans than typical BSE (24,38).<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/12/1887.htm?s_cid=eid1887_e">http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/12/1887.htm?s_cid=eid1887_e</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />14th ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure -<br /><br />Final Abstract Number: ISE.114<br /><br />Session: International Scientific Exchange<br /><br />Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America<br /><br />update October 2009<br /><br />T. Singeltary<br /><br />Bacliff, TX, USA<br /><br />Background:<br /><br />An update on atypical BSE and other TSE in North America. Please remember, the typical U.K. c-BSE, the atypical l-BSE (BASE), and h-BSE have all been documented in North America, along with the typical scrapie's, and atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and to date, 2 different strains of CWD, and also TME. All these TSE in different species have been rendered and fed to food producing animals for humans and animals in North America (TSE in cats and dogs ?), and that the trading of these TSEs via animals and products via the USA and Canada has been immense over the years, decades.<br /><br />Methods:<br /><br />12 years independent research of available data<br /><br />Results:<br /><br />I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc.<br /><br />Conclusion:<br /><br />I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. Restricting the reporting of CJD and or any human TSE is NOT scientific. Iatrogenic CJD knows NO age group, TSE knows no boundaries. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.<br /><br /><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf">http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />International Society for Infectious Diseases Web: <a href="http://www.isid.org/">http://www.isid.org/</a><br /><br /><br />Saturday, January 2, 2010<br /><br />Human Prion Diseases in the United States January 1, 2010 ***FINAL***<br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html</a><br /><br /><br />my comments to PLosone here ;<br /><br /><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a><br /><br /><br />Friday, February 05, 2010<br /><br />New Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease case reports United States 2010 A Review<br /><br /><a href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2010/02/new-variant-creutzfelt-jakob-disease.html">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2010/02/new-variant-creutzfelt-jakob-disease.html</a><br /><br /><br />Sunday, February 14, 2010<br /><br />[Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)<br /><br /><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html</a><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, February 24, 2010<br /><br />Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America 14th<br /><br />ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure -<br /><br /><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br /><br /><br />TSE<br /><br /><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />TSSTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-87423488220107526692010-03-01T10:51:00.000-08:002010-03-01T11:50:10.467-08:00ANIMAL PROTEIN I.E. MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE A REVIEW 2010WELL, IT SEEMS that the infamous FDA partial and voluntary mad cow feed ban of August 4, 1997, is what it was, nothing but ink on paper. In other words it failed time and time again, and the FDA et al CANNOT ENFORCE IT.<br /><br /><br />Here are a few 100 tons of suspect mad cow protein in commerce in the USA since 1997. remember, the fda urls are now dead. i only searched out that old 10 million pounder. skroll down, and for the suspect mad cow feed that is in commerce in the links below, the links will be dead. IF you need a real FDA URL, you will have to search it out via the FDA search engine. FOR INSTANCE, go here, http://www.fda.gov/ top right, search by the ;<br /><br /><br />We will start out with the 10,000,000 pounds that went out into commerce a few years back in 2007, but first, let us look at what the latest transmission studies are telling us ;<br /><br /><br /><br />PRION 2009 CONGRESS BOOK OF ABSTRACTS<br /><br />O.4.3<br /><br />Spread of BSE prions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after oral transmission<br /><br />Edgar Holznagel1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Barbara Yutzy1, Gerhard Hunsmann3, Johannes Loewer1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Sera and Vaccines, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany<br /><br />Background: BSE-infected cynomolgus monkeys represent a relevant animal model to study the pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD).<br /><br />Objectives: To study the spread of BSE prions during the asymptomatic phase of infection in a simian animal model.<br /><br />Methods: Orally BSE-dosed macaques (n=10) were sacrificed at defined time points during the incubation period and 7 orally BSE-dosed macaques were sacrificed after the onset of clinical signs. Neuronal and non-neuronal tissues were tested for the presence of proteinase-K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by western immunoblot and by paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot technique.<br /><br />Results: In clinically diseased macaques (5 years p.i. + 6 mo.), PrPres deposits were widely spread in neuronal tissues (including the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and in lymphoid tissues including tonsils. In asymptomatic disease carriers, PrPres deposits could be detected in intestinal lymph nodes as early as 1 year p.i., but CNS tissues were negative until 3 – 4 years p.i. Lumbal/sacral segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were PrPres positive as early as 4.1 years p.i., whereas sympathetic trunk and all thoracic/cervical segments of the spinal cord were still negative for PrPres. However, tonsil samples were negative in all asymptomatic cases.<br /><br />Discussion: There is evidence for an early spread of BSE to the CNS via autonomic fibres of the splanchnic and vagus nerves indicating that trans-synaptical spread may be a time-limiting factor for neuroinvasion. Tonsils were predominantly negative during the main part of the incubation period indicating that epidemiological vCJD screening results based on the detection of PrPres in tonsil biopsies may mostly tend to underestimate the prevalence of vCJD among humans.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.<br /><br />look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;<br /><br />Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates<br /><br />Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />BSE bovine brain inoculum<br /><br />100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg<br /><br />Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)<br /><br />Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)<br /><br />RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)<br /><br />PrPres biochemical detection<br /><br />The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.<br /><br />Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula<br /><br />Published online January 27, 2005<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />it is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradleyâs surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />NOW, highly suspect banned mad cow feed in commerce USA a review 2010 ;<br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br /><br />Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling’s 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007<br /><br /><br />CODE<br /><br /><br />Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007<br /><br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br /><br />Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br /><br />REASON<br /><br /><br />Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br /><br />42,090 lbs.<br /><br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br /><br />WI<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br /><br />Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot-Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI – 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J – PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A-BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007<br /><br /><br />CODE<br /><br /><br />The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.<br /><br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br /><br />Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br /><br />REASON<br /><br /><br />Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br /><br />9,997,976 lbs.<br /><br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br /><br />ID and NV<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007<br /><br /><br />###<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, January 17, 2010<br /><br />BSE USA feed inspection violations 01/01/2009 to 01/17/2010 FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, January 15, 2010<br /><br />New York Firm Recalls Beef Carcass That Contains Prohibited Materials (BSE)<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-york-firm-recalls-beef-carcass-that.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-york-firm-recalls-beef-carcass-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, September 4, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 29, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />C O N F I R M E D<br /><br />----- Original Message -----<br />From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."<br />To:<br />Sent: Thursday, November 05, 2009 9:25 PM<br />Subject: [BSE-L] re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, November 12, 2009<br /><br />BSE FEED RECALL Misbranding of product by partial label removal to hide original source of materials 2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Annual Report Fiscal Year 2008: October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008<br /><br />PUTTING LIPSTICK ON A PIG AND TAKING HER TO A DANCE...TSS<br /><br />BSE Feed Rule Enforcement: A Decade of Success OFF TO A FAST START<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />NOW, let's have a look from 2001 to 2007, but first, let's hand out the Presidential Award for all this USA mad cow protein in commerce ;<br /><br /><br /><br />1999 - 2000 CVM BSE<br /><br />CVM Update (THIS IS NOT A JOKE...TSS) May 13, 1999<br /><br />BSE FEED REGULATION TEAM TO RECEIVE VICE PRESIDENTIAL AWARD<br /><br />On May 14, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)/Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Feed Regulation Team will be honored with Vice President Al Gore's Hammer Award. The BSE Feed Regulation Team is comprised of employees from FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) and Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA), and AAFCO, an organization that includes officials from all States and the Federal government who are responsible for enforcing the laws regulating the production, labeling, distribution, and/or sale of animal feeds.<br /><br />The Award will be presented by Yetta Lyle who will be representing the Vice President's National Partnership for Reinventing Government at CVM's 1999 Honor Awards Ceremony. The Awards ceremony will be held from 9:30 - 11:30 a.m., at the Gaithersburg Hilton Hotel, Grand Ballroom, 620 Perry Parkway, in Gaithersburg, MD. The 17 team members who spearheaded the effort will be honored.<br /><br />The award citation reads, "For making a significant contribution to reducing the possibility of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or 'mad cow disease') becoming established and spread in the U.S." The Team used an innovative education-oriented partnership program to enforce a FDA regulation designed to control BSE. Compliance rates for the first inspections of all but one industry segment equaled or exceeded 75 percent. Compliance rates at follow-up inspections should approach the goal of 100 percent compliance, based on the enforcement strategy developed and updated jointly by the partners. Independent research has shown that major industry adjustments have been made to facilitate compliance with the regulations. FDA and State inspectors have conducted an unprecedented number of education-oriented inspections; a reinvented approach to doing inspections that has resulted in 70 percent savings in the cost of inspections, amounting to $1.3 million in Fiscal Year 1999.<br /><br />The Hammer Award is the down-to-earth symbol of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government, a five-year old, major initiative to make the government work better for less. The program honors Federal employees and their partners who have joined forces to streamline procedures, put consumers first, and help build a better and more cost-effective government.<br /><br />In addition to a plain carpenter's hammer, the award includes a ribbon and the Vice President's note of appreciation, all set in an aluminum frame. Also, every Team member will receive a personal certificate of appreciation with Al Gore's signature and a lapel hammer pin.<br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Issued by: FDA, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Management and Communications, HFV-12 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855 Telephone: (301) 827-3800 FAX: (301) 827-4065 Internet Web Site: http://www.fda.gov/cvm<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/HAMMERUP.html">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/HAMMERUP.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Loweís 40% Hog Concentrate - swine feed for mixing grower and finisher rations, in 50-pound bulk bags. Recall #V-057-0. CODE All codes between August 1, 1999 and November 23, 1999. MANUFACTURER Lowe's Feed & Grain, Inc., Bowling Green, Kentucky. RECALLED BY Manufacturer, by letter dated November 18, 1999, and by telephone. Firm-initiated recall complete.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION Ohio.<br /><br />QUANTITY 12.46 tons were distributed.<br /><br />REASON Product contained protein derived from mammalian tissue and according to regulation must bear the statement "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants" on the label. This regulation is designed to prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed. This statement does not appear on the label.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/ENF00623.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/ENF00623.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />2001<br /><br />October 30, 2001<br /><br />RUMINANT FEED (BSE) ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseoctup.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseoctup.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />October 10, 2001<br /><br />FDA HOLDING PUBLIC HEARING ON RUMINANT FEED (BSE) RULES<br /><br />The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is holding a public hearing to solicit information and views on its present animal feeding regulation "Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed" -- Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 589.2000. The purpose of the rule is to help prevent the establishment and amplification of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in U.S. cattle herds through feed and thereby help minimize any risks from BSE to animal or human health.<br /><br />FDA recognizes that new information has emerged on BSE and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) since the rule went into effect in 1997. Therefore, FDA is requesting information and views from individuals and organizations on the present rule and whether changes in the rule or other additional measures are necessary. The Agency is particularly interested in soliciting comments and views from individuals, industry, consumer groups, health professionals, and researchers with expertise in BSE and related animal and human diseases. ...snip<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/part15.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/part15.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />September 25, 2001<br /><br />BSE INSPECTION CHECKLIST AVAILABLE ON THE CVM INTERNET HOME PAGE<br /><br />FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) has made available the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Inspection Checklist on the Center's Home Page on the Internet. This checklist is to be used by Federal and State inspectors to determine compliance with FDA's ruminant feed (BSE) regulations, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 589.2000. This rule, that prohibits the use of most mammalian protein in feeds for ruminant animals, was implemented to prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed in the United States. The rule became effective on August 4, 1997. Inspections of over 10,000 renderers, feed mills, ruminant feeders, and others (such as protein blenders) have been conducted to determine compliance with the BSE feed regulations. The majority of these inspections (around 80%) were conducted by State officials and the remainder by FDA. A checklist has been used to record information on the compliance with the rules. The checklist that is being made available on the CVM Home Page is a revised version intended for use in future inspections.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bsecheck.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bsecheck.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Update July 7, 2001<br /><br />RUMINANT FEED (BSE) ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse72001.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse72001.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Update March 23, 2001<br /><br />RUMINANT FEED (BSE) ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bsemar3.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bsemar3.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Update January 10, 2001<br /><br />UPDATE ON RUMINANT FEED (BSE) ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseup.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseup.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE - CLASS II<br /><br />_______________________<br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Red Cell, Iron Rich Homogenized, Yucca Flavored Vitamin-Iron-Mineral Supplement for all classes of horses. For Animal Use Only. NET CONTENTS: 1 GALLON. HORSE HEALTH Products, A Division of Farnam Companies, Inc. PO Box 34820, Phoenix AZ 85067-4820, Recall # V-002-2. Redglo, EQUICARE (brand), Homogenized Energy Building Liquid Multi- Vitamin Supplement for Horses. EQUICARE PRODUCTS, A Division of Farnam Companies, Inc., PO Box 34820, Phoenix, AZ, Recall # V-003-2. CODE All codes. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Farnam Companies, Inc., Phoenix, Arizona, sent a recall letter dated March 8, 2001, to all distributors via regular first class mail. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON The products contain protein material derived from bovine mammalian tissues; however, the bags are not labeled with the required BSE cautionary statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 14,000 to 15,000 gallons.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION Nationwide.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00719.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00719.html</a><br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: Ruminant Custom Mix Feeds: V-388-1 "Beef Feed" manufactured with Buckeye 40% Beef Finisher Pellets, Item 40950. V-389-1 "Rita's Goat Feed" manufactured with Buckeye 39% Lamb Conc. Pellets, Item 41250. V-390-1 "Calf-Beef/Dairy Feed" manufactured with Buckeye 32% Golden Expectation Pellets, Item 42150 V-391-1 "Feed with Vitamin A" manufactured with Buckeye Vitamin A-30, Item 1614 V-392-1 "Feed/A-D-E Premix" manufactured with Buckeye A-D-E Mix, Item 152850 V-409-1 "Calf Feed" manufactured with Buckeye 32% Calf Grower Concentrate, Item 42350<br /><br />Non-Ruminant Custom Mix Feeds: V-393-1 "40% Poultry Feed" manufactured with Buckeye 40% Poultry Concentrate Crumbles, Item 12100 V-394-1 "40% Hog Feed" manufactured with Buckeye 40% Gro'Em Lean, Item 20550 V-395-1 "Horse Premium Mixer" manufactured with Buckeye 32% Premium Mixer Pellets, Item 38000 Code: All bulk custom mix feeds manufactured prior to April 20, 2001. The customer invoices indicate the type of Buckeye supplement used in the bulk feed. REASON: The bulk custom mix feeds were prepared with ruminant feed supplements recalled by Buckeye Nutrition due to contamination with protein derived from mammalian tissues.<br /><br />The non-ruminant bulk custom mix feeds were not labeled with the required BSE caution statement "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants." MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: Ferrin Cooperative Equity Exchange, Inc., Carlyle, Illinois RECALLED BY: The firm , by letter beginning on June 28, 2001. FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Ongoing.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: IL QUANTITY: 169 tons of ruminant feeds and 27 tons of non-ruminant feeds<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR October 10, 2001.<br /><br />####<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00714.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00714.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: Recall # Product V-397-1 Hyland Floating Fishfood, in 50 pound bags V-398-1 Endurance Plus Extrude Horse Feed, in 50 pound bags V-399-1 Seminole Ultra Bloom Horse Feed, in 50 pound bags V-400-1 Wheat Flakes, extruded product in bulk, not bagged V-401-1 Corn Flakes, extruded product in bulk, not bagged V-402-1 Capt. Crunch, extruded product in bulk, not bagged V-403-1 Green Corn Puffs, extruded product in bulk, not bagged V-404-1 Orange Corn Puffs, extruded product in bulk, not bagged V-405-1 Whole Kernel Corn, in 50 pound bags, unlabeled V-406-1 Soybean Meal, in bulk, not bagged, unlabeled ALL CODES<br /><br /><br />REASON: The animal feed products may contain proteins derived from mammalian tissues. The products are not labeled with the required BSE caution statement "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants." MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: The Hyland Company, Ashland, Kentucky RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by telephone on July 25, 2001, and letters on July 31, 2001. FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Complete<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: KY, GA, NC, FL WV QUANTITY: 568 tons<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR August 29, 2001.<br /><br />####<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00708.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00708.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: V-385-1 - Rock-N-Rooster Competition Blend, lots: K01611 K01719 K01912 K01916 K02012 K02015 K02214 K02310 K02314 K02318 K02519 K02615 K02917 K03018 K03114 K03215 K03316 K03413 K10116 K10119 K10219 K10313 K10417 K10610 K10714 K10914 K11115 K11214 K11412 K11512 K02019 K02813 K03516 K10616 K11515 V-386-1 - Rock-N-Rooster Premium Five-Grain Scratch, lots: K01611 K01715 K01718 K01812 K01912 K01916 K02012 K02015 K02019 K02117 K02214 K02310 K02318 K02513 K02518 K02710 K02719 K02813 K02910 K02917 K03011 K03018 K03114 K03215 K03413 K03418 K03516 K03517 K10012 K10013 K10115 K10119 K10219 K10310 K10312 K10410 K10611 K10614 K10616 K10713 K10810 K10812 K10914 K10919 K11012 K11114 K11115 K11216 K11213 K11214 K11315 K11412 K11419 K11512 K01918 K02314 K02814 K03316 K101121 K10510 K10819 K11211 K11515 V-387-1 - Rock-N-Rooster Maintainer, lots: K01611 K01719 K01812 K01912 K01916 K01918 K02015 K02117 K02314 K02318 K02513 K02519 K02813 K02814 K02917 K03011 K03018 K03114 K03316 K03413 K03418 K03514 K03516 K03517 K10116 K10119 K10219 K10312 K10417 K10512 K10617 K10714 K10810 K11012 K11115 K11211 K11315 K11512 K11515 K02012 K02615 K03215 K10012 K10616 K11214 REASON: The product contained prohibited material; however, the bags were not labeled with the required BSE cautionary statement. MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: Southern States Cooperative, Inc., Richmond, Virginia RECALLED BY: The recalling firm ceased distribution on June 6, 2001, and notified feed mill distributors and distribution points by e-mail on June 6 and 7, 2001, to stop sale and notify their retail customers of the stop sale and provide further instructions for relabeling of any of the affected inventory. The firm sent labels with the cautionary statement to their consignees. FIRM INITIATED RECALL:<br /><br />ONGOING DISTRIBUTION: KY, VA, MD, WV, NC, SC, GA, AL, DE, FL, MS and TN<br /><br />QUANTITY: 962 tons<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR August 1, 2001.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00704.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00704.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: V-353-1 through V-370-1, Chicken feed products: Recall # Tag # Product V-353-1 587 B. Challenger Scratch Feed V-354-1 588 B. 18% Gamebird Conditioner V-355-1 2060 B. Kickin' Chicken Premium Game Cock Feed V-356-1 2066 B. Kickin' Chicken Premium Gamebird 16% V-357-1 586 B. Scratch Grain V-358-1 2051 B. Pit Performer 17% V-359-1 575 B. Classic Yard Feed V-360-1 576 Eliminator Maintainer V-361-1 578 Eliminator Conditioner V-362-1 586 Producer Scratch Grain V-363-1 4587 Producer 12% Gamebird Yard Feed V-364-1 2065 Cleveland Trophy Cock Feed V-365-1 80181AAA Consolidated Hen Scratch V-366-1 2051 B&B Maintenance 12 V-367-1 2052 B&B Conditioner 14 V-368-1 2050 B&B Scratch 10 V-369-1 4590 Kingsport Original Prater Mix V-370-1 2062 PC 10 (unlabeled bags) ALL CODES The "B" indicates that the Burkmann Feeds brand name is listed on the tag labels. The suspect products are also bagged and distributed under the following private labels: Producer Feeds, Louisville, Kentucky Kingsport Milling, Kingsport, Tennessee Consolidated Nutrition, L.C., Omaha, Nebraska B&B Feeds, Knoxville, Tennessee Eagle Roller Mill Co., Inc., Shelby, North Carolina Central Farm Supply of Kentucky, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky<br /><br />REASON: The chicken feed products may contain proteins derived from mammalian tissues. The products are not labeled with the required BSE caution statement "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants."<br /><br />MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: Burkmann Feeds, London, Kentucky RECALLED BY: On May 5, 2001, the firm mailed recall letters with attached BSE sticker-labels to all customers outside the state of Kentucky. The recall notices were hand- delivered to customers within the state of Kentucky by Burkmann's Sales Representatives. Customers were asked to complete and return a recall response form that was included with each letter documenting the numbers of bags and varieties of products for which the customers affixed the BSE sticker-labels. The firm expanded their recall on May 10, 2001, and mailed recall letters with BSE labels and response forms to the affected customers. FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Ongoing<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: KY, GA, NC, TN, VA<br /><br />QUANTITY: 933 tons<br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: V-377-1, Renner’s brand 45% meat and bone meal, packed in 100 pound bags.<br /><br />REASON: The product contained protein material derived from bovine mammalian tissues; however, the bags are not labeled with the required BSE cautionary statement. MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: F. W. Renner & Sons, Inc., Canton, Ohio RECALLED BY: The recalling firm contacted the consignees by telephone on June 19, 2001. FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Complete<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: OH<br /><br /><br />QUANTITY: 2,500 lbs<br /><br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: V-378-1 to V-384-1, RenPro 58% (brand name) swine and poultry feeds in bulk, as follows: V-378-1 - Poultry Layer #215 - guaranteed analysis 15% crude protein, 3% crude fat, and 3.5% crude fiber. V-379-1 - Poultry Layer #216 - guaranteed analysis 16% crude protein, 3% crude fat, and 3.5% crude fiber. V-380-1 - Poultry Layer #217 - guaranteed analysis 17% crude protein, 3% crude fat, and 3.5% crude fiber. V-381-1 - Poultry Layer #218 - guaranteed analysis 18% crude protein, 3% crude fat, and 3.5% crude fiber. V-382-1 - Poultry Layer #219 - guaranteed analysis 19% crude protein, 3.5% crude fat, and 4% crude fiber. V-383-1 - Poultry Prelay #115 - guaranteed analysis 16% crude protein, 3% crude fat, and 5% crude fiber. V-384-1 - Poultry Developer #110 - guaranteed analysis 14% crude protein, 3% crude fat, and 5.5% crude fiber. MANFACTURER: Esbenshade Mills, Mount Joy, PA RECALLED BY: On 5/24/01, the manufacturer notified their customers of the labeling requirement via letter. FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Complete<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: PA QUANTITY: None. The product turn over is two weeks or less.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 25, 2001.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00703.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00703.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: V-371-1, Tender Lean/Shelled Corn Cattle Feed Mix, a custom animal feed mix, packed in 80 LB bags. CODES: None. The bags are unlabeled. The feed was manufactured on 5/14/2001.<br /><br />REASON: The cattle feed (for ruminant animals)may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues. MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: Champaign Landmark, Inc., Urbana, Ohio RECALLED BY: On 5/24/2001, the firm's Feed Manager personally visited the sole farmer/consignee, at which time, he hand-delivered the firm's recall letter. FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Complete<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: Ohio QUANTITY: 2,000 LBS<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 11, 2001.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00701.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00701.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: V-352-1, Bulk Lamb Meal, All lots of bulk lamb meal shipped by the recalling firm<br /><br />REASON: The product is not labeled with the required caution statement “Do not feed to Cattle or other Ruminants.” MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: International Proteins Corporations (IPC), St. Paul MN RECALLED BY: Recalling Firm, Revised labeling by letter on April 17, 2001. FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Ongoing.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: MN, IL, MO, AR and TX QUANTITY 3,094 tons<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 04, 2001.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00700.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00700.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PODUCT: Bulk Lamb Meal. Recall Number V-052-1. CODES: All lots of bulk lamb meal shipped by the recalling firm. MANUFACTURER: International Proteins Corporations (IPC), St. Paul, Minnesota. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, sent revised labeling in a letter on April 17, 2001. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: MN, IL, MO, AK, TX. QUANTITY: 3,094 tons.<br /><br />REASON: The product is not labeled with the required caution statement "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants."<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR June 20, 2001.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00698.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00698.html</a><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETMED -- CLASS IIPRODUCT & CODES: Animal feed products, packaged in 5, 25, 50, and 55 pound bags, and in bulk, intended for both ruminant and non-ruminant animals. The products are as follows: Recall # V-195-1 through V-350-1.<br /><br />RUMINANT FEED PRODUCTS:<br /><br />RECALL NO. PRODUCT NO. PRODUCT NAME<br /><br />V-195-1 40150 B. 30% Calf Pellet V-196-1 40250 B. 16% Calf Pellet V-197-1 40350 B. 16% Calf Ration V-198-1 40450 B. 18% Calf Starter V-199-1 40600 B. 38% Dairy Pellet V-200-1 40650 B. 38% Dairy Pellet V-201-1 40750 B. 16% Dairy Feed V-202-1 40950 B. 40% Beef Pellet V-203-1 41150 B. 18% Lamb Starter Pellet V-204-1 41250 B. 39% Lamb Conc. Pellet V-205-1 41350 B. 14% Lamb & Beef Pellet V-206-1 41450 B. 16% Goat Feed V-207-1 42150 B. 32% Expectation Pellet V-208-1 42250 B. Llama & Alpaca Pellet V-209-1 42350 B. 32% Calf Grower Pellet V-210-1 42650 B. Llama & Alpaca Crums V-211-1 42750 B. 38% Hay Booster 2 V-212-1 42850 B. 25% Pasture Booster V-213-1 43100 B. 16% Grower/Dev Pellet V-214-1 43150 B. 16% Grower/Dev Pellet V-215-1 43700 WH 32% Calf Gro Pellet V-216-1 43750 WH 32% Calf Gro Pellet V-217-1 43850 B. 38% Dairy Mix V-218-1 44250 B. 17% Doe Pellet V-219-1 44350 B. 21% Buck Pellet V-220-1 44450 Legends Ranch Pellet V-221-1 44500 Legends 17% Breeder Pellet V-222-1 1652 B. Vitamin E-20 V-223-1 1614 B. Vitamin A-30 V-224-1 44550 Legends 17% Breeder Pellet V-225-1 44650 Legends 13.5% Rut Pellet V-226-1 44750 Deer Starter (J) V-227-1 44940 Llama Premix (J) FSC V-228-1 45150 Empire 25% Calf Pellet V-229-1 45450 Berry Llama Pellet V-230-1 45950 50% Beef Conc. (Meal) V-231-1 46250 B. 12% Sweet Livestock V-232-1 46350 B. 1440 Bovatec Pellet V-233-1 46400 Liberty 38% Dairy Pellet V-234-1 46450 Liberty 38% Dairy Pellet V-235-1 47150 B. 14% Gold-n-Grower V-236-1 47250 B. 12% Gold-n-Conditioner V-237-1 47450 B. 18% Gold-n-Lamb V-238-1 47800 Homeworth Dairy Pellet V-239-1 47850 Homeworth Dairy Pellet V-240-1 47900 B. 36% Hi Fat Dairy Pellet V-241-1 47950 B. 36% Hi Fat Dairy Pellet V-242-1 48550 B. 16% Calf Pellet CA V-243-1 49200 Mastead Dairy Base V-244-1 49300 KLEJKA Dairy Base V-245-1 49650 Deer Premix (J) HFB V-246-1 49750 39% Lamb Premix (J) HFB V-247-1 49850 Lamb Starter Premix (J) HFB V-248-1 120850 Brood Cow Deluxe Mineral V-249-1 152850 B. A-D-E Mix<br /><br />NON-RUMINANT FEED PRODUCTS:<br /><br />V-250-1 10150 B. Miracle Starter V-251-1 10350 B. 21% Broiler Starter V-252-1 10450 B. Pullet Grower & Developer V-253-1 10550 B. 18% Layer Breeder Pellets V-254-1 10750 B. 20% Gold Std. Laying Crum V-255-1 10950 B. 17% Complete Laying Crums V-256-1 11050 B. 16% Prosperity Layer Crums V-257-1 11100 B. 40% Poultry Concentrate V-258-1 11150 B. 40% Poultry Concentrate V-259-1 11250 B. 28% Turkey Starter Crums V-260-1 11350 20% Gig "4" Pellets V-261-1 11450 B. 16% Prosperity Layer Pellets V-262-1 11550 18% Game Bird Breeder Pellets V-263-1 11650 B. 19% Ratite Grower Diet V-264-1 11750 B. 23% Ratite Breeder Diet V-265-1 12100 B. 40% Poultry Concentrate Crums V-266-1 12550 B. 32% Base Poultry Mix V-267-1 13250 B. 28% Turkey Starter V-268-1 13450 B. 20% Poultry Grower V-269-1 14325 B. Game Bird Mix - Coarse V-270-1 20150 B. 18% Pig Starter Pellets V-271-1 20250 B. 16% Pig Grower Pellets V-272-1 20450 B. 14% Porkmaker 100 Pellets V-273-1 20550 B. 40% Gro 'Em Lean V-274-1 21850 B. 27% Hi-Fat Swine Base V-275-1 23000 Mt. Hope Hevy Hog V-276-1 30050 12% Pleasure Horse - Sweet V-277-1 30150 Alfa + Performer 10 Sweet V-278-1 30250 14% Grass + Perf Sweet V-279-1 30450 12% Wrangler - Complete V-280-1 30550 B. 12% Pleasure Horse Pellets V-281-1 30650 B. 32% Gro' N Win Pellets V-282-1 30750 12% Wrangler Cubes V-283-1 30950 18% Foal Starter V-284-1 31050 B. 14% Alfa + Dev Pellets V-285-1 31150 B. Alfa + Performer 10 Pel V-286-1 31200 Grass +Performer 14 Pel V-287-1 31250 Grass +Performer 14 Pel V-288-1 31350 12% Mustang V-289-1 31450 Endurance - 101 Extruded V-290-1 31550 B. Equine Energy - UK V-291-1 31650 B. 16% Grass + Dev Pellets V-292-1 31750 16% Grass + Dev Cubes V-293-1 31850 16% Grass + Dev Sweet V-294-1 31950 B. 11% Alfa Gro 'N Win Pel V-295-1 32050 B. Sho' Win Pellets V-296-1 32250 B. Senior Formula V-297-1 32350 Oscar Horse Mix V-298-1 32450 B. Ultimate Finish V-299-1 32550 Crossfire Horse Feed V-300-1 32650 B. Equine 16% Growth V-301-1 32750 B. Reduced Energy Formula V-302-1 32850 B. Training Formula V-303-1 32950 B. Cadence Formula V-304-1 33150 B. Track 12 Horse Feed V-305-1 33350 Spears 16% GR + Dev Cubes V-306-1 33400 B. 14% Supreme Horse Pellets V-307-1 33450 B. 14% Supreme Horse Pellets V-308-1 33650 B. Race'N Win V-309-1 33750 B. 14% Prominent Horse Feed V-310-1 33850 B. Unbeetable Horse Feed V-311-1 34750 Cargill Senior Horse V-312-1 34850 Cargill Vitality Gold V-313-1 35150 Chagrin 12% Sweet Fd V-314-1 35250 Smith Pure Pleasure V-315-1 35750 Roundup 10% Horse Pellets V-316-1 35850 12% Summerglo Horse V-317-1 36255 B. Grass +Min&VitBase - Mexico V-318-1 36850 Miller's 12% Horse Feed V-319-1 37155 B. Gro'Win Base Mix - Mexico V-320-1 38000 B. 32% Premium Mixer Pellets V-321-1 38050 B. 32% Premium Mixer Pellets V-322-1 38100 36% Maintenance Mixer Pellets V-323-1 38150 36% Maintenance Mixer Pellets V-324-1 50150 Terramycin Crumbles V-325-1 60105 16% Rabbit Pellets V-326-1 60125 16% Rabbit Pellets V-327-1 60150 B. 16% Rabbit Pellets V-328-1 60205 18% Rabbit Developer V-329-1 60250 B. 18% Rabbit Developer V-330-1 60450 B. 16% Rabbit Maintenance V-331-1 90150 B. Buckeye Scratch V-332-1 90225 Gold Standard Scratch V-333-1 90250 Gold Standard Scratch V-334-1 90350 Intermediate Scratch V-335-1 90450 B. Chick Grains V-336-1 90525 B. Shelled Corn V-337-1 90550 B. Shelled Corn V-338-1 90650 B. Cracked Corn V-339-1 90825 B. Fine Cracked Corn V-340-1 90850 B. Fine Cracked Corn V-341-1 91000 Steam Flaked Corn V-342-1 91050 Steam Flaked Corn V-343-1 91750 Oats - HP Crimped V-344-1 91850 B. HP Sweet Crimped Oats V-345-1 95550 Land O' Lakes Shelled Corn V-346-1 95650 Land O' Cracked Corn V-347-1 95850 Land O' Lakes Chick Crack V-348-1 100850 B. Alfalfa Pellets V-349-1 101850 Cooked Full Fat Soybean V-350-1 122200 Magnatone M-4-B Pels Bulk MANUFACTURER: Buckeye Feed Mills, Dalton, Ohio. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer visited local customers on April 17, 2001. On April 18 and 19, 2001, manufacturer mailed and faxed recall notices. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: Al, CT, DE, FL, GA, IL, IN, IA, KY, ME, MD, MA, MO, MN, MS, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, RI, TN, VA, WV, and WI.<br /><br /><br />QUANTITY: 2,790 tons of ruminant feed products and 14,000 tons of non-ruminant feed products. REASON: The animal feed products may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00696.htmlhttp://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00694.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00696.htmlhttp://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00694.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDS -- CLASS II PRODUCT: Buckeye 26% Hi Fat Swine Mix, Sandy Lake 40% Hog Supplement, 100 lb. containers, flexible plastic burlap bags. Recall #V-026-1. CODE: None are used. MANUFACTURER: Sandy Lake Mills, Sandy Lake, PA. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by telephone and visit. Firm initiated recall complete.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: Pennsylvania.<br /><br />QUANTITY: Seven containers, each weighing 100 pounds.<br /><br />REASON: The product contains prohibited material (ruminant animal proteins) used as an ingredient in the finished product swine feed. The product is not labeled with the required caution statement "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants."<br /><br />________<br /><br />PRODUCT: Custom Vaquero Supplement for Cattle identified by Purina Mills. Recall #V-027- 1. CODE: 7V87. MANUFACTURER: Purina Mills, Inc., Gonzalez, Texas. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, contacted the one consignee on January 17, 2001.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: Texas.<br /><br />QUANTITY: 44,355 pounds.<br /><br />REASON: The ruminant feed product contains meat and bone meal (MBM) of bovine origin.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00692.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00692.html</a><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT: a) Manna Pro Floating Fish Food for Catfish . Recall #V-028-1; b) Manna Pro Floating Fish Food - 26% For All Freshwater Fish. Recall #V-029-1. Both are packaged in 50 pound, plastic-lined, paper sacks. CODE: a) 10160164, 12090164, 01050264, 03020264, and 03140264; b) 09110164, 09190164, 09230164, 10090164, 10160164, 11170164, 12090164 and 3200264. MANUFACTURER: Doane Pet Care, Brentwood, Tennessee. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by telephone on March 26, 2001. Firm-initiated recall complete.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: California, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kansas, Colorado, Georgia, and Florida.<br /><br />QUANTITY: 27,300 pounds of Catfish Food and 86,100 pounds of Freshwater Fish. REASON: The products, which contain meat by-products, were shipped without the required BSE warning label.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00691.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00691.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT: Buckeye 40% Poultry Concentrate. Recall #V-016-1. CODES: The bags are uncoded. Firm is recalling product manufactured since December 1998; however, they are only completing field corrections on product manufactured within the last six months (November 2000). MANUFACTURER: Yachere Feed, Inc. Rockwood, Pennsylvania. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by visit on 3/19/01 and 3/20/01. Firm-initiated recall complete.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: Pennsylvania.<br /><br />QUANTITY: Nine containers, each weighing 100 pounds.<br /><br />REASON: The animal feed contains product derived from mammalian tissues and must bear the statement "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants" on the label to prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed. This statement does not appear on the label.<br /><br />________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT: "Our Own Pig & Hog Grower" hog feed, packaged in 50 pound bags, with paperboard tags sewn onto the bags. Recall #V-017-1. CODES: The bags are uncoded. MANUFACTURER: The Perry Coal and Feed Company, Perry, Ohio. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by telephone on March 22, 2001. Firm-initiated recall complete. DISTRIBUTION: Ohio.<br /><br /><br />QUANTITY: Approximately 350 pounds of hog feed (7/50 pound bags).<br /><br /><br />REASON: The animal feed contains protein derived from mammalian tissues and must bear the statement "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants" on the label to prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed. This statement does not appear on the label.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00690.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00690.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETENIARY MED -- CLASS II<br /><br />PRODUCT: Custom Mixed Poultry Feed, bagged and sold as bulk, unlabeled poultry feed. Recall #V-014-1. CODE: The bags are uncoded. MANUFACTURER: Western Reserve Farm Coop., Middlefield, Ohio. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by telephone on February 28, 2001. Firm-initiated recall complete.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: Ohio.<br /><br />QUANTITY: Approximately 820 pounds.<br /><br />REASON: The animal feed contains product derived from mammalian tissues and must bear the statement “Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants” on the label to prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed. This statement does not appear on the label.<br /><br />________<br /><br />PRODUCT: Custom Mixed Poultry Feed, packaged in unlabeled 100 pound bags and sold in bulk. Recall #V-015-1. CODE: The bags are uncoded. MANUFACTURER: Medina Landmark, Inc., Medina, Ohio. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by telephone on March 5, 2001. Firm-initiated recall complete.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: Ohio.<br /><br />QUANTITY: Approximately 900 pounds of feed (9/100 pound bags).<br /><br />REASON: The animal feed contains product derived from mammalian tissues and must bear the statement “Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants” on the label to prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed. This statement does not appear on the label.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR APRIL 11, 2001.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00688.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00688.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />2002<br /><br />To help prevent the establishment and amplification of<br /><br />BSE through feed in the United States, FDA implemented<br /><br />a final rule that prohibits the use of most mammalian<br /><br />protein in feeds for ruminant animals. This rule, Title<br /><br />21 Part 589.2000 of the Code of Federal Regulations, became<br /><br />effective on August 4, 1997. To date, active monitoring<br /><br />by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has found<br /><br />no cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in<br /><br />U.S. cattle. This is an update on FDA enforcement activities<br /><br />regarding the ruminant feed (BSE) regulation.<br /><br />FDA’s enforcement plan for the ruminant feed regulation<br /><br />includes education, as well as inspections, with FDA<br /><br />taking compliance actions for intentional or repeated noncompliance.<br /><br />FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)<br /><br />has assembled data from the inspections that have been<br /><br />conducted AND whose final inspection report has been<br /><br />submitted to CVM (i.e., “inspected/reported”) as of March<br /><br />11, 2002. There is a lag time between the completion of<br /><br />an inspection and the submission of a final inspection report<br /><br />to CVM. This lag period includes the time required to<br /><br />conduct quality assurance on the report and to evaluate<br /><br />the findings before a final report is submitted.<br /><br />As of March 11, CVM had received inspection reports<br /><br />covering inspections (both initial inspections and re-inspections)<br /><br />of 10,458 different firms. The majority of these in-<br /><br />RUMINANT FEED (BSE) ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Documents/MayJune.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Documents/MayJune.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />July/August 2002<br /><br />The following individuals/firms received warning<br /><br />letters for violations related to 21 CFR Part 589.2000 –<br /><br />Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. This regulation<br /><br />is intended to prevent the establishment and<br /><br />REGULATORY ACTIVITIES<br /><br />by Karen A. Kandra<br /><br />amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy<br /><br />(BSE):<br /><br />• Jeffrey T. Buck, Owner, All American Feed & Tractor,<br /><br />Sandpoint, ID<br /><br />• Kenneth M. Van Dyke, President, Van Dyke Grain<br /><br />Elevators, Inc., North Plains, OR<br /><br />• Philip C. Anderson, General Manager, Darling International,<br /><br />Inc., Tacoma, WA<br /><br />Violations included failure to maintain sufficient<br /><br />records and written procedures to prevent cross-contamination;<br /><br />failure to keep written procedures for cleaning<br /><br />out or flushing equipment after mixing feeds containing<br /><br />prohibited material; failure to provide written<br /><br />procedures for separating products that contain or<br /><br />may contain prohibited material from ingredients<br /><br />used in ruminant feeds, from the time of receipt until<br /><br />the time of shipment; and, failure to label meat<br /><br />and bone meal with the required cautionary statement<br /><br />“Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants.”<br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Documents/JulyAugust.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Documents/JulyAugust.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />November 12, 2002<br /><br />MATERIAL FROM CWD-POSITIVE ANIMALS SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR ANIMAL FEED<br /><br />This CVM Update has been _withdrawn_ by Draft Guidance for Industry #158: Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed doc pdf , May 14, 2003<br /><br />See CVM Update Draft Guidance on Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Available for Comment; CVM Updates on Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Withdrawn.<br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/CWdup.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/CWdup.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />2003D-0186 Guidance for Industry: Use of Material From Deer and Elk In Animal Feed<br /><br />EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Update<br /><november><br />Clarification of FDA Position on Use In Animal Feed of Material From Certain Free Range Deer and Elk<br /><br />This CVM Update has been withdrawn by Draft Guidance for Industry #158: Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed doc pdf , May 14, 2003.<br /><br />See CVM Update Draft Guidance on Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Available for Comment; CVM Updates on Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Withdrawn.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/CWDNOV21.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/CWDNOV21.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS<br /><br />158<br /><br />Guidance for Industry<br /><br />Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed<br /><br />Comments and suggestions regarding this guidance should be sent to the Division of<br /><br />Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane,<br /><br />Room 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Comments may also be submitted electronically on<br /><br />the Internet at http://www.fda.gov/dockets/ecomments. Once on this Internet site, select<br /><br />"[03D-0186][Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed]" and follow the<br /><br />directions. All written comments should be identified with Docket No. 03D-0186.<br /><br />For questions regarding this guidance, contact Burt Pritchett, Center for Veterinary<br /><br />Medicine (HFV- 222), Food and Drug Administration, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville,<br /><br />MD 20855, 301-827-0177. E-mail: bpritche@cvm.fda.gov<br /><br />Additional copies of this guidance document may be requested from the Communications<br /><br />Staff (HFV-12), Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7500<br /><br />Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, and may be viewed on the Internet at<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm</a>.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />U.S. Department of Health and Human Services<br /><br />Food and Drug Administration<br /><br />Center for Veterinary Medicine<br /><br />September 15, 2003<br /><br />CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS<br /><br />1<br /><br />158<br /><br />Guidance for Industry1<br /><br />Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed<br /><br />I. Introduction<br /><br />FDA’s guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish legally<br /><br />enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency’s current<br /><br />thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations, unless<br /><br />specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word<br /><br />“should” in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or<br /><br />recommended, but not required.<br /><br />Under FDA’s BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material from deer and elk is<br /><br />prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. This guidance document describes FDA’s<br /><br />recommendations regarding the use in all animal feed of all material from deer and elk that<br /><br />are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or are considered at high risk for CWD.<br /><br />The potential risks from CWD to humans or non-cervid animals such as poultry and swine<br /><br />are not well understood. However, because of recent recognition that CWD is spreading<br /><br />rapidly in white-tailed deer, and because CWD’s route of transmission is poorly<br /><br />understood, FDA is making recommendations regarding the use in animal feed of rendered<br /><br />materials from deer and elk that are CWD-positive or that are at high risk for CWD.<br /><br />II. Background<br /><br />CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the<br /><br />animal family cervidae (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD<br /><br />by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer,<br /><br />white-tailed deer, North American elk, and in farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to<br /><br />a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies<br /><br />1 This guidance has been prepared by the Division of Animal Feeds in the Center for Veterinary Medicine<br /><br />(CVM) at the Food and Drug Administration.<br /><br />This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration’s current<br /><br />thinking on the use of material from deer and elk in animal feed. It does not<br /><br />create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind<br /><br />FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach<br /><br />satisfies the requirements of applicable statutes or regulations. If you want to<br /><br />discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for<br /><br />implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA<br /><br />staff, call the appropriate number listed on the title page of this guidance.<br /><br />CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS<br /><br />2<br /><br />(TSEs). These include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow” disease)<br /><br />in cattle; scrapie in sheep and goats; and classical and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases<br /><br />(CJD and vCJD) in humans. There is no known treatment for these diseases, and there is<br /><br />no vaccine to prevent them. In addition, although validated postmortem diagnostic tests<br /><br />are available, there are no validated diagnostic tests for CWD that can be used to test for<br /><br />the disease in live animals.<br /><br />III. Use in animal feed of material from CWD-positive deer and elk<br /><br />Material from CWD-positive animals may not be used in any animal feed or feed<br /><br />ingredients. Pursuant to Sec. 402(a)(5) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act,<br /><br />animal feed and feed ingredients containing material from a CWD-positive animal would<br /><br />be considered adulterated. FDA recommends that any such adulterated feed or feed<br /><br />ingredients be recalled or otherwise removed from the marketplace.<br /><br />IV. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD<br /><br />Deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD include: (1) animals from areas declared<br /><br />by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2)<br /><br />deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of<br /><br />slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.<br /><br />FDA recommends that materials from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD no<br /><br />longer be entered into the animal feed system. Under present circumstances, FDA is not<br /><br />recommending that feed made from deer and elk from a non-endemic area be recalled if a<br /><br />State later declares the area endemic for CWD or a CWD eradication zone. In addition,<br /><br />at this time, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk believed to be<br /><br />from a captive herd that contained no CWD-positive animals be recalled if that herd is<br /><br />subsequently found to contain a CWD-positive animal.<br /><br />V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk<br /><br />for CWD<br /><br />FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for<br /><br />CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with<br /><br />current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. Deer and elk not considered at high risk<br /><br />include: (1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for<br /><br />CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that were not at some<br /><br />time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive<br /><br />herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.<br /><br />...snip ;<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Guidance/guide158.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Guidance/guide158.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Update April 15, 2002<br /><br />RUMINANT FEED (BSE) ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseap02.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseap02.htm</a><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br /><br />_____________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Land O'Lakes Farmland Feed 32% Grow Big Floater, For Catfish Grown In Ponds or Artificial Culture Systems, packaged in 50-lb. bags, product #1960014, contains animal protein products. Recall # V-003-3. CODE None. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Land O'Lakes Farmland Feed LLC, Arden Hills, MN, by fax on August 21, 2002. Manufacturer: Land O'Lakes Farmland Feed LLC, Kansas City, KS. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br /><br />REASON Label lacks BSE warning statement.<br /><br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approx. 18,872/50-lb. bags.<br /><br /><br />DISTRIBUTION KS, TX, CO, NE, IL, MO, IA, OK and SD<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00765.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00765.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE--CLASS II<br /><br />_____________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT 12% Horse Feed, packaged under the Griffith & Sons label, in 100 lb bags. Recall # V-001-3. CODE The bags are not coded. All of their 12% Horse Feed product manufactured and distributed from 5/14/2002 to 6/21/2002 is subject to this recall. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Griffith & Sons Feed and Farm Supply, Staffordsville, KY, by telephone and visits on June 21, 2002. Manufacturer: Griffith & Sons Feed and Farm Supply, Staffordsville, OH. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON The Horse Feed product contains beef protein and is not labeled with the required BSE cautionary statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 1,200 lbs (12 / 100 lb bags). DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR OCTOBER 09, 2002<br /><br />####<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00764.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00764.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br /><br />_______________________<br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Product is flavor enhancer intended for use in pet food, labeled in part: "8280 FLAVOR GENERATOR #1" packaged in 1,000 and 2,000 pound bags. Recall # V-163-2. CODE All lots shipped prior to 04/09/02. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Roche Vitamins, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, by telephone on April 5, 2002. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Product contains beef protein but is not labeled with the warning statement regarding prohibited for use as feed for ruminants.<br /><br /><br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 680,200 lbs.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION KS, CA, KY and IN.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00762.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00762.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br /><br />_______________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Homestead Poultry Starter Grower Medicated 55 lb. bags. Recall # V-154-2. CODE Not coded. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Shur-Gain USA Inc., Elma, NY, by visit on June 24, 2002. Manufacturer: Shur-Gain, St. Marys, Ontario, Canada. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br /><br />REASON Contains ruminant proteins but lacks caution statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 31 bags.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION NY. END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 14, 2002<br /><br />####<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00756.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00756.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br /><br /><br />_______________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT UNLABELED hog feed in 100 lb. bags containing assorted grains (primarily corn), and Miller's Hog Supplement 36% protein. UNLABELED dairy feed in 100 lb. bags, contains assorted grains (primarily corn), soybeans and molasses. Recall # V-142-2. CODE Not CODEd. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: R. B. Crowell & Sons/Thompson Grain, Inc., Manchester, NY, by telephone on May 7 and 8, 2002. Manufacturer: John R. Power, Palmyra, NY. State initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Unlabeled animal feeds/possible cross contamination.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE .75 tons per month.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION NY.<br /><br />_______________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Cereal Food Fines - Bulk PRODUCT. Recall # V-145-2. CODE All PRODUCT prior to October 2, 2001. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Souder Feed & Grain Carlisle, PA, by letters dated October 9, 2001. State initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON PRODUCT doesn't bear caution statement - do not feed to cattle or other ruminants.<br /><br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 6,141 tons.<br /><br /><br />DISTRIBUTION MO, NY and PA.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00747.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00747.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br /><br />_______________________<br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT BioFlavor F2425, BioFlavor F21002 and BioFlavor C20058. The product, packaged in 50 lb. bags, is labeled in part, " *** PALATABILITY ENHANCER INTENDED FOR CAT FOOD USE AT LESS THAN 10% *** INGREDIENT LISTING: *** Beef Broth *** ". Recall # V-140-2 CODE Product Codes F2425 107B-RB-1 107B-RB-2 149C 201D 202C 205D 210A F21002 143B 143D 146D 144B 144D 139D 142D 150D 151D 152C 152D 201C 205C 206C 208A 211A C20058 143D 144C 146C 208B RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Bioproducts, Inc., Fairlawn, OH, by telephone and letter on April 5, 2002. Manufacturer: Bioproducts, Inc., Aurora, MO. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Animal feed product with beef protein does not contain required BSE statement on labels.<br /><br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 354,150 lbs.<br /><br /><br />DISTRIBUTION TX, KS, MO and MI.<br /><br /><br />_______________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Steamed Bonemeal in 50-lb. bags, product code C# 13581, packaged under two different labels: Premium Steamed Bonemeal Manufactured by Buchheit Premium Feeds, Perryville, MO, and Steamed Bonemeal Manufactured for Siemer's Enterprises Inc., Teutopolis, IL. Recall # V-141-2. CODE Not coded. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Buchheit, Inc., Perryville, MO, by telephone on May 14, 2002. FDA initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br /><br />REASON Label lacks BSE warning statement. VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approx. 902/50-lb. bags.<br /><br /><br />DISTRIBUTION MO and IL.<br /><br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR JUNE 5, 2002<br /><br />####<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00746.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00746.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT The following 10 animal feed products were subject to this recall: 1- Sexton Brothers MIXED FEED-WM, Recall # V-019-2 2- Sexton Brothers 9% SWEET FEED, Recall # V-020-2 3- Sexton Brothers 13% SWEET FEED, Recall # V-021-2 4- Sexton Brothers WHEAT, Recall # V-022-2 5- Sexton Brothers 44% SOYBEAN MEAL, Recall # V-023-2 6- Sexton Brothers 14% GOAT FEED, Recall # V-024-2 7- Sexton Brothers WHEAT MIDDS, Recall # V-025-2 8- Sexton Brothers SHELLED CORN, Recall # V-026-2 9- Sexton Brothers OATS, Recall # V-027-2 10-Sexton Brothers 17% GOAT FEED, Recall # V-028-2 The feed products were packaged in 50 LB bags, under the Willard Milling Company label. CODE No codes. All recalled products that were distributed prior to July 30, 2001 are affected by this recall. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Willard Milling, Inc. Willard, KY, by letter and telephone on July 30, 2001. State initiated recall is complete.<br /><br /><br />REASON Products may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approx. 140 tons DISTRIBUTION OH, KY, IN, and WV.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR January 23, 2002<br /><br />####<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00727.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00727.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT The following custom mixed animal feeds are recalled --- a) [non-ruminant]: Horse Feed, Hog Feed, and 14% Pig Feed. Recall # V-157-2; b) [ruminant]: Dairy Feed, Steer Feed, New Goat Feed, Cattle Feed, and Beef Feed. Recall # V-158-2. CODE The product is coded only with the manufacturing date and invoice numbers. All feed products manufactured and shipped since July 9, 2001 are affected by this recall. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Shepard Grain Company, Inc., Urbana, OH, by telephone on January 11, 2002. Manufacturer: Shepard Grain Company, Inc., W. Liberty, OH. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Ruminant and non-ruminant animal feeds contain BSE prohibited material, and are either misbranded or adulterated.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 41,129 LBS (20.5 tons).<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 28, 2002<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00758.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00758.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />2003<br /><br />AS at August 8, 2006, the following rules to further enhance safety from feed containing mad cow ingredients were never implemented, just more lies and broken promises to cater to the industry. ...<br /><br />Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy<br /><br />Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), commonly called “Mad Cow Disease” is the name for a slowly progressive, degenerative, fatal disease affecting the central nervous system of adult cattle. Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has conducted aggressive surveillance of the highest risk cattle going to slaughter in the United States, in which 10,000- 20,000 animals per year have been tested. To date, the only cow that has been found to be affected with BSE was the one diagnosed with BSE in December 2003.<br /><br />The exact cause of BSE is not known but it is generally accepted by the scientific community that infectious forms of a type of protein, prions, normally found in animals cause BSE. In cattle with BSE, these abnormal prions initially occur in the small intestines and tonsils, and are found in central nervous tissues, such as the brain and spinal cord, and other tissues of infected animals experiencing later stages of the disease.<br /><br />CVM and Ruminant Feed (BSE) Inspections<br /><br />To prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) through animal feed in the United States, FDA implemented a final rule that prohibits the use of most mammalian protein in feeds for ruminant animals. This rule, 21 CFR Part 589.2000 of the Code of Federal Regulations, became effective on August 4, 1997(here called the BSE/Ruminant Feed regulation.) Inspections of renderers, feed mills, ruminant feeders, protein blenders, pet food manufacturers, pet food salvagers, animal feed distributors and transporters, ruminant feeders, and others have been conducted to determine compliance with the BSE/Ruminant Feed regulations.<br /><br />UPDATE: BSE Found in Washington State<br /><br />USDA Reports Cow Tested Positive for BSE – FDA Sends Investigators On December 23, 2003, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced that a Holsteincow in the State of Washingtonhad tested presumptively positive for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow disease”). Following this announcement, FDA dispatched several teams of investigators to trace back and trace forward the potential involvement of any FDA-regulated commodities. USDA, which is responsible for the safety of certain meat and poultry products as well as animal health, led the investigation of this BSE case.<br /><br />FDA’s primary responsibility related to this investigation involved animal feed, which most experts believe is the main way in which BSE is amplified throughout cattle herds. BSE does not spread naturally from adult cow to adult cow. FDA worked closely with USDA and state officials in this intense investigation.<br /><br />FDA’s “animal feed” rule, in place since 1997, is designed to prevent the spread of BSE further throughout cattle herds. This regulation prohibits the feeding of most mammalian protein to ruminant animals such as cows, sheep and goats - the route of disease transmission that led to the epidemic of BSE in the United Kingdom, beginning in the 1980’s.<br /><br />A study published in 2001 by the HarvardCenterfor Risk Analysis identified FDA’s animal feed rule as one of the primary safeguards against the amplification of BSE in the U.S.cattle herd if a case were ever to occur in the U.S.<br /><br />FDA has vigorously enforced this rule. More than 99 percent of these facilities are currently in compliance with the provisions of this rule to protect the U.S.food supply and its cattle from the agent that causes BSE.<br /><br />This one case of BSE does not mean that the U.S.food supply is any less safe today than it was yesterday. Concerning the safety of milk, the scientific data indicate that milk from BSE cows does not transmit BSE. National and international public health organizations have consistently stated that milk and milk products are safe regardless of whether the country producing them has had cases of BSE.<br /><br />On December 27, 2003, FDA announced that its investigators and inspectors from the states of Washington and Oregon had located all of the potentially-infectious product rendered from the one cow that tested positive for BSE in Washington State. The rendering plants that processed all the non-edible material from the BSE cow placed a voluntary hold on all of the potentially-infectious product, none of which left the control of the companies and entered commercial distribution. The firms, located in Washington State and Oregon, assisted and cooperated fully with FDA’s investigation.<br /><br />FDA Emergency Operations Center<br /><br />The FDA Emergency Operations Center (EOC), a branch of the OCM, is the single point of coordination for the FDA's response to any BSE emergency. The FDA EOC is the physical facility that serves as the central point for the Agency's response activity. During a BSE emergency, the FDA EOC will coordinate and report on all response activity and interagency communication. The FDA EOC monitors BSE emergencies; triages complaints and alerts; issues assignments to the field; coordinates responses; and communicates with other federal, state, and local agencies as they request technical and material support from the FDA.<br /><br />The FDA EOC maintains contact with the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary's Command Center (SCC), CDC EOC, USDA/FSIS Office of Food Security and Emergency Preparedness, and other EOCs, as appropriate. The FDA EOC will continue to direct and monitor all FDA response activities throughout the life cycle of an emergency.<br /><br />New Measures to Prevent BSE<br /><br />Several new public health measures will be implemented by FDA to strengthen significantly the multiple existing firewalls that protect Americans from exposure to the agent thought to cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, also known as mad cow disease) and that help prevent the spread of BSE in U.S.cattle.<br /><br />The existing multiple firewalls, developed by both the U.S.Department of Agriculture (USDA) and HHS, have been extremely effective in protecting the American consumer from exposure to BSE. The first firewall is based on import controls started in 1989. A second firewall is surveillance of the U.S.cattle population for the presence of BSE, a USDA firewall that led to the finding of the BSE cow in December. The third firewall is FDA's 1997 animal feed ban, which is the critical safeguard to help prevent the spread of BSE through cattle herds by prohibiting the feeding of most mammalian protein to ruminant animals, including cattle.<br /><br />The fourth firewall, recently announced by USDA, makes sure that no bovine tissues known to be at high risk for carrying the agent of BSE enter the human food supply regulated by USDA. The fifth firewall is effective response planning to contain the potential for any damage from a BSE positive animal, if one is discovered. This contingency response plan, which had been developed over the past several years, was initiated immediately upon the discovery of a BSE positive cow in Washington State December 23.<br /><br />The new safeguards are science-based and further bolster these already effective safeguards.<br /><br />Specifically, HHS intends to ban from human food (including dietary supplements), and cosmetics a wide range of bovine-derived material so that the same safeguards that protect Americans from exposure to the agent of BSE through meat products regulated by USDA also apply to food products that FDA regulates.<br /><br />FDA will also prohibit certain currently allowed feeding and manufacturing practices involving feed for cattle and other ruminant animals. These additional measures will further strengthen FDA's 1997 "animal feed" rule.<br /><br />To implement these new protections, FDA will publish two interim final rules that will take effect immediately upon publication, although there will be an opportunity for public comment after publication.<br /><br />The first interim final rule will ban the following materials from FDA-regulated human food, (including dietary supplements) and cosmetics:<br /><br />Any material from "downer" cattle. ("Downer" cattle are animals that cannot walk.) Any material from "dead" cattle. ("Dead" cattle are cattle that die on the farm (i.e. before reaching the slaughter plant); Specified Risk Materials (SRMs) that are known to harbor the highest concentrations of the infectious agent for BSE, such as the brain, skull, eyes, and spinal cord of cattle 30 months or older, and a portion of the small intestine and tonsils from all cattle, regardless of their age or health; and The product known as mechanically separated beef, a product which may contain SRMs. Meat obtained by Advanced Meat Recovery (an automated system for cutting meat from bones), may be used since USDA regulations do not allow the presence of SRMs in this product. The second interim final rule is designed to lower even further the risk that cattle will be purposefully or inadvertently fed prohibited protein. It was the feeding of such protein to cattle that was the route of disease transmission that led to the BSE epidemic in United Kingdomcattle in the 1980's and 1990's.<br /><br />This interim final rule will implement four specific changes in FDA's present animal feed rule. The rule:<br /><br />Will eliminate the present exemption in the feed rule that allows mammalian blood and blood products to be fed to other ruminants as a protein source. Recent scientific evidence suggests that blood can carry some infectivity for BSE. Will also ban the use of "poultry litter" as a feed ingredient for ruminant animals. Poultry litter consists of bedding, spilled feed, feathers, and fecal matter that are collected from living quarters where poultry is raised. This material is then used in cattle feed in some areas of the country where cattle and large poultry raising operations are located near each other. Poultry feed may legally contain protein that is prohibited in ruminant feed, such as bovine meat and bone meal. The concern is that spillage of poultry feed in the chicken house occurs and that poultry feed (which may contain protein prohibited in ruminant feed) is then collected as part of the "poultry litter" and added to ruminant feed. Will ban the use of "plate waste" as a feed ingredient for ruminants. Plate waste consists of uneaten meat and other meat scraps that are currently collected from some large restaurant operations and rendered into meat and bone meal for animal feed. The use of "plate waste" confounds FDA's ability to analyze ruminant feeds for the presence of prohibited proteins, compromising the Agency's ability to fully enforce the animal feed rule. Will further minimize the possibility of cross-contamination of ruminant and non-ruminant animal feed by requiring equipment, facilities or production lines to be dedicated to non-ruminant animal feeds if they use protein that is prohibited in ruminant feed. Currently, some equipment, facilities and production lines process or handle prohibited and non-prohibited materials and make both ruminant and non-ruminant feed -- a practice which could lead to cross-contamination. To accompany these new measures designed to provide a further layer of protection against BSE, FDA plans to step up its inspections of feed mills and renderers. FDA will itself conduct 2,800 inspections and will make its resources go even further by continuing to work with state agencies to fund 3,100 contract inspections of feed mill and renderers and other firms that handle animal feed and feed ingredients. Through partnerships with states, FDA will also receive data on 700 additional inspections, for a total of 3,800 state contract and partnership inspections in 2004 alone, including annual inspections of 100 percent of all known renderers and feed mills that process products containing materials prohibited in ruminant feed.<br /><br />UPDATE: The FDA also notes that in response to finding a BSE positive cow in Washington state on December 23, it inspected and traced products at 22 facilities related to that positive cow or products from the cow, including feed mills, farms, dairy farms, calf feeder lots, slaughter houses, meat processors, transfer stations, and shipping terminals. Moreover, FDA conducted inspections at the rendering facilities that handled materials from the positive cow, and they were found to be fully in compliance with FDA's feed rule.<br /><br />To further strengthen protections for Americans, FDA/HHS intends to work with Congress to consider proposals to assure that these important protective measures will be implemented as effectively as possible.<br /><br />FDA is also continuing its efforts to assist in the development of better BSE science, to achieve the same or greater confidence in BSE protection at a lower cost. For example, to enhance the ability of the USpublic health system to detect prohibited materials in animal feed, FDA will continue to support the development and evaluation of diagnostic tests to identify prohibited materials. These tests would offer a quick and reliable method of testing animal feeds for prohibited materials and for testing other products for contamination with the agent thought to cause BSE.<br /><br />Warning Letters Issued for Violations of BSE Regulations<br /><br />On May 6, 2003, the FDA’s Minneapolis District Office issued a Warning Letter to the President of Barr Animal Foods, Greenwood, Wisconsin. The FDA conducted an inspection of the firm on April 8, 2003. The inspection disclosed that the firm was not labeling their 50 pound blocks of frozen beef and bulk loads of beef bone chips and rendering waste, intended for animal feed with the required cautionary statement.<br /><br />On August 25, 2003, the FDA’s Chicago District Office issued a Warning Letter to the president of Lincoln Land Livestock Co., Inc., Mascoutah, Illinois. On April 14 - 15, 2003, FDA conducted inspection of the animal feed handling facility. The investigator found that products that contained or may contain prohibited material failed to bear the caution statement, “Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants.” The inspection also disclosed that the firm did not maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants.<br /><br />On November 7, 2002, the FDA’s Dallas District Office issued a Warning Letter to the President and Manager of Sunnymead Ranch, Inc., Idalou, Texas. An FDA inspection of this feed mill found significant deviations from 21 CFR 589.2000. FDA’s inspection revealed that the firm manufactures feed for sheep, that may contain residues of prohibited material. The sheep feed is mixed in the same equipment that is used for mixing chicken feed containing bovine meat and bone meal. In addition, the firm failed to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissue to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. The Warning Letter cautioned, “As a feed manufacturer and ruminant feeder of sheep intended for slaughter as food, you are responsible for ensuring that your operations are in full compliance with the law.”<br /><br />On May 22, 2003, the FDA’s New Orleans District Office issued a Warning Letter to the Manager and Owner of Millstone Agri Distributors, Maryville, Tennessee. An FDA inspection of the firm on February 13, 2003, found significant deviations from the requirements of Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR), Part 589.2000 - Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed.<br /><br />FDA’s investigation found the following violations of 21 CFR 589.2000:<br /><br />Failure to separate the receipt, processing, and storage of products containing prohibited material from products not containing prohibited material; Failure to establish written procedures, including clean-out and flushing procedures, to avoid commingling and cross-contamination of common equipment; Failure to maintain records sufficient to track prohibited materials throughout the receipt, processing, and distribution of products; Failure to provide for measures to avoid commingling or cross-contamination of feeds intended for ruminants and feeds intended for non-ruminants that may contain prohibited materials; Failure to label non-ruminant products with the required cautionary statement “Do not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants.” The investigation specifically found that dog food containing prohibited material was added as an ingredient to the product “Premium Rooster Kicker.” The failure of these feeds to bear the required BSE warning statement causes them to be misbranded. Consent Decree of Permanent Injunction Against X-Cel Feeds, Inc. Feed Manufacturer Enjoined for Violations of the 1997 Animal Feed Rule<br /><br />On July 11, 2003, FDA announced the filing of a Consent Decree of Permanent Injunction against X-Cel, Feeds Inc., and individual officers based on violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.<br /><br />X-Cel, a feed manufacturer headquartered in Tacoma, Washington, failed to comply with FDA regulations (the 1997 Animal Feed Rule) designed to prevent the establishment and spread of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE, also known as "Mad Cow Disease") should it ever be found in the United States and FDA regulations concerning the manufacture of medicated feeds.<br /><br />The Department of Justice, Civil Division, Office of Consumer Litigation and the United States Attorney's Office of the Western District of Washington filed the Consent Decree in the United States District Court of the Western District in Tacoma, Washington. It permanently enjoins X-Cel from manufacturing animal feeds in violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and requires the firm, its officers, and employees to take specific steps to avoid future violations including, implementing clean-out procedures, obtaining protein supplier certifications and implementing standard operating procedures for compliance until it satisfies FDA that it has corrected its problems. ...<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ora/about/enf_story/archive/2003/ch5/cvm1.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ora/about/enf_story/archive/2003/ch5/cvm1.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Update September 30, 2003<br /><br />Update On Ruminant Feed (BSE) Enforcement Activities<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSEInspec03.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSEInspec03.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br /><br />______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Consolidated Nutrition 32 % Floating Catfish Food, packaged in 50-lb bags. Recall # V-100-3. CODE Best By MAR 25 04; and Best By APR 16 04, The codes are ink-jetted on the bags. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Doane Pet Care Company, Inc., Washington Courthouse, OH, by telephone and letter on April 16, 2003 and April 17, 2003. FDA initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON The fish feed product lacks the required BSE warning statement, and the nutritional ingredient statement on the label.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 210/50 lb bags.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION OH, PA, and MI.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00796.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00796.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE--CLASS II<br /><br />_____________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Red Rooster Booster, Super Gallo (brand), 60 capsules. Recall # V-011-3. CODE All codes. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Thomas Laboratories, Tolleson, AZ, by letters on or about November 8, 2002. State initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Is not labeled "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants" and contains a bovine tissue derivative.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Unknown. DISTRIBUTION Nationwide.<br /><br /><br />_____________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT CATTLE FEED, Flock #999, Date: 12/5/02, Quantity 8000, Load A, Feed C205, Grower# Z001, Tag C100. Recall # V-012-3. CODE C-205, C-210, C-220, C-302, C-406 and all other codes manufactured and distributed by Grove River Mills, Inc., RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Grove River Mills Inc., Pendergrass, GA, by telephone and letter on December 9, 2002. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Cattle Feed contaminated with prohibited materials.<br /><br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 235,668 lbs. DISTRIBUTION GA.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR FEBRUARY 5, 2003<br /><br />###<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00781.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00781.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Unlabeled bulk "Cattle Feed" sold by weight to user/farmers who pick it up at the firm. Product is a ruminant feed used to feed beef cattle. Recall # V-046-3. CODE Product is bulk and uncoded. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Zephyr Feed Company, Zephyrhills, FL., by letters on March 19, 2003 and March 26, 2003. FDA initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Cattle feed was distributed to farmers that may contain prohibited protein for ruminants.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 517,990 lbs. DISTRIBUTION FL.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR APRIL 23, 2003<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00792.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00792.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Steamed bone meal under the following labels: 1) Upco Steamed Bone Meal for Dogs, Cats, and Horses, packaged in 1-lb. laminated pouches. 2) Benepet Steamed Bone Meal for Dogs, Cats, and Horses, packaged in a 1-lb. plastic jar. Recall # V-295-3. CODE Upco brand: 010584, 012214, 012431,020672, 021124, 021834, 030616, 030901, 031293, 031301, 031401, 031981, 032382, 032626, 033136, 040171, 041316, 051635, 051991, 052320, 060505, 061115, 061783, 071006, 072328, 080212, 080826, 081621, 082217, 082274, 082683, 083095, 092381, 101613, 102772, 111087, 111201, 111694, 112112. Benepet brand: 011004, 012435, 021191, 021374, 022111, 032203, 032821, 041432, 042611, 051181, 051992, 060371, 061129, 061203, 080816, 081185, 082802, 090422, 092295, 111202, 120572, 120612. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ameri-Pac, Inc., St. Joseph, MO, via telephone on June 27, 2003 and by letter dated July 24, 2003. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Label lacks the cautionary statement "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants."<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 23.3 tons Upco brand and 6.7 tons Benepet brand.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION MO.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00816.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00816.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Liver Powder, Super Gallo (brand), 16 oz. bag. Recall # V-005-4. CODE All codes. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Thomas Veterinary Drug, Tolleson, AZ, by letter, on September 20, 2002. Kentucky State initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Product is not labeled "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 320.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION AR, NC, WV, KY, LA, TN, HI, CA and AL.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00828.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00828.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />2004<br /><br />SELECTED FY 2004 ACCOMPLISHMENTS<br /><br />USING RISK-BASED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES<br /><br />Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)<br /><br />• For fiscal year 2004, inspected over 6,806 renderers, feed mills, and other firms,<br /><br />including on-farm mixers and ruminant feeders, to determine compliance with the<br /><br />BSE feed regulations. At the end of the FY 2004, 17 firms were classified as being<br /><br />out of compliance at the time of their last inspection. Re-inspections of these<br /><br />facilities determined to be out of compliance with the BSE regulation are still ongoing;<br /><br />• FDA and state investigators specifically inspected a high-interest subset of 645 firms<br /><br />as part of our annual BSE performance goal feed inspections obligation. This subset<br /><br />represented 100 percent of all known renderers and feed mills processing products<br /><br />containing prohibited material;<br /><br />• In July 2004, co-published with USDA an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking<br /><br />(ANPRM) requesting comments and scientific information on several additional<br /><br />regulatory measures that would strengthen the feed regulation;<br /><br />230<br /><br />• Developed a real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based method capable of<br /><br />detecting cattle, swine, sheep, goats, horses, or deer material along with poultry,<br /><br />goose, and turkey for use in analyzing samples of animal feeds and feed ingredients<br /><br />in support of the animal protein prohibition;<br /><br />• Evaluated two commercially available diagnostic test marketed to detect mammalian<br /><br />proteins in animal feed and feed ingredients;<br /><br />• Issued 10 Warning Letters for animal proteins prohibited in ruminant feed, and 15<br /><br />class II recalls involving 15 firms and 25 products in response to violations of the<br /><br />BSE rule;<br /><br />snip...full text ;<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/oc/oms/ofm/budget/2006/PDFs/Summary/Pages226thru251.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/oc/oms/ofm/budget/2006/PDFs/Summary/Pages226thru251.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Completed 50 feed recall events. Thirty-tree of the 50 recall events were feed related. Fifteen of the 33 recalls were related to BSE feed regulation;<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVMAccomp.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVMAccomp.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Update November 23, 2004<br /><br />November 2004 Update on Ruminant Feed (BSE) Enforcement Activities<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseup112304.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseup112304.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Update July 29, 2004<br /><br />July 2004 Update on Ruminant Feed (BSE) Enforcement Activities<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse72004up.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse72004up.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />FDA Strategic Goal:<br /><br />Improving Product Quality, Safety, and Availability through Better Manufacturing and Product Oversight Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) FDA animal feed experts joined the USDA team to provide technical expertise in an audit conducted by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency in response to the detection of two cases of BSE in Canada in 2004. Records were reviewed, meetings were held and facilities across Canada were inspected. USDA issued a report of its findings on February 25, 2005. Issued 10 Warning Letters for animal proteins prohibited in ruminant feed, and 15 class II recalls involving 15 firms and 25 products in response to violations of the BSE rule. Provided BSE inspection training to FDA investigators as well as state inspectors during the fiscal year. Provided personnel and expertise on BSE and animal feed issues to the U.S. Department of Agriculture in support of its efforts to reopen foreign markets for U.S. beef. Continued the development of a real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based method capable of detecting cattle, swine, sheep, goats, horses, or deer material along with poultry, goose, and turkey for use in analyzing samples of animal feeds and feed ingredients in support of the animal protein prohibition. "Real-time" means that we can detect the presence of prohibited material as the reaction is taking place, so we do not have to further process the sample. Completed the evaluation of a third commercially available diagnostic test marketed for the detection of ruminant proteins in animal feed. Like the other diagnostic tests previously evaluated, this test was much less sensitive than the methods the Agency uses (microscopy and PCR) for analysis of animal feed. FDA implemented an advanced analytical procedure for detection of prohibited material in animal feed into an assignment issued for 900 domestic and 900 import feed samples. This novel approach combines light microscopy with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine and detect DNA from ruminants and non-ruminant mammalian species, supporting the BSE/Ruminant Feed Ban. (Field Activity) Following the finding of a BSE positive animal in Texas, FDA, USDA/APHIS, the Texas Animal Health Commission, and the Texas Feed and Fertilizer Control Service successfully conducted a feed investigation with two main objectives. The first objective was to identify all protein sources in the animal's feed history that could potentially have been the source of the BSE agent. The second objective was to verify that cattle leaving the herd after 1997 that were identified by USDA/APHIS as animals of concern, such as progeny and feed cohorts, were rendered at facilities in compliance with the BSE/ruminant feed ban regulation. (Field Activity) Awarded contracts with state and local governments to perform BSE, feed manufacturers and illegal tissue residue inspections. Auditor training was conducted for feed contracts. (Field Activity) Reviewed and awarded Cooperative Agreement grants for BSE infrastructure improvement in eight states. The Agency and the States maintained and continued to develop new partnerships (e.g., BSE inspections) that have contributed to the exchange of inspection and sampling data and have facilitated the receipt of training and distribution of equipment to the states. (Field Activity)<br /><br />snip... full text ;<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/oc/oms/ofm/budget/2007/HTML/4AnimalDrugs.htm">http://www.fda.gov/oc/oms/ofm/budget/2007/HTML/4AnimalDrugs.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Update<br /><br />July 9, 2004<br /><br />FDA and USDA Request Comments and Scientific Information on Possible New BSE Safeguards<br /><br />Today, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced that they will publish an advance notice of proposed rulemaking ( ANPRM ) -- that requests comments and scientific information on several additional measures related to animal feed under consideration to help prevent the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, also known as “Mad Cow Disease”) in the United States. Some of these measures include:<br /><br />removing specified risk materials (SRMs) from all animal feed, including pet food, in order to control the risks of cross contamination throughout feed manufacture and distribution and on the farm due to misfeeding;<br /><br />requiring dedicated equipment or facilities for handling and storing feed and ingredients during manufacturing and transportation, to prevent cross contamination;<br /><br />prohibiting the use of all mammalian and poultry protein in ruminant feed, to prevent cross contamination; and<br /><br />prohibiting materials from non-ambulatory disabled cattle and dead stock from use in all animal feed.<br /><br />FDA has tentatively concluded that it should propose to remove SRMs from all animal feed and is currently working on a proposal to accomplish this goal. Comments on the issues raised by FDA in the ANPRM are due to FDA 30 days after they publish in the Federal Register.<br /><br />FDA’s 1997 ruminant feed rule has been a critical safeguard to stop the spread of BSE through the U.S. cattle population by prohibiting the feeding of most mammalian protein to cattle and other ruminant animals.<br /><br />After a BSE-positive cow was detected in late December 2003, FDA announced its plans to publish interim final rules on BSE that would take effect immediately upon publication. For animal feed, FDA stated that the rule would eliminate the present exemption in the ruminant feed rule that allows mammalian blood and blood products to be fed to other ruminants as a protein source, ban the use of "poultry litter" as a feed ingredient for ruminant animals, and ban the use of "plate waste" as a feed ingredient for ruminants. In addition, FDA said that to further minimize the possibility of cross-contamination of ruminant and non-ruminant animal feed, the rule would require equipment, facilities, or production lines to be dedicated to non-ruminant animal feeds if they use protein that is prohibited in ruminant feed.<br /><br />On February 4, 2004 , shortly after FDA announced its plans to publish interim final rules on BSE, an International Review Team (IRT) convened by USDA issued a report and additional actions to protect the public against BSE.<br /><br />The proposed actions were significantly different from those FDA announced in late January. Some of those proposals would make some of FDA’s actions unnecessary. Rather than publishing a regulation that would take effect automatically, USDA and FDA are soliciting public comment on the IRT’s suggestions, as well as other measures designed to protect North America against BSE. By seeking comment on the IRT’s recommendations, the agencies hope to put into effect the most comprehensive, science-based improvements possible.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseanprm.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseanprm.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Update April 22, 2004<br /><br />April 2004 Update on Ruminant Feed (BSE) Enforcement Activities<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse42004.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse42004.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Update February 6, 2004<br /><br />Update on Ruminant Feed (BSE) Enforcement Activities<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE0206up.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE0206up.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE-CLASS II<br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Grand Vite, Nutritional Supplement, in tubs. 5, 10 and 25 pounds. Designed for horses only. Recall # V-006-4. CODE Lot 1473. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Grand Meadows, Inc., Orange, CA, by facsimile, on September 3, and September 5, 2003. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Product contains prohibited animal protein and is not labeled to prevent feeding to ruminants.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 131 packages of 5, 10 and 25 pounds.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION Nationwide.<br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT a) Halter 15% Pig Meal, in 50 pound paper bags. Recall # V-008-4; b) Halter 18% Layer Pellet, in 50 pound paper bags. Recall # V-009-4. CODE No codes. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Halter Feed & Grain Inc., Massillon, OH, by telephone and letter on December 3, 8, and 10, 2003. FDA initiated recall is ongoing. REASON Animal feed that contains protein derived from mammalian tissue was not labeled with the required BSE caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle and other ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 80 bags (4 tons).<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR January 14, 2004<br /><br />###<br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00830.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00830.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT ZuPreem Feline Diet, 14.0 oz cans for Non-Domesticated Carnivores in the families Fedlidae, Canidea, and Hyenadea. Recall # V-115-4. CODE 6910 S1 SF01 military time of production: 06:05. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Menu Foods, Inc., Pennsauken, NJ, by telephone on February 2, 2004. FDA initiated recall is complete. REASON LACF Feiline Diet for non-domestic carnivores does not carry the BSE warning statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 1,620 cases.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION KS.<br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Product is a horse supplement packed into a 5 lb. Plastic container with a yellow/green/red/brown label printed in part "FORMULA: Each 5 pounds contains: Chondroitin Sulfate 27,000 mg D-Glucosamine HCL 100,000 mg Collagen hydrolyzed 27,000 MSM (methysulfonylmethane) 2,500 mg. Carti-Flex COMPLEX net wt. 5 lbs, a concentrated natural joint supplement containing Glucosamine HCL, Chondroitin sulfate, Hydrolixed collagen and MSM". Recall # V-116-4. CODE All codes without the required cautionary statement are under recall. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Interfarma Corporation, Miami, FL, by letters on February 4, 2004. FDA initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br /><br />REASON This animal feed product does not contain the required BSE cautionary statement: "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 80 cases 4-5 lb. Containers per case.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION Venezuela, Nicaragua and Guatemala.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 24, 2004<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00840.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00840.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Custom deer feed made for a Wisconsin farm. The product was in bags holding about 40 pounds each. Recall # V-122-4. CODE 1-30-04 on the product invoice and mixing record. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Crivitz Feed Mill, Crivitz, WI, by telephone on February 20, 2004. Wisconsin State initiated recall is complete.<br /><br /><br />REASON The recalled deer feed contained steamed bone meal which is prohibited material in feed for ruminants.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 515 pounds.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION WI.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR APRIL 7, 2004<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00842.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00842.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Custom dairy cattle feed made for two customers. Recall # V-123-4. CODE None. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Maribel Grain Co., Maribel, WI, by visit on February 25, 2004. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Possible cross contamination of cattle feed by steamed bone meal which is prohibited material.<br /><br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 2,040 pounds.<br /><br /><br />DISTRIBUTION WI.<br /><br /><br />______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT B & G Seed Co., PIG GROWER, 50 lbs. Recall # V-126-4. CODE All. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER B & G Seed Company, Inc., Hull, GA, by telephone on March 30, 2004. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br /><br />REASON Feed contains meat & bone meal (prohibited material), without the mandatory ruminant warning on the label.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 25/50 lb. bags.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION GA.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00843.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00843.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Cloverbelt 38% (38% protein concentrate for use in animal feed) in bulk. Recall # V-127-4. CODE The recall product is a bulk feed commingled in a bin prior to sale - no lot number. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Cloverbelt Lumber & Feed Co., Conrath, WI, by telephone on February 23, 2004. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Possible cross contamination of the 38% protein concentrate with prohibited material (bone meal).<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 18 tons.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION WI.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR APRIL 28, 2004<br /><br />###<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00845.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00845.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT a) Bulk whole corn. Recall # V-150-4; b) Bulk rolled corn. Recall # V-151-4; c) Bulk rolled corn with added fat. Recall # V-152-4. CODE No coding information is used. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Fresno Farming LlC, Traver, CA, by letters on June 30, 2004. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Corm for feed may be contaminated with ruminant meat and bone meal.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Unknown.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION Unknown.<br /><br /><br />____________________________<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00857.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00857.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT a) Product is 9 Mile Steer Feed, packaged in white poly weaved bags, each containing 100 lbs. A white label tied to the inlet of each bag with twine identifies the product. Recall # V-187-4; b) Product is 9 Mile Pig and Sow Feed, packaged in white poly weaved bags, each bag containing 100 lbs. A white label tied to the inlet of each bag with twine identifies the product. Recall # V-188-4. CODE The products contain no code date. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Farmers Elevator, Co., Houston, OH, by telephone and letters dated September 8, 2004. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Products may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues which is prohibited in ruminant (steer) feed. FDA regulation, if the feed is intended for non-ruminants (pigs), the bag labels must bear the statement Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 700 lbs. Steer feed and 1,500 lb. Pig and sow fed.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />PRODUCT a) Premier Catfish Food, packaged in 50 pound bags (white paper with an orange label). Recall #V-190-4; b) Happy Fisherman Fish Food, pellet form, 50 pound bags. Recall # V-191-4. CODE a) T1 Best By 08/27/05; b) T21 Best By 11 DEC 05 and T11 Best By 02 OCT 05. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Sunshine Mills, Inc., Tupelo, MS, by telephone beginning on April 14, 2004. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON The catfish food contains prohibited material (meat & bone meal) but does not contain the cautionary statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants" on the label.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 1,092 ‚ 50 pound bags. DISTRIBUTION TX and MO.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00869.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00869.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE - CLASS II<br /><br /><br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Product is custom made steer/cattle feed packaged in 100 lb. poly bags. The product has no labeling. Recall # V-001-5. CODE The product has no lot code. All custom made feed purchased between June 24, 2004 and September 8, 2004. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Farmers Elevator Co, Houston, OH, by telephone and letter dated September 27, 2004. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Feed may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues which is prohibited in ruminant feed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approximately 80 1û2 tons of steer/cattle feed.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Product is custom made sheep/goat feed packaged in 100 lb. poly bags. The product has no labeling. Recall # V-002-5. CODE The product has no lot code. All custom made feed purchased between June 24, 2004 and September 8, 2004. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Farmers Elevator Co, Houston, OH, by telephone and letter dated September 27, 2004. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Feed may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues which is prohibited in ruminant feed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approximately 8 tons.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Product is custom made deer feed packaged in 100 lb. poly bags. The product has no labeling. Recall # V-003-5. CODE The product has no lot code. All custom made feed purchased between June 24, 2004 and September 8, 2004. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Farmers Elevator Co, Houston, OH, by telephone and letter dated September 27, 2004. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Feed may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues which is prohibited in ruminant feed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approximately 6 tons.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR October 20, 2004<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00870.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00870.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br /><br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT a) Hi-Tek Rations Horse Nuggets***Performance*** Net Wt. 40 lb (18.14 kg). Recall # V-006-5; b) Hi-Tek Rations***Aqua-Tek***Quality Floating Fish Food***Net Wt. 50 Lbs (22.68kg). Product is packed in paper bags in amounts specified. Recall # V-007-5. CODE a) Lot # 073128; b) Lot #071202. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER HI-TEK Rations, Inc., Dublin, GA, by letter on September 17, 2004. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Product may contain prohibited ruminants; however, label does not have required caution statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10 tons.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, NC, SC, WV.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00880.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00880.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />2005<br /><br />VM Update December 5, 2005<br /><br />November 2005 Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE1105.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE1105.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Update June 20, 2005<br /><br />June 2005 Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse0605.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse0605.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Update March 17, 2005<br /><br />March 2005 Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE0305.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE0305.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT a) Bulk nonmedicated custom swine and poultry feeds, Recall # V-006-6; b) Bulk medicated swine and poultry feeds, Recall # V-007-6 CODE N/A RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Gold Eagle Cooperative, Goldfield, IA, by telephone or visit beginning August 30, 2005. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Swine and poultry feeds which may contain prohibited material are not labeled with the warning statement not to feed to cattle or other ruminants.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approx. 15,323.68 tons of nonmedicated and medicated feed<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION IA, GA, MD, and MN<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2005/ENF00925.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2005/ENF00925.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br /><br /><br />______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Hydrolyzed Feather Meal, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-109-5 CODE Lot number: 11579 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Griffin Industries, Inc., Cold Springs, KY, by telephone on September 2, 2005. Manufacturer: Griffin Industries, Inc., Henderson, KY. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Product may contain prohibited material and is not identified with the cautionary statement: "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 863/50 lb. bags<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION IN<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR SEPTEMBER 28, 2005<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2005/ENF00919.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2005/ENF00919.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />2006<br /><br />CVM Update May 9, 2006<br /><br />April 2006 Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE0506.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE0506.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Subject: MAD COW FEED BAN WARNING LETTER ISSUED MAY 17, 2006<br />Date: June 27, 2006 at 7:42 am PST Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration<br /><br />New Orleans District 297 Plus Park Blvd. Nashville, TN 37217<br /><br />Telephone: 615-781-5380 Fax: 615-781-5391<br /><br />May 17, 2006<br /><br />WARNING LETTER NO. 2006-NOL-06<br /><br />FEDERAL EXPRESS OVERNIGHT DELIVERY<br /><br />Mr. William Shirley, Jr., Owner Louisiana.DBA Riegel By-Products 2621 State Street Dallas, Texas 75204<br /><br />Dear Mr. Shirley:<br /><br />On February 12, 17, 21, and 22, 2006, a U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) investigator inspected your rendering plant, located at 509 Fortson Street, Shreveport, Louisiana. The inspection revealed significant deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 589.2000 [21 CFR 589.2000], Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. This regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). You failed to follow the requirements of this regulation; products being manufactured and distributed by your facility are misbranded within the meaning of Section 403(a)(1) [21 USC 343(a)(1)] of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act).<br /><br />Our investigation found you failed to provide measures, including sufficient written procedures, to prevent commingling or cross-contamination and to maintain sufficient written procedures [21 CFR 589.2000(e)] because:<br /><br />You failed to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues into animal protein or feeds which may be used for ruminants. For example, your facility uses the same equipment to process mammalian and poultry tissues. However, you use only hot water to clean the cookers between processing tissues from each species. You do not clean the auger, hammer mill, grinder, and spouts after processing mammalian tissues.<br /><br />You failed to maintain written procedures specifying the clean-out procedures or other means to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues into feeds which may be used for ruminants.<br /><br />As a result . the poultry meal you manufacture may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues prohibited in ruminant feed. Pursuant to 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1)(i), any products containing or may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues must be labeled, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Since you failed to label a product which may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues with the required cautionary statement. the poultry meal is misbranded under Section 403(a)(1) [21 USC 343(a)(1)] of the Act.<br /><br />This letter is not intended as an all-inclusive list of violations at your facility. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use, you are responsible for ensuring your overall operation and the products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. You should take prompt action to correct these violations, and you should establish a system whereby violations do not recur. Failure to promptly correct these violations may result in regulatory action, such as seizure and/or injunction, without further notice.<br /><br />You should notify this office in writing within 15 working days of receiving this letter, outlining the specific steps you have taken to bring your firm into compliance with the law. Your response should include an explanation of each step taken to correct the violations and prevent their recurrence. If corrective action cannot be completed within 15 working days, state the reason for the delay and the date by which the corrections will be completed. Include copies of any available documentation demonstrating corrections have been made.<br /><br />Your reply should be directed to Mark W. Rivero, Compliance Officer, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2424 Edenborn Avenue, Suite 410, Metairie, Louisiana 70001. If you have questions regarding any issue in this letter, please contact Mr. Rivero at (504) 219-8818, extension 103.<br /><br />Sincerely,<br /><br />/S<br /><br />Carol S. Sanchez Acting District Director New Orleans District<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm">http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67<br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br /><br />______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6; b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6; c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6; d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE a) Bulk b) None c) Bulk d) Bulk RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION Nationwide<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006<br /><br />###<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL MI MAMMALIAN PROTEIN VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 27,694,240 lbs<br /><br />Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:14 pm PST PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6 CODE All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 27,694,240 lbs<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION MI<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />ALABAMA MAD COW, ALABAMA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE<br /><br /><br /><br />Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6; c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6; h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6; i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6; j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6; l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION AL and FL<br /><br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006<br /><br />###<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />SEE NEW LINK HERE<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL KY VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ?????<br />Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:19 pm PST<br /><br />PRODUCT Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ?????<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION KY<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II<br /><br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br /><br />Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling’s 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007<br /><br /><br />CODE<br /><br /><br />Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007<br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br /><br />Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br /><br />REASON<br /><br /><br />Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br /><br />42,090 lbs.<br /><br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br /><br />WI<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br /><br />Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot-Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI – 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J – PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A-BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007<br /><br /><br />CODE<br /><br /><br />The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.<br /><br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER<br /><br /><br />Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br /><br />REASON<br /><br /><br />Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE<br /><br /><br />9,997,976 lbs.<br /><br /><br />DISTRIBUTION<br /><br /><br />ID and NV<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007<br /><br /><br />###<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />please see ;<br /><br /><br /><br />FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE P01-05 January 30, 2001 Print Media: 301-827-6242 Consumer Inquiries: 888-INFO-FDA<br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Note: On Dec. 23, 2003, the U.S. Department of Agriculture reported that a cow in Washington state had tested positive for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or mad cow disease). As a result, information on this Web page stating that no BSE cases had been found in the United States is now incorrect. However, because other information on this page continues to have value, the page will remain available for viewing.<br /><br />FDA ANNOUNCES TEST RESULTS FROM TEXAS FEED LOT<br /><br />Today the Food and Drug Administration announced the results of tests taken on feed used at a Texas feedlot that was suspected of containing meat and bone meal from other domestic cattle -- a violation of FDA's 1997 prohibition on using ruminant material in feed for other ruminants. Results indicate that a very low level of prohibited material was found in the feed fed to cattle.<br /><br />FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams - approximately a quarter ounce -- of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds.<br /><br />It is important to note that the prohibited material was domestic in origin (therefore not likely to contain infected material because there is no evidence of BSE in U.S. cattle), fed at a very low level, and fed only once. The potential risk of BSE to such cattle is therefore exceedingly low, even if the feed were contaminated.<br /><br />According to Dr. Bernard Schwetz, FDA's Acting Principal Deputy Commissioner, "The challenge to regulators and industry is to keep this disease out of the United States. One important defense is to prohibit the use of any ruminant animal materials in feed for other ruminant animals. Combined with other steps, like U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) ban on the importation of live ruminant animals from affected countries, these steps represent a series of protections, to keep American cattle free of BSE."<br /><br />Despite this negligible risk, Purina Mills, Inc., is nonetheless announcing that it is voluntarily purchasing all 1,222 of the animals held in Texas and mistakenly fed the animal feed containing the prohibited material. Therefore, meat from those animals will not enter the human food supply. FDA believes any cattle that did not consume feed containing the prohibited material are unaffected by this incident, and should be handled in the beef supply clearance process as usual.<br /><br />FDA believes that Purina Mills has behaved responsibly by first reporting the human error that resulted in the misformulation of the animal feed supplement and then by working closely with State and Federal authorities.<br /><br />This episode indicates that the multi-layered safeguard system put into place is essential for protecting the food supply and that continued vigilance needs to be taken, by all concerned, to ensure these rules are followed routinely.<br /><br />FDA will continue working with USDA as well as State and local officials to ensure that companies and individuals comply with all laws and regulations designed to protect the U.S. food supply.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PRION 2009 CONGRESS BOOK OF ABSTRACTS<br /><br />O.4.3<br /><br />Spread of BSE prions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after oral transmission<br /><br />Edgar Holznagel1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Barbara Yutzy1, Gerhard Hunsmann3, Johannes Loewer1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Sera and Vaccines, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany<br /><br />Background: BSE-infected cynomolgus monkeys represent a relevant animal model to study the pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD).<br /><br />Objectives: To study the spread of BSE prions during the asymptomatic phase of infection in a simian animal model.<br /><br />Methods: Orally BSE-dosed macaques (n=10) were sacrificed at defined time points during the incubation period and 7 orally BSE-dosed macaques were sacrificed after the onset of clinical signs. Neuronal and non-neuronal tissues were tested for the presence of proteinase-K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by western immunoblot and by paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot technique.<br /><br />Results: In clinically diseased macaques (5 years p.i. + 6 mo.), PrPres deposits were widely spread in neuronal tissues (including the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and in lymphoid tissues including tonsils. In asymptomatic disease carriers, PrPres deposits could be detected in intestinal lymph nodes as early as 1 year p.i., but CNS tissues were negative until 3 – 4 years p.i. Lumbal/sacral segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were PrPres positive as early as 4.1 years p.i., whereas sympathetic trunk and all thoracic/cervical segments of the spinal cord were still negative for PrPres. However, tonsil samples were negative in all asymptomatic cases.<br /><br />Discussion: There is evidence for an early spread of BSE to the CNS via autonomic fibres of the splanchnic and vagus nerves indicating that trans-synaptical spread may be a time-limiting factor for neuroinvasion. Tonsils were predominantly negative during the main part of the incubation period indicating that epidemiological vCJD screening results based on the detection of PrPres in tonsil biopsies may mostly tend to underestimate the prevalence of vCJD among humans.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;<br /><br />Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates<br /><br />Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />BSE bovine brain inoculum<br /><br />100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg<br /><br />Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)<br /><br />Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)<br /><br />RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)<br /><br />PrPres biochemical detection<br /><br />The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was<br /><br />inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of<br /><br />bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.<br /><br />Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula<br /><br />Published online January 27, 2005<br /><br /><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a><br /><br /><br />It is clear that the designing scientists must<br /><br />also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose<br /><br />levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />2<br /><br />6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley’s answer (that it would take less than say 100<br /><br />grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one<br /><br />considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it<br /><br />could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the<br /><br />same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate"<br /><br />experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment<br /><br />designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure<br /><br />that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study<br /><br />and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger<br /><br />infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time<br /><br />ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing<br /><br />scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the<br /><br />dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Re: BSE .1 GRAM LETHAL NEW STUDY SAYS via W.H.O. Dr Maura Ricketts<br /><br />[BBC radio 4 FARM news]<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.maddeer.org/audio/BBC4farmingtoday2_1_03.ram">http://www.maddeer.org/audio/BBC4farmingtoday2_1_03.ram</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3923s1_OPH.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3923s1_OPH.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />2) Infectious dose:<br /><br />To cattle: 1 gram of infected brain material (by oral ingestion)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br /><br />P.O. Box 42<br /><br />Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br /><br /><br /><br />[Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirement for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle<br /><br />03-025IFA 03-025IFA-2 Terry S. Singeltary<br /><br />Page 1 of 17<br /><br />From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]<br /><br />Sent: Thursday, September 08, 2005 6:17 PM<br /><br />To: fsis.regulationscomments@fsis.usda.gov<br /><br />Subject: [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements<br /><br />for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle<br /><br />Greetings FSIS,<br /><br />I would kindly like to submit the following to [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and<br /><br />Requirements for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle<br /><br />THE BSE/TSE SUB CLINICAL Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle<br /><br />Broken bones and such may be the first signs of a sub clinical BSE/TSE Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle ;<br /><br />SUB CLINICAL PRION INFECTION<br /><br />MRC-43-00<br /><br />Issued: Monday, 28 August 2000<br /><br />NEW EVIDENCE OF SUB-CLINICAL PRION INFECTION: IMPORTANT RESEARCH<br /><br />FINDINGS RELEVANT TO CJD AND BSE<br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br /><br />P.O. Box 42<br /><br />Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br /><br />9/13/2005<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Board Number: I-12<br />Title: Risk Factors for Animal Drug and Feed Products, Manufacturing Processes and Facilities: Analysis of Recalls, 2000 – 2005<br /><br />V. Wiles , E. A. Grove , K. B. Ekelman , CVM, FDA, Rockville, MD<br /><br />Background: The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) is developing a risk-based inspection system to help ensure that regulatory resources are focused on the animal feed and drug products, manufacturing processes and facilities that pose the greatest risks to animal and human health. To help identify risk factors for animal feed and drug products, manufacturing processes and facilities, we analyzed 203 firm-initiated recalls of animal drug and feed products from fiscal years 2000 through 2005. A recall is a firm\'s removal or correction of a marketed product that FDA considers to be in violation of the laws it administers.<br /><br />Methods: We reviewed records for 203 firm-initiated recalls of animal drug and feed products from fiscal years 2000 to 2005 to identify the types of errors associated with recalled animal drug and feed products and to determine which recalled products and errors were associated with the highest levels of health hazards. The relative level of health hazard attributed to each recalled product by FDA is reflected in an assigned recall classification number (i.e., I, II, or III).<br /><br />Results: Of the 203 firm-initiated recalls of animal drug and feed products from fiscal years 2000 through 2005, 103 (approximately 51%) were for non-medicated feeds, 33 (approximately 16%) were for medicated feeds, and 64 (approximately 32%) were for animal drugs. For recalls of non-medicated feeds, 18% were classified as posing a high level of health hazard (recall classification I) and 76% were classified as posing a moderate health hazard (recall classification II). For recalls of medicated feeds, 13% were classified as posing a high level of health hazard and 53% were classified as posing a moderate level of health hazard. For recalls of animal drugs, 5% were classified as posing a high level of health hazard and 42% were classified as posing a moderate level of health hazard. The most common errors identified for recalls of non-medicated feeds were those related to the BSE rule. The most common errors identified for recalls of medicated feeds were incorrect levels of drugs in feeds or feeding medicated feeds to species or ages for which the drugs in the feeds were not approved. Other errors associated with recalls of non-medicated and medicated feeds included chemical or microbiological contamination, labeling errors, and general manufacturing errors. The most common errors associated with recalls of animal drugs were due to concerns about the drugs’ stability, sterility and labeling.<br /><br />Conclusions: CVM is using information from the analysis of the animal feed and drug products associated with 203 firm-initiated recalls from fiscal years 2000 through 2005 to help rank the relative risks from the products, manufacturing processes and facilities.<br /><br />Category: I. Risk Management, Risk Assessment,and Risk Communication for Medical Products and Foods<br /><br /><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/oc/scienceforum/sf2006/search/preview.cfm?abstract_id=838&backto=category">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/oc/scienceforum/sf2006/search/preview.cfm?abstract_id=838&backto=category</a><br /><br /><br /><br />BAB = BORN AFTER BAN<br /><br />BARB = BORN AFTER RUMINANT BAN<br /><br />MAMB = BORN AFTER MAMMALIAN BAN<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/200503canada/fig3desce.html">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/200503canada/fig3desce.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />NEW TSE TERM FOR FDA = BAWB I.E. 'BORN AFTER WHAT BAN' ;-(TSS)<br /><br /><br /><br />The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005 (Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is present also in Mexico.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf">http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />IN A NUT SHELL ;<br /><br />(Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006)<br /><br />11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central Bureau,<br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, November 23, 2009<br /><br />BSE GBR RISK ASSESSMENTS UPDATE NOVEMBER 23, 2009 COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND O.I.E.<br /><br /><a href="http://docket-aphis-2006-0041.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-gbr-risk-assessments-update.html">http://docket-aphis-2006-0041.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-gbr-risk-assessments-update.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />48 hour traceback for BSE mad cow disease in the USA ???<br /><br />NOT in your lifetime !<br /><br />8 YEARS IN REVIEW OF THE MAD COW DEBACLE IN THE USA ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/12/mad-cow-disease-usa-december-28-2008-8.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/12/mad-cow-disease-usa-december-28-2008-8.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Analysis of Data on Presumed Dead and Untraceable Animals<br /><br />CEAH performed an analysis of the minimum estimated ages of those COI that were classified as either presumed dead or untraceable to determine the likely disposition of those animals based on their ages. Moreover, CEAH performed an analysis of the likely disposition of the one calf that was classified as untraceable during the investigation.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/bse_final_epi_report8-05.pdf">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/bse_final_epi_report8-05.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2009/03/nais-comments-ncba-and-r-calf-wednesday.html">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2009/03/nais-comments-ncba-and-r-calf-wednesday.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Docket APHIS-2007-0033 Docket Title Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002; Biennial Review and Republication of the Select Agent and Toxin List Docket Type Rulemaking Document APHIS-2007-0033-0001 Document Title Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002; Biennial Review and Republication of the Select Agent and Toxin List Public Submission APHIS-2007-0033-0002.1 Public Submission Title Attachment to Singeltary comment<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=090000648027c28e">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=090000648027c28e</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: Title: HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory Article Type: Personal View Corresponding Author: Mr. Terry S. Singeltary, Corresponding Author's Institution: na First Author: Terry S Singeltary, none Order of Authors: Terry S Singeltary, none; Terry S. Singeltary Abstract: TSEs have been rampant in the USA for decades in many species, and they all have been rendered and fed back to animals for human/animal consumption. I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2007.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Subject: Importation of Whole Cuts of Boneless Beef from Japan [Docket No. 05-004-1] RIN 0579-AB93 TSS SUBMISSION<br /><br />Date: August 24, 2005 at 2:47 pm PST<br /><br />August 24, 2005<br /><br />Importation of Whole Cuts of Boneless Beef from Japan [Docket No. 05-004-1] RIN 0579-AB93 TSS SUBMISSION<br /><br />Greetings APHIS ET AL,<br /><br />My name is Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br /><br />I would kindly like to comment on [Docket No. 05-004-1] RIN 0579-AB93 ;<br /><br />PROPOSED RULES<br /><br />Exportation and importation of animals and animal products:<br /><br />Whole cuts of boneless beef from-<br /><br />Japan,<br /><br />48494-48500 [05-16422]<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=0900006480086ebc&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw6">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=0900006480086ebc&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw6</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Docket No. 03-080-1 -- USDA ISSUES PROPOSED RULE TO ALLOW LIVE ANIMAL IMPORTS FROM CANADA<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://web01.aphis.usda.gov/BSEcom.nsf/0/b78ba677e2b0c12185256dd300649f9d?OpenDocument&AutoFramed">https://web01.aphis.usda.gov/BSEcom.nsf/0/b78ba677e2b0c12185256dd300649f9d?OpenDocument&AutoFramed</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT HERE ;<br /><br />Docket No. 03-080-1 -- USDA ISSUES PROPOSED RULE TO ALLOW LIVE ANIMAL IMPORTS FROM CANADA<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-no-03-080-1-usda-issues-proposed.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-no-03-080-1-usda-issues-proposed.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Docket APHIS-2006-0026 Docket Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Animal Identification and Importation of Commodities Docket Type Rulemaking Document APHIS-2006-0026-0001 Document Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions, Identification of Ruminants and Processing and Importation of Commodities Public Submission APHIS-2006-0026-0012 Public Submission Title Comment from Terry S Singletary<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064801e47e1">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064801e47e1</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Docket APHIS-2006-0041 Docket Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived from Bovines Commodities Docket Type Rulemaking Document APHIS-2006-0041-0001 Document Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived From Bovines Public Submission APHIS-2006-0041-0028 Public Submission Title Comment from Terry S Singletary<br /><br />Comment 2006-2007 USA AND OIE POISONING GLOBE WITH BSE MRR POLICY<br /><br />THE USA is in a most unique situation, one of unknown circumstances with human and animal TSE. THE USA has the most documented TSE in different species to date, with substrains growing in those species (BSE/BASE in cattle and CWD in deer and elk, there is evidence here with different strains), and we know that sheep scrapie has over 20 strains of the typical scrapie with atypical scrapie documented and also BSE is very likely to have passed to sheep. all of which have been rendered and fed back to animals for human and animal consumption, a frightening scenario. WE do not know the outcome, and to play with human life around the globe with the very likely TSE tainted products from the USA, in my opinion is like playing Russian roulette, of long duration, with potential long and enduring consequences, of which once done, cannot be undone. These are the facts as I have come to know through daily and extensive research of TSE over 9 years, since 12/14/97. I do not pretend to have all the answers, but i do know to continue to believe in the ukbsenvcjd only theory of transmission to humans of only this one strain from only this one TSE from only this one part of the globe, will only lead to further failures, and needless exposure to humans from all strains of TSE, and possibly many more needless deaths from TSE via a multitude of proven routes and sources via many studies with primates and rodents and other species.<br /><br />MY personal belief, since you ask, is that not only the Canadian border, but the USA border, and the Mexican border should be sealed up tighter than a drum for exporting there TSE tainted products, until a validated, 100% sensitive test is available, and all animals for human and animal consumption are tested. all we are doing is the exact same thing the UK did with there mad cow poisoning when they exported it all over the globe, all the while knowing what they were doing. this BSE MRR policy is nothing more than a legal tool to do just exactly what the UK did, thanks to the OIE and GW, it's legal now. and they executed Saddam for poisoning ???<br /><br />go figure. ...<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064801f8151">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064801f8151</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Docket APHIS-2006-0041 Docket Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived from Bovines Commodities Docket Type Rulemaking Document APHIS-2006-0041-0001 Document Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived From Bovines Public Submission APHIS-2006-0041-0028.1 Public Submission Title Attachment to Singletary comment<br /><br />January 28, 2007<br /><br />Greetings APHIS,<br /><br />I would kindly like to submit the following to ;<br /><br />BSE; MRR; IMPORTATION OF LIVE BOVINES AND PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM BOVINES [Docket No. APHIS-2006-0041] RIN 0579-AC01<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Sent: Friday, December 01, 2006 2:59 PM<br /><br />Subject: Re: TSE advisory committee for the meeting December 15, 2006 [TSS SUBMISSION<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />ONE FINAL COMMENT PLEASE, (i know this is long Dr. Freas but please bear with me)<br /><br />THE USA is in a most unique situation, one of unknown circumstances with human and animal TSE. THE USA has the most documented TSE in different species to date, with substrains growing in those species (BSE/BASE in cattle and CWD in deer and elk, there is evidence here with different strains), and we know that sheep scrapie has over 20 strains of the typical scrapie with atypical scrapie documented and also BSE is very likely to have passed to sheep. all of which have been rendered and fed back to animals for human and animal consumption, a frightening scenario. WE do not know the outcome, and to play with human life around the globe with the very likely TSE tainted blood from the USA, in my opinion is like playing Russian roulette, of long duration, with potential long and enduring consequences, of which once done, cannot be undone.<br /><br />These are the facts as i have come to know through daily and extensive research of TSE over 9 years, since 12/14/97. I do not pretend to have all the answers, but i do know to continue to believe in the ukbsenvcjd only theory of transmission to humans of only this one strain from only this one TSE from only this one part of the globe, will only lead to further failures, and needless exposure to humans from all strains of TSE, and possibly many more needless deaths from TSE via a multitude of proven routes and sources via many studies with primates and rodents and other species. ...<br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box 42 Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br /><br />snip... 48 pages...<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f3413&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f3413&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />WHAT ABOUT SHEEP SCRAPIE IN THE USA, AND ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IN THE USA I.E. THE NOR-98, AND WHAT ABOUT TRANSMISSION TO HUMANS, AND WHY NOT ?<br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, January 07, 2010<br /><br />Scrapie and Nor-98 Scrapie November 2009 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2010 and FISCAL YEAR 2008<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/01/scrapie-and-nor-98-scrapie-november.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/01/scrapie-and-nor-98-scrapie-november.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, December 14, 2009<br /><br />Similarities between Forms of Sheep Scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Are Encoded by Distinct Prion Types<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />WHAT ABOUT THOSE MAD SHEEP OF MAD RIVER VALLEY $$$<br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, September 1, 2008<br /><br />RE-FOIA OF DECLARATION OF EXTRAORDINARY EMERGENCY BECAUSE OF AN ATYPICAL T.S.E. (PRION DISEASE) OF FOREIGN ORIGIN IN THE UNITED STATES [No. 00-072-1]<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://foiamadsheepmadrivervalley.blogspot.com/">http://foiamadsheepmadrivervalley.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />2010 UPDATE, THE MAD SHEEP OF MAD RIVER VALLEY WERE TSE FREE ;<br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, February 27, 2010<br /><br />FINAL REPORT OF THE TESTING OF THE BELGIAN (VERMONT) SHEEP February 27, 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://foiamadsheepmadrivervalley.blogspot.com/2010/02/final-report-of-testing-of-belgian.html">http://foiamadsheepmadrivervalley.blogspot.com/2010/02/final-report-of-testing-of-belgian.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />14th ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure -<br /><br />Final Abstract Number: ISE.114<br /><br />Session: International Scientific Exchange<br /><br />Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America<br /><br />update October 2009<br /><br />T. Singeltary<br /><br />Bacliff, TX, USA<br /><br />Background:<br /><br />An update on atypical BSE and other TSE in North America. Please remember, the typical U.K. c-BSE, the atypical l-BSE (BASE), and h-BSE have all been documented in North America, along with the typical scrapie's, and atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and to date, 2 different strains of CWD, and also TME. All these TSE in different species have been rendered and fed to food producing animals for humans and animals in North America (TSE in cats and dogs ?), and that the trading of these TSEs via animals and products via the USA and Canada has been immense over the years, decades.<br /><br />Methods:<br /><br />12 years independent research of available data<br /><br />Results:<br /><br />I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc.<br /><br />Conclusion:<br /><br />I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. Restricting the reporting of CJD and or any human TSE is NOT scientific. Iatrogenic CJD knows NO age group, TSE knows no boundaries. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf">http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />International Society for Infectious Diseases Web: <a href="http://www.isid.org/">http://www.isid.org/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, January 2, 2010<br /><br />Human Prion Diseases in the United States January 1, 2010 ***FINAL***<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />my comments to PLosone here ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, February 05, 2010<br /><br />New Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease case reports United States 2010 A Review<br /><br /><a href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2010/02/new-variant-creutzfelt-jakob-disease.html">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2010/02/new-variant-creutzfelt-jakob-disease.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, February 14, 2010<br /><br />[Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)<br /><br /><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, February 24, 2010<br /><br />Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America 14th<br /><br />ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure -<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />TSE<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br />P.O. Box 42<br />Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br /><br /><br />Stupid is, as Stupid does...Forest GumpTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-2981629317681676172010-02-03T11:55:00.000-08:002010-02-03T12:07:03.445-08:00Import Alert 71-02 Detention Without Physical Examination Of Animal Feeds And Feed Ingredients That May Contain Ingredients Of Animal OriginImport Alert 71-02<br /><br />(Note: This import alert represents the Agency's current guidance to FDA field personnel regarding the manufacturer(s) and/or products(s) at issue. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person, and does not operate to bind FDA or the public).<br /><br />Import Alert # 71-02<br /><br />Published Date: 10/02/2009<br /><br />Type: DWPE<br /><br />Import Alert Name:<br /><br />"Detention Without Physical Examination Of Animal Feeds And Feed Ingredients That May Contain Ingredients Of Animal Origin"<br /><br />Reason for Alert:<br /><br />The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS) regulates the importation of animals and animal-derived materials. More specifically, under 9 CFR 95.4, the USDA does not allow the importation of animal feeds or feed ingredients that contain or consist of processed animal protein (e.g. meat and bone meal) and other animal waste and by product materials that have been derived from animals that have been in specified BSE-affected and BSE-at-risk countries. The USDA may, however, allow for the importation of specific non-ruminant animal-derived products, provided the product is the subject of a valid USDA import permit (VS Form 16-6).<br /><br />BSE is the bovine form of a group of uniformly fatal Neurological diseases known as TSEs (Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies). BSE appears to be spread in part through feeding of infected material to cattle. At this time, the causative agent is unknown and there is no test for the presence of the agent in animal derived products. There appears to be a link between the bovine TSE, BSE, and a human form of TSE known as vCJD (new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease).<br /><br />In support of the USDA/APHIS import prohibitions, the FDA instituted Import Alert #99-25, "Detention Without Physical Examination of Animal Feed, Animal Feed Ingredients and Other Products For Animal Use Consisting or Containing Ingredients of Animal Origin and NOT the subject of a valid USDA permit."<br /><br />To ensure compliance with Import Alert #99-25, the FDA has a sampling program to conduct random sampling and analysis of feed and feed ingredients for the presence of animal tissues offered for entry into the U.S. The firms listed in the Attachment of this Import Alert #71-02 have offered feed and/or feed ingredients into the U.S. that have been found to contain animal protein upon sampling and analysis.<br /><br />Guidance: Districts may detain without physical examination products offered for import from those firms that are identified in the attachment to this alert. In order to fully evaluate whether such products contain ingredients of animal origin subject to detention under Import Alert #99-25 and, if so, whether this problem has been corrected, FDA recommends that firms provide the following information:<br /><br />1. Evidence that the firm has determined that the products it is importing are no longer subject to detention under Import Alert 99-25, because it has taken appropriate steps to prevent the presence of animal material in feed and feed ingredients. This should be documented by:<br /><br />a. Results of the firm's investigation(s) into the problem of animal protein contamination.<br /><br />b. Documentation showing corrective action(s).<br /><br />This should include at a minimum:<br /><br />1) a description of the current processes being used to prevent contamination and<br /><br />2) verification that the processes are adequate<br /><br />c. Documentation, based on current feed microscopy analytical methodology, that a minimum of five (5) consecutive import entries have been released by FDA based on private laboratory analyses that show the shipments contain no material of animal origin. Requests to remove from the DWPE list multiple products from a manufacturer should include a minimum of twelve (12) import entries representative of products covered by detention without physical examination.<br /><br />OR<br /><br />2. Evidence that the product is the subject of a valid USDA import permit (VS Form 16-6).<br /><br />All requests for removal from DWPE should be forwarded to(HFC-170)at the address below. Requests will be forwarded to CVM for evaluation.<br /><br />Food And Drug Administration Division, Import Operations and Policy (HFC-170), Room 12-38 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857<br /><br />For questions or issues concerning science, science policy, sample collection, analysis, preparation, or analytical methodology, contact the Division of Field Science at (301) 827-7605.<br /><br />Product Description: Animal feeds and feed ingredients<br /><br />Charge: "The article is subject to refusal of admission pursuant to Section 801(a)(1)in that it appears that such article has been manufactured, processed, or packed under insanitary conditions."<br /><br />OASIS Charge Code: MFR INSAN<br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />List of firms and their products subject to Detention without Physical Examination (DWPE) under this Import Alert (a.k.a. Red List)<br /><br />(3004346002) Aliments Breton inc.Date Published : 09/16/2009 1312 St-georges Street , St.Bernard, CA-QC CA 70 M - - 03 Poultry Mixed Feed Ration Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />(3003626904) Cargill Animal NutritionDate Published : 09/16/2009 235 36th Street North , Lethbridge, Alberta CA 69 - - - -- Medicated Animal Feeds Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />Notes:Blood Material 70 - - - -- Animal Feed(Non-Medicated) Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />(3003447727) Cereales D. L. LteeDate Published : 09/16/2009 25 Dupont , Saint-Louis-De-Gonzague, QC CA 69 - - - -- Medicated Animal Feeds Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />70 - - - -- Animal Feed(Non-Medicated) Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />(1000344064) Dawn Foods ProductsDate Published : 09/16/2009 75 33rd Street East , Saskatoon, SK CA 69 - - - -- Medicated Animal Feeds Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />70 - - - -- Animal Feed(Non-Medicated) Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />(3004318728) Land O'Lakes FeedsDate Published : 09/16/2009 Rr# 2 , 90540 London Road , Wingham, CA-ON CA 69 - - - -- Medicated Animal Feeds Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />(3001400728) Landmark Feeds IncDate Published : 09/16/2009 1950 Brier Park Rd Nw , Medicine Hat, AB CA 70 M - - 01 Cattle Mixed Feed Ration Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />(3004283114) Louis Dreyfus Canada Ltd.Date Published : 09/16/2009 P.o. Box 689 , Brass Facility , Wilkie, Saskatchewan CA 69 - - - -- Medicated Animal Feeds Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />70 - - - -- Animal Feed(Non-Medicated) Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />(3003541855) MasterfeedsDate Published : 09/16/2009 111 Jamison Ave , Picture Butte, AB CA 69 - - - -- Medicated Animal Feeds Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />70 - - - -- Animal Feed(Non-Medicated) Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />(3003334575) Oleet ProcessingDate Published : 09/16/2009 Box 26011 , Regina, SK CA 69 - - - -- Medicated Animal Feeds Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />70 - - - -- Animal Feed(Non-Medicated) Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />(3000120903) Ritchie Smith Feeds IncDate Published : 09/16/2009 33777 Enterprise Avenue , Abbotsford, BC CA 69 - - - -- Medicated Animal Feeds Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />70 - - - -- Animal Feed(Non-Medicated) Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />(3003612587) Unifeed LimitedDate Published : 09/16/2009 46255 Chilliwack Central Road , Chilliwack, BC CA 69 - - - -- Medicated Animal Feeds Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />Notes:Muscle tissue 70 - - - -- Animal Feed(Non-Medicated) Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />Notes:Muscle tissue<br /><br />(3003110241) Unifeed Limited dba Sure Crop FeedsDate Published : 09/16/2009 1150 Industrial Drive , Armstrong, BC CA 69 - - - -- Medicated Animal Feeds Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />70 - - - -- Animal Feed(Non-Medicated) Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />(3004306775) Unifeed Limited-LethbridgeDate Published : 09/16/2009 1810-39 Street North , Lethbridge, CA-AB CA 69 - - - -- Medicated Animal Feeds Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />Notes:Feather material; blood Material 70 - - - -- Animal Feed(Non-Medicated) Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />Notes:Feather material; blood Material<br /><br />(3004316870) excel feeds incDate Published : 09/16/2009 3007 Turner Street , abbotsford, CA-BC CA 69 - - - -- Medicated Animal Feeds Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br />70 - - - -- Animal Feed(Non-Medicated) Date Published: 09/16/2009<br /><br /><br />-<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_216.html">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_216.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PLEASE BE AWARE ;<br /><br />The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005 (Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is present also in Mexico.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf">http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, September 4, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 29, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />C O N F I R M E D<br /><br /><br /><br />----- Original Message -----<br />From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."<br />To:<br />Sent: Thursday, November 05, 2009 9:25 PM<br />Subject: [BSE-L] re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, November 12, 2009<br /><br />BSE FEED RECALL Misbranding of product by partial label removal to hide original source of materials 2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Annual Report Fiscal Year 2008: October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008<br /><br />PUTTING LIPSTICK ON A PIG AND TAKING HER TO A DANCE...TSS<br /><br />BSE Feed Rule Enforcement: A Decade of Success OFF TO A FAST START<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, January 17, 2010<br /><br />BSE USA feed inspection violations 01/01/2009 to 01/17/2010 FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />A band aid approach, to something that needs a tourniquet, like irradiation, and or ammonia, or whatever, same thing, your masking the problem, and in the end, will make it worse, the industry will become more complacent. see below, you can run just the numbers I picked up over the years. i'm talking 100s and 100s of tonnage of mad cow feed. I even remember the token purina mad cow feed mill in Gonzales Texas back in 2001. where the FDA spouted out that ;<br /><br /><br />''FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams - approximately a quarter ounce -- of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds.''<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2001/new00752.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2001/new00752.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />you can take that with how ever many grains of salt you wish, but i read that as saying, it was only 5 1/2 grams, and the old cow ways 600 pounds, so know way that even if the feed was tainted, there was not enough to cause disease. the fda, usda et al, knew at that exact moment when they wrote that statement, they knew then that the 5 1/2 grams was enough to kill a small herd of cows. it was old science. but again, they chose to deceive. THIS WAS 2001, and it's now 2009, and they still are choosing to deceive, and the new administration appears willing to continue the USA mad cow charade. NOW, since the charade at the purina mill in 2001, i am going to list a few figures of suspect, banned mad cow feed that went out into commerce, even in 2008, 2007, 2006, back a few years, and you can compare, what enormous amounts of banned suspect mad cow feed and other products continue to go out. when you consider, and they knew all along, that .005 grams is lethal, my God, how much of this poison was consumed?<br /><br /><br />10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007<br /><br />Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST REASON Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 42,090 lbs. DISTRIBUTION WI<br /><br />REASON Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 9,997,976 lbs. DISTRIBUTION ID and NV<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2007/ENF00996.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2007/ENF00996.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL USA SEPT 6, 2006 1961.72 TONS IN COMMERCE AL, TN, AND WV Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST<br /><br />snip...SEE ALL THAT I FOUND HERE ;<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P04.27<br /><br />Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route<br /><br />Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany<br /><br />Background:<br /><br />In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.<br /><br />Aims:<br /><br />The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.<br /><br />Methods:<br /><br />Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).<br /><br />Results:<br /><br />In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.<br /><br />Conclusions:<br /><br />Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian v CJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.<br /><br />The work referenced was performed in partial fulfillment of the study "BSE in primates" supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;<br /><br /><br />Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates<br /><br />Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />BSE bovine brain inoculum<br /><br />100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg<br /><br />Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)<br /><br />Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)<br /><br />RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)<br /><br />PrPres biochemical detection<br /><br />The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.<br /><br />Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula<br /><br />Published online January 27, 2005<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Calves were challenged by mouth with homogenised brain from confirmed cases of BSE. Some received 300g (3 doses of 100g), some 100g, 10g or 1g. They were then left to develop BSE, but were not subjected to the normal stresses that they might have encountered in a dairy herd. Animals in all four groups developed BSE. There has been a considerable spread of incubation period in some of the groups, but it appears as if those in the 1 and 10g challenge groups most closely fit the picture of incubation periods seen in the epidemic. Experiments in progress indicate that oral infection can occur in some animals with doses as low as 0.01g and 0.001g. .........<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/science-research/pathog.html#dose">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/science-research/pathog.html#dose</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose<br /><br />levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />2<br /><br />6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley’s answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the<br /><br />dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Re: BSE .1 GRAM LETHAL NEW STUDY SAYS via W.H.O. Dr Maura Ricketts<br /><br />[BBC radio 4 FARM news]<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.maddeer.org/audio/BBC4farmingtoday2_1_03.ram">http://www.maddeer.org/audio/BBC4farmingtoday2_1_03.ram</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3923s1_OPH.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3923s1_OPH.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />2) Infectious dose:<br /><br />To cattle: 1 gram of infected brain material (by oral ingestion)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, January 19, 2010<br /><br />CVM's OR Develops New PCR-Based Method for Testing Animal Feed<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/cvms-or-develops-new-pcr-based-method.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/cvms-or-develops-new-pcr-based-method.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />NOW that we have established that this infamous part of the USA BSE MAD COW TRIPLE FIRE WALL was a farce, let's look further into the historical myth of no mad cows in the USA (well, they estimate at 1 in a million slip by into the food system), but i dispute that by many more. The BSE surveillance program was/is terribly flawed as well.<br /><br /><br />bottom line, and i say this with full confidence, with the present and past surveillance of BSE/TSE in the USA, and the continued feed violations, in the TONS, no one will ever know the true extent of any strain of mad cow disease in the USA. you don't have to just take my word on it, read the facts. blunder, after blunder, after blunder. they have all been posted here, i would be glad to go over any and or all of them one by one for any that doubts me. i can sum it all up real quick, Canada is looking to find, and the USA has never, EVER, done that. it's been just the opposite for the USA. don't believe me, or the facts, here is what Dr. Paul Brown of the cdc/nih et al ;<br /><br /><br />PAUL BROWN COMMENT TO ME ON THIS ISSUE<br /><br />Tuesday, September 12, 2006 11:10 AM<br /><br />"Actually, Terry, I have been critical of the USDA handling of the mad cow issue for some years, and with Linda Detwiler and others sent lengthy detailed critiques and recommendations to both the USDA and the Canadian Food Agency."<br /><br />PAUL BROWN CDC ET AL COMMENT TO THE MEDIA ON THIS ISSUE ;<br /><br />"Everything they did on the Texas cow makes everything USDA did before 2005 suspect," Brown said. ...snip...end<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.upi.com/">http://www.upi.com/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2009/09/japans-new-leaders-seen-tougher-on-us.html">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2009/09/japans-new-leaders-seen-tougher-on-us.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/national-prion-disease-pathology.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Statement on Texas cow with central nervous system symptoms<br /><br />Main Category: Public Health Article<br /><br />Date: 05 May 2004 - 0:00 PDT<br /><br /><br /><br />snip...see full text ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://fdafailedus.blogspot.com/2010/01/establishing-fully-integrated-national.html">http://fdafailedus.blogspot.com/2010/01/establishing-fully-integrated-national.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />18.173 page 189<br /><br />Experimental Challenge of Cattle with H-type and L-type Atypical BSE<br /><br />A. Buschmann1, U. Ziegler1, M. Keller1, R. Rogers2, B. Hills3, M.H. Groschup1. 1Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany, 2Health Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products & Food Branch, Ottawa, Canada, 3Health Canada, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Secretariat, Ottawa, Canada<br /><br />Background: After the detection of two novel BSE forms designated H-type and L-type atypical BSE the question of the pathogenesis and the agent distribution of these two types in cattle was fully open. From initial studies of the brain pathology, it was already known that the anatomical distribution of L-type BSE differs from that of the classical type where the obex region in the brainstem always displays the highest PrPSc concentrations. In contrast in L-type BSE cases, the thalamus and frontal cortex regions showed the highest levels of the pathological prion protein, while the obex region was only weakly involved.<br /><br />Methods:We performed intracranial inoculations of cattle (five and six per group) using 10%brainstemhomogenates of the two German H- and L-type atypical BSE isolates. The animals were inoculated under narcosis and then kept in a free-ranging stable under appropriate biosafety conditions.At least one animal per group was killed and sectioned in the preclinical stage and the remaining animals were kept until they developed clinical symptoms. The animals were examined for behavioural changes every four weeks throughout the experiment following a protocol that had been established during earlier BSE pathogenesis studies with classical BSE.<br /><br />Results and Discussion: All animals of both groups developed clinical symptoms and had to be euthanized within 16 months. The clinical picture differed from that of classical BSE, as the earliest signs of illness were loss of body weight and depression. However, the animals later developed hind limb ataxia and hyperesthesia predominantly and the head. Analysis of brain samples from these animals confirmed the BSE infection and the atypical Western blot profile was maintained in all animals. Samples from these animals are now being examined in order to be able to describe the pathogenesis and agent distribution for these novel BSE types. Conclusions: A pilot study using a commercially avaialble BSE rapid test ELISA revealed an essential restriction of PrPSc to the central nervous system for both atypical BSE forms. A much more detailed analysis for PrPSc and infectivity is still ongoing.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.isid.org/14th_icid/">http://www.isid.org/14th_icid/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/IMED2009_AbstrAuth.pdf">http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/IMED2009_AbstrAuth.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.isid.org/publications/ICID_Archive.shtml">http://www.isid.org/publications/ICID_Archive.shtml</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />From: xxxx<br />To: Terry Singeltary<br />Sent: Saturday, December 05, 2009 9:09 AM<br />Subject: 14th ICID - abstract accepted for 'International Scientific Exchange'<br /><br />Your preliminary abstract number: 670<br /><br />Dear Mr. Singeltary,<br /><br />On behalf of the Scientific Committee, I am pleased to inform you that your abstract<br /><br />'Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009'<br /><br />WAS accepted for inclusion in the INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGE (ISE) section of the 14th International Congress on Infectious Diseases. Accordingly, your abstract will be included in the "Intl. Scientific Exchange abstract CD-rom" of the Congress which will be distributed to all participants.<br /><br />Abstracts accepted for INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGE are NOT PRESENTED in the oral OR poster sessions.<br /><br />Your abstract below was accepted for: INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGE<br /><br /><br />#0670: Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009<br /><br />Author: T. Singeltary; Bacliff, TX/US<br /><br />Topic: Emerging Infectious Diseases Preferred type of presentation: International Scientific Exchange<br /><br />This abstract has been ACCEPTED.<br /><br />#0670: Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009<br /><br />Authors: T. Singeltary; Bacliff, TX/US<br /><br /><br />Title: Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009<br /><br />Body: Background<br /><br />An update on atypical BSE and other TSE in North America. Please remember, the typical U.K. c-BSE, the atypical l-BSE (BASE), and h-BSE have all been documented in North America, along with the typical scrapie's, and atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and to date, 2 different strains of CWD, and also TME. All these TSE in different species have been rendered and feed to food producing animals for humans and animals in North America (TSE in cats and dogs ?), and that the trading of these TSEs via animals and products via the USA and Canada has been immense over the years, decades.<br /><br />Methods<br /><br />12 years independent research of available data<br /><br />Results<br /><br />I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc.<br /><br />Conclusion<br /><br />I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. Restricting the reporting of CJD and or any human TSE is NOT scientific. Iatrogenic CJD knows NO age group, TSE knows no boundaries.<br /><br />I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.<br /><br />Keywords: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease Prion<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.isid.org/14th_icid/">http://www.isid.org/14th_icid/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.isid.org/publications/ICID_Archive.shtml">http://www.isid.org/publications/ICID_Archive.shtml</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/IMED2009_AbstrAuth.pdf">http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/IMED2009_AbstrAuth.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, October 19, 2009<br /><br /><br />Atypical BSE, BSE, and other human and animal TSE in North America Update October 19, 2009<br /><br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><br />I ask Professor Kong ;<br /><br />Thursday, December 04, 2008 3:37 PM Subject: RE: re--Chronic Wating Disease (CWD) and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies (BSE): Public Health Risk Assessment<br /><br />''IS the h-BSE more virulent than typical BSE as well, or the same as cBSE, or less virulent than cBSE? just curious.....''<br /><br />Professor Kong reply ;<br /><br />.....snip<br /><br />''As to the H-BSE, we do not have sufficient data to say one way or another, but we have found that H-BSE can infect humans. I hope we could publish these data once the study is complete.<br /><br />Thanks for your interest.''<br /><br />Best regards,<br /><br />Qingzhong Kong, PhD Associate Professor Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 44106 USA<br /><br />END...TSS<br /><br />I look forward to further transmission studies, and a true ENHANCED BSE/atypical BSE surveillance program put forth testing all cattle for human and animal consumption for 5 years. a surveillance program that uses the most sensitive TSE testing, and has the personnel that knows how to use them, and can be trusted. I look forward to a stringent mad cow feed ban being put forth, and then strictly enforced. we need a forced, not voluntary feed ban, an enhanced feed ban at that, especially excluding blood. we need some sort of animal traceability. no more excuses about privacy. if somebody is putting out a product that is killing folks and or has the potential to kill you, then everybody needs to know who they are, and where that product came from. same with hospitals, i think medical incidents in all states should be recorded, and made public, when it comes to something like a potential accidental transmission exposure event. so if someone is out there looking at a place to go have surgery done, if you have several hospitals having these type 'accidental exposure events', than you can go some place else. it only makes sense. somewhere along the road, the consumer lost control, and just had to take whatever they were given, and then charged these astronomical prices. some where along the line the consumer just lost interest, especially on a long incubating disease such as mad cow disease i.e. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy. like i said before, there is much more to the mad cow story than bovines and eating a hamburger, we must start focusing on all TSE in all species. ...TSS<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />for those interested, please see full text ;<br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, January 29, 2010<br />14th International Congress on Infectious Diseases H-type and L-type Atypical BSE January 2010 (special pre-congress edition)<br /><br />""These 9,200 cases were different because brain tissue samples were preserved with formalin, which makes them suitable for only one type of test--immunohistochemistry, or IHC."<br /><br /><br />THIS WAS DONE FOR A REASON!<br /><br /><br />THE IHC test has been proven to be the LEAST LIKELY to detect BSE/TSE in the bovine, and these were probably from the most high risk cattle pool, the ones the USDA et al, SHOULD have been testing. ...TSS<br /><br />USDA 2003 BSE ROUNDTABLE<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2009/04/bse-mad-cow-testing-usa-2009-figures.html">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2009/04/bse-mad-cow-testing-usa-2009-figures.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Subject: Re: BSE 'INCONCLUSIVE' COW fromTEXAS ???<br /><br />Date: Mon, 22 Nov 2004 17:12:15 -0600<br /><br />From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."<br /><br />To: Carla Everett<br /><br />References: <[log in to unmask]><[log in to unmask] us><br /><br />Greetings Carla, still hear a rumor;<br /><br />Texas single beef cow not born in Canada no beef entered the food chain?<br /><br />and i see the TEXAS department of animal health is ramping up for something, but they forgot a url for update?<br /><br />I HAVE NO ACTUAL CONFIRMATION YET...<br /><br />can you confirm??? terry<br /><br /><br />============================================================<br /><br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/14th-international-congress-on.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/14th-international-congress-on.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />NOW, the question to ask yourself, has your country imported feed and or feed by-products from the USA ???<br /><br /><br /><br />The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005 (Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is present also in Mexico.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf">http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Docket APHIS-2006-0041 Docket Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived from Bovines Commodities Docket Type Rulemaking Document APHIS-2006-0041-0001 Document Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived From Bovines Public Submission APHIS-2006-0041-0028 Public Submission Title Comment from Terry S Singletary<br /><br />Comment 2006-2007 USA AND OIE POISONING GLOBE WITH BSE MRR POLICY<br /><br />THE USA is in a most unique situation, one of unknown circumstances with human and animal TSE. THE USA has the most documented TSE in different species to date, with substrains growing in those species (BSE/BASE in cattle and CWD in deer and elk, there is evidence here with different strains), and we know that sheep scrapie has over 20 strains of the typical scrapie with atypical scrapie documented and also BSE is very likely to have passed to sheep. all of which have been rendered and fed back to animals for human and animal consumption, a frightening scenario. WE do not know the outcome, and to play with human life around the globe with the very likely TSE tainted products from the USA, in my opinion is like playing Russian roulette, of long duration, with potential long and enduring consequences, of which once done, cannot be undone. These are the facts as I have come to know through daily and extensive research of TSE over 9 years, since 12/14/97. I do not pretend to have all the answers, but i do know to continue to believe in the ukbsenvcjd only theory of transmission to humans of only this one strain from only this one TSE from only this one part of the globe, will only lead to further failures, and needless exposure to humans from all strains of TSE, and possibly many more needless deaths from TSE via a multitude of proven routes and sources via many studies with primates and rodents and other species.<br /><br />MY personal belief, since you ask, is that not only the Canadian border, but the USA border, and the Mexican border should be sealed up tighter than a drum for exporting there TSE tainted products, until a validated, 100% sensitive test is available, and all animals for human and animal consumption are tested. all we are doing is the exact same thing the UK did with there mad cow poisoning when they exported it all over the globe, all the while knowing what they were doing. this BSE MRR policy is nothing more than a legal tool to do just exactly what the UK did, thanks to the OIE and GW, it's legal now. and they executed Saddam for poisoning ???<br /><br />go figure. ...<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064801f8151">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064801f8151</a><br /><br /><br />Docket APHIS-2006-0041 Docket Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived from Bovines Commodities Docket Type Rulemaking Document APHIS-2006-0041-0001 Document Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived From Bovines Public Submission APHIS-2006-0041-0028.1 Public Submission Title Attachment to Singletary comment<br /><br />January 28, 2007<br /><br />Greetings APHIS,<br /><br />I would kindly like to submit the following to ;<br /><br /><br />BSE; MRR; IMPORTATION OF LIVE BOVINES AND PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM BOVINES [Docket No. APHIS-2006-0041] RIN 0579-AC01<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8">http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Sent: Saturday, August 29, 2009 10:28 AM Subject: BSE MRR POLICY AND THE GBR RISK ASSESSMENTS<br /><br />they call it MRR, the _legal_ trading of all strains of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, GLOBALLY. and that's all that the MRR was about. hell, the USA covered up 2 cases of mad cow disease just so this stupid policy could get finalized, and 25 years of attempted eradication of this agent got washed down the drain $$$ all we are doing now, is what the UK did when all this BSe first got started, except now, with the MRR, it's simply legal now.<br /><br />Docket APHIS-2006-0041 Docket Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived from Bovines Commodities Docket Type Rulemaking Document APHIS-2006-0041-0001 Document Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived From Bovines Public Submission APHIS-2006-0041-0006 Public Submission Title Comment from Terry S Singletary Sr Views Add Comments How To Comment<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />MY personal belief, since you ask, is that not only the Canadian border, but the USA border, and the Mexican border should be sealed up tighter than a drum for exporting there TSE tainted products, until a validated, 100% sensitive test is available, and all animals for human and animal consumption are tested. all we are doing is the exact same thing the UK did with there mad cow poisoning when they exported it all over the globe, all the while knowing what they were doing. this BSE MRR policy is nothing more than a legal tool to do just exactly what the UK did, thanks to the OIE and GW, it's legal now. and they executed Saddam for poisoning ???<br /><br />go figure....<br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box 42 Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&d=APHIS-2006-0041-0006">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&d=APHIS-2006-0041-0006</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html#documentDetail?R=09000064801f3413">http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html#documentDetail?R=09000064801f3413</a><br /><br /><br /><br />did anyone ever read the MRR 2 ;<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/RiskAssessment06-041-1%20.pdf">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/RiskAssessment06-041-1%20.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Revised assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) risks associated with the importation of certain commodities from BSE minimal risk regions (Canada) Veterinary Services Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture September<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/risk_assessment_%20final9-2007.pdf">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/risk_assessment_%20final9-2007.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />your only fooling yourselves with this stupid ukbsenvcjd only theory, and the BSE mythology of the OIE. most any country that went by those same OIE BSE guidelines all went down with BSE. THE OIE has now shown they are nothing more than a National Trading Brokerage for all strains of animal TSE. AS i said before, OIE should hang up there jock strap now, since it appears they will buckle every time a country makes some political hay about trade protocol, commodities and futures. IF they are not going to be science based, they should do everyone a favor and dissolve there organization. ...<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html#documentDetail?R=09000064801e47e1">http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html#documentDetail?R=09000064801e47e1</a><br /><br /><br /><br />bottom line, and i say this with full confidence, with the present and past surveillance of BSE/TSE in the USA, and the continued feed violations, in the TONS, no one will ever know the true extent of any strain of mad cow disease in the USA. you don't have to just take my word on it, read the facts. blunder, after blunder, after blunder. they have all been posted here, i would be glad to go over any and or all of them one by one for any that doubts me. i can sum it all up real quick, Canada is looking to find, and the USA has never, EVER, done that. it's been just the opposite for the USA. don't believe me, or the facts, here is what Dr. Paul Brown of the cdc/nih et al ;<br /><br />CDC DR. PAUL BROWN TSE EXPERT COMMENTS 2006<br /><br />The U.S. Department of Agriculture was quick to assure the public earlier this week that the third case of mad cow disease did not pose a risk to them, but what federal officials have not acknowledged is that this latest case indicates the deadly disease has been circulating in U.S. herds for at least a decade.<br /><br />The second case, which was detected last year in a Texas cow and which USDA officials were reluctant to verify, was approximately 12 years old.<br /><br />These two cases (the latest was detected in an Alabama cow) present a picture of the disease having been here for 10 years or so, since it is thought that cows usually contract the disease from contaminated feed they consume as calves. The concern is that humans can contract a fatal, incurable, brain-wasting illness from consuming beef products contaminated with the mad cow pathogen.<br /><br />"The fact the Texas cow showed up fairly clearly implied the existence of other undetected cases," Dr. Paul Brown, former medical director of the National Institutes of Health's Laboratory for Central Nervous System Studies and an expert on mad cow-like diseases, told United Press International. "The question was, 'How many?' and we still can't answer that."<br /><br />Brown, who is preparing a scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow cases to estimate the maximum number of infected cows that occurred in the United States, said he has "absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago" because of the agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that initially tested positive.<br /><br />USDA officials finally retested the cow and confirmed it was infected seven months later, but only at the insistence of the agency's inspector general.<br /><br />"Everything they did on the Texas cow makes everything USDA did before 2005 suspect," Brown said. ...snip...end<br /><br /><a href="http://www.upi.com/">http://www.upi.com/</a><br /><br /><br />CDC - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt ... Dr. Paul Brown is Senior Research Scientist in the Laboratory of Central Nervous System ... Address for correspondence: Paul Brown, Building 36, Room 4A-05, ...<br /><br /><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm</a><br /><br /><br />PAUL BROWN COMMENT TO ME ON THIS ISSUE<br /><br />Tuesday, September 12, 2006 11:10 AM<br /><br />"Actually, Terry, I have been critical of the USDA handling of the mad cow issue for some years, and with Linda Detwiler and others sent lengthy detailed critiques and recommendations to both the USDA and the Canadian Food Agency."<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/national-prion-disease-pathology.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />THE bse mrr policy is nothing more than swapping spit. your just accepting what ever disease that country has, and or what ever that country says it has. it's an honor system of sorts. Canada seems to be Honest, and just the opposite has happened here in the USA.<br /><br />WE did just what the UK did to the globe ;<br /><br />England worried briefly about infecting other countries 27 Aug 00 confidential correspondence obtained by Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_last_news.html#fff">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_last_news.html#fff</a><br /><br /><br />Other US BSE risks: the imported products picture 24 Jul 00 Trade Statistics: UK to US Compiled by Terry S.Singeltary Sr of Bacliff, Texas<br /><br />[Opinion (webmaster): The US has focused for years on tracing, containing, and eradicating live animal imports from the UK or other countries with acknowledged BSE like Belgium, including some 499 cattle and the Vermont sheep. This strategy does not acknowledge imports of rendered bovine products from England during the BSE period nor secondary products such as surgical catgut, which is to say surgical cowgut, or dairy cattle embryos, vaccines for veterinarian and human medicines. What has become of these? Mr. Singeltary, who lost his mother to CJD of unexplained origin a few years back and went on to became a well-known TSE activist, has tracked down voluminous pertinent import data through correspondence with UK officials and searches of government web sites. Imports of such products are frequently cited by Europeans in rating BSE risks in the US and in shutting out US exports.<br /><br />Many people's eyes glaze over when reviewing reams of sometimes older trade statistics. There is no proof that any of the imported products was contaminated with BSE nor if so, any evidence that any BSE product lead to infection in US livestock, surgical patients, or what not. Nonetheless, the data obtained by Mr. Singeltary establish that an appalling variety and tonnage of products that were imported by the US from the UK and othr BSE-affected countries during the peak of the BSE epidemic years.]<br /><br />10 January 1990 COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE<br /><br />NOT FOR PUBLICATION<br /><br />COMMITTEE ON SAFETY OF MEDICINES WORKING PARTY ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY<br /><br />SURGICAL CATGUT SUTURES<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#hhh">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#hhh</a><br /><br /><br />40,000 human heart valves a year from BSE herds Sun, 3 Sep 2000. Unpublished Inquiry documents obtained by CJD activist Terry S. Singeltary Sr. of Bacliff, Texas<br /><br />Opinion (webmaster): Below are some shocking documents. Here is a British company preparing 40,000 heart valves a year from bovine pericardium, primarily for export, and they are not required to source this material from BSE-free herds even in peak epidemic years. It is amazing to watch health "authorities" grovelling on their bellies to wring petty concessions from middle management at obscure little companies. The main worry is not the practise of using 800 potentially infected cows a week for human heart transplant material but that the press or recipients will get wind of it, hurting business. BSE wasn't the problem, it was awkward queries from importing countries like the US. The cows are stunned using brain penetration -- can't do anything about the chunks of bovine brain blasted into the circulatory system, it's the norm. Can't use younger lower-risk animals either, patch would not be big enough. It is fascinating to see the British government worrying about, but doing nothing, with pigs with BSE 10 years ago.<br /><br />While scrapie was long used as an excuse for continuing with human use of BSE-tainted material, little sheep material was used medically. Bovine transplants, vaccines, insulin doeses, etc. are far more dangerous than dietary material as injections, and are done on a very wide scale. So scrapie was never a valid analogy to BSE, as MAFF knew full well.<br /><br />The British government deferred to the manufacturer's rep for an opinion on how contaminated pericardium might be, just as this appeared showing that this tissue is extremely dangerous:<br /><br />CJD in a patient who received homograft [was it really?] tissue for tympanic membrane closure. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1990;247(4):199-201 Tange RA, Troost D, Limburg M We report the case history of a 54-year-old man who developed a fatal neurological disorder 4 years after a successful tympanoplasty with homograft pericardium... COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE<br /><br />Miss M Duncan From: Dr E Hoxey Date: 29 January 1990 cc: Mr R Burton Dr N Richardson Ms K Turner Ms J Dhell Mr N Weatherhead<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#hhh">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#hhh</a><br /><br /><br />Two million children innoculated with BSE vaccines Daily Express May 2, 200 [minor edits by webmaster]<br /><br />Seven vaccines potentially at risk from BSE and given to millions of children can be identified for the first time by the Daily Express. But alarmingly there is no record of which children received the jabs, produced between 1988 and 1989, at the start of Britain's "mad cow" crisis. The vaccines, using UK-sourced cattle material, were made by two companies, Wellcome and Smithkline, despite warnings that they could pose a risk. The seven vaccines are: 1. Smithkline's MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), finally replaced "by end of 1992 approximately";<br /><br />2. Wellcome's combined Diphtheria and Tetanus, last issued by the company in June 1991, with a June 1993 expiry date;<br /><br />3. Wellcome's DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) last issued again in June 1991, with a November 1993 expiry date;<br /><br />4. Wellcome's single component Diphtheria vaccine, last issued in October 1991, with a November 1993 expiry date;<br /><br />5. Wellcome's Tetanus, last issued in December 1991, with a December 1993 expiry date.<br /><br />6.[Wellcome's oral polio vaccine, last issue and expiry dates are "not known".<br /><br />7. Smithkline's inactivated polio vaccine, apparently used only in foreigners.]<br /><br />Comment (Kelly): "It seems clear that no bovine derivatives are used in FINISHED products, however they are often used in the culture process. Does this also present a possible risk? Below is the packaging insert for one routine vaccine (inactivated injectable polio vaccine)made by Pasteur Merieux S?rums & Vaccins S. A. Lyon, France (now called Aventis):" IPOL?, Poliovirus Vaccine Inactivated, produced by Pasteur M?rieux S?rums Vaccins S.A., is a sterile suspension of three types of poliovirus: Type 1 (Mahoney), Type 2 (MEF-1), and Type 3 (Saukett). IPOL? is a highly purified, inactivated poliovirus vaccine produced by microcarrier culture. This culture technique and improvements in purification, concentration and standardization of poliovirus antigen produce a more potent and consistent immunogenic vaccine than the IPV available in the US prior to 1988. The viruses are grown in cultures of V.R. cells, a continuous line of monkey kidney cells, by the microcarrier technique. The cells are grown in Eagle MEM modified medium, supplemented with newborn calf serum tested for adventitious agents prior to use, originated from countries free of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. For viral growth the culture medium is replaced by M-199, without calf serum. ... Neomycin, streptomycin and polymyxin B are used in vaccine production, and although purification procedures eliminate measurable amounts, less than 5 ng neomycin, 200 ng streptomycin and 25 ng polymyxin B per dose may still be present. The residual calf serum protein is less than 1 ppm in the final vaccine. The vaccine is clear and colorless and should be administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously.<br /><br /><br /><br />The documents below were provided by Terry S. Singeltary Sr on 8 May 2000. They are optically character read (scanned into computer) and so may contain typos and unreadable parts. TIP740203/l 0424 CONFIDENTIAL<br /><br />Mr Cunningham CMP3 From: D O Hagger MBI Dr Salisbury MED/IMCD3 Mr Burton PD/STB/PG1B B/17/2 Date: 15.02.1989 Mr Dudley PD/AD4<br /><br />BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/may00_news.html">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/may00_news.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />BSE offals used in cosmetics, toiletry and perfume industry Sun, 3 Sep 2000. Unpublished Inquiry documents obtained by CJD activist Terry S. Singeltary Sr. of Bacliff, Texas Miss Marion Kelly Cosmetic, Toiletry and Perfumery Association 35 Dover Street London W1X3RA<br /><br />Department of Trade and Industry 10-18 Victoria Street London SW1H ONN Enquiries 01-215 5000 Telex 8811074 DTHQ G 01 215 3324 1 February 1990<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#bbb">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#bbb</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/jul00_dont_eat_sheep.html#hhh">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/jul00_dont_eat_sheep.html#hhh</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/may00_news.html#aaa">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/may00_news.html#aaa</a><br /><br /><br /><br />years later, the bush administration made it legal. the body bag count was acceptable for the _documented_ ones. the elderly are expendable, kids and pets are not, and as long as politics plays a role in dictating science i.e. the UKBSEnvCJD ONLY THEORY, we all loose, and the 85%+ of all the other victims, go unaccounted for...officially, but some of us no different, but yet the ignorance of it all, will continue to spread the TSE agent globally, through a multitude of proven routes and sources i.e. friendly fire i.e. and or the pass it forward mode. ...<br /><br />IN A NUT SHELL ; $$$<br /><br />(Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006)<br /><br />11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries.The OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other significant events that were not promptly reported to then Central Bureau............<br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Scientific Report of the European Food Safety Authority on the Assessment of the Geographical BSE Risk (GBR) of Canada Question number: EFSA-Q-2003-083<br /><br />Adopted: 1 July 2004 Summary (0.1Mb)<br /><br />Report (0.2Mb)<br /><br />Summary<br /><br />The European Food Safety Authority and its Scientific Expert Working Group on the Assessment of the Geographical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Risk (GBR) were asked to provide an up-to-date scientific report on the GBR in Canada, i.e. the likelihood of the presence of one or more cattle being infected with BSE, pre-clinically as well as clinically, in Canada. This scientific report addresses the GBR of Canada as assessed in 2004 based on data covering the period 1980-2003.<br /><br />The BSE agent was probably imported into the country middle of the eighties and could have reached domestic cattle in the early nineties. These cattle imported in the mid eighties could have been rendered in the late eighties and therefore led to an internal challenge in the early 90s. It is possible that imported meat and bone meal (MBM) into Canada reached domestic cattle and led to an internal challenge in the early 90s.<br /><br />A certain risk that BSE-infected cattle entered processing in Canada, and were at least partly rendered for feed, occurred in the early 1990s when cattle imported from UK in the mid 80s could have been slaughtered. This risk continued to exist, and grew significantly in the mid 90’s when domestic cattle, infected by imported MBM, reached processing. Given the low stability of the system, the risk increased over the years with continued imports of cattle and MBM from BSE risk countries.<br /><br />EFSA concludes that the current GBR level of Canada is III, i.e. it is confirmed at a lower level that domestic cattle are (clinically or pre-clinically) infected with the BSE-agent. As long as the system remains unstable, it is expected that the GBR continues to grow, even if no additional external challenges occur.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1211902594094.htm">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1211902594094.htm</a><br /><br /><br />Scientific Report of the European Food Safety Authority on the Assessment of the Geographical BSE Risk (GBR) of the USA Question number: EFSA-Q-2003-083<br /><br />Adopted: 1 July 2004 Summary (0.1Mb)<br /><br />Report (0.2Mb)<br /><br />Summary<br /><br />The European Food Safety Authority and its Scientific Expert Working Group on the Assessment of the Geographical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Risk (GBR) were asked by the European Commission (EC) to provide an up-to-date scientific report on the GBR in the United States of America, i.e. the likelihood of the presence of one or more cattle being infected with BSE, pre-clinically as well as clinically, in USA. This scientific report addresses the GBR of USA as assessed in 2004 based on data covering the period 1980-2003.<br /><br />The BSE agent was probably imported into USA and could have reached domestic cattle in the middle of the eighties. These cattle imported in the mid eighties could have been rendered in the late eighties and therefore led to an internal challenge in the early nineties. It is possible that imported meat and bone meal (MBM) into the USA reached domestic cattle and leads to an internal challenge in the early nineties.<br /><br />A processing risk developed in the late 80s/early 90s when cattle imports from BSE risk countries were slaughtered or died and were processed (partly) into feed, together with some imports of MBM. This risk continued to exist, and grew significantly in the mid 90’s when domestic cattle, infected by imported MBM, reached processing. Given the low stability of the system, the risk increased over the years with continued imports of cattle and MBM from BSE risk countries.<br /><br />EFSA concludes that the current GBR level of USA is III, i.e. it is likely but not confirmed that domestic cattle are (clinically or pre-clinically) infected with the BSE-agent. As long as there are no significant changes in rendering or feeding, the stability remains extremely/very unstable. Thus, the probability of cattle to be (pre-clinically or clinically) infected with the BSE-agent persistently increases.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1211902594180.htm">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1211902594180.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005 (Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is present also in Mexico.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf">http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, January 07, 2010 Scrapie and Nor-98 Scrapie November 2009 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2010 and FISCAL YEAR 2008<br /><br />November 2009 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2010<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, February 01, 2010<br /><br />Import Alert 17-04 BSE CJD HIGH RISK TISSUES, Nutritional Supplements and Cosmetics<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-17-04-bse-cjd-high-risk.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-17-04-bse-cjd-high-risk.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, February 01, 2010<br /><br />Import Alert 57-20 and 84-03 Human Dura Mater and risk factors there from due to Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (CJD)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-57-20-and-84-03-human-dura.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-57-20-and-84-03-human-dura.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, February 3, 2010<br /><br />Import Alert 62-07 Sygen Injectable (Bovine-Extracted GMI Monosialoganglioside) manufactured from bovine brain starting material<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-62-07-sygen-injectable.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-62-07-sygen-injectable.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, February 3, 2010<br /><br />Import Alert 99-25 Detention Without Physical Examination of Animal Feed...BSE...and Not the Subject of a Valid USDA Import Permit Import Alert 99-25<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-99-25-detention-without.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-99-25-detention-without.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD-like prion strains in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein<br /><br />Emmanuel A. Asante, Jacqueline M. Linehan, Melanie Desbruslais, Susan Joiner, Ian Gowland, Andrew L. Wood, Julie Welch, Andrew F. Hill, Sarah E. Lloyd, Jonathan D.F. Wadsworth, and John Collinge1 MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 1Corresponding author e-mail: j.collinge@prion.ucl.ac.ukReceived August 1, 2002; Revised September 24, 2002; Accepted October 17, 2002.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC136957/?tool=pubmed">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC136957/?tool=pubmed</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />USA sporadic CJD cases rising ;<br /><br /><br /><br />There is a growing number of human CJD cases, and they were presented last week in San Francisco by Luigi Gambatti(?) from his CJD surveillance collection.<br /><br />He estimates that it may be up to 14 or 15 persons which display selectively SPRPSC and practically no detected RPRPSC proteins.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/transcripts/1006-4240t1.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/transcripts/1006-4240t1.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/transcripts/2006-4240t1.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/transcripts/2006-4240t1.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />2008<br /><br /><br />The statistical incidence of CJD cases in the United States has been revised to reflect that there is one case per 9000 in adults age 55 and older. Eighty-five percent of the cases are sporadic, meaning there is no known cause at present.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.cjdfoundation.org/fact.html">http://www.cjdfoundation.org/fact.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CJD USA RISING, with UNKNOWN PHENOTYPE ;<br /><br /><br /><br />5 Includes 41 cases in which the diagnosis is pending, and 17 inconclusive cases; 6 Includes 46 cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.cjdsurveillance.com/pdf/case-table.pdf">http://www.cjdsurveillance.com/pdf/case-table.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, January 2, 2010<br /><br />Human Prion Diseases in the United States January 1, 2010 ***FINAL***<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />my comments to PLosone here ;<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CJD RISING SWITZERLAND<br /><br />CJD is a predominantly sporadic disorder but can also occur as a dominantly inherited or infective condition. Only one of the 26 most recent confirmed cases was identified as carrying a disease related mutation of the PRNP gene, none had identifiable iatrogenic exposure, and none resembled variant CJD. Thus 25 of the 26 cases appear to be sporadic cases. Sporadic CJD is distributed worldwide with a reported incidence of about one in a million per year. Raised awareness of the disease in recent years could account for an increase in reported cases of CJD, although neither an increase in the average age of patients nor more frequent recognition of CJD amongst residents of nursing homes (where dementing illness is prevalent and misdiagnosis might be expected) were seen in the Swiss cases. Moreover, improved ascertainment as an explanation for the observed increase would imply levels of under-reporting in countries other than Switzerland, which appear implausible. The authors of the Lancet report suggest that the rise in cases might be due to some form of unidentified iatrogenic transmission or to exposure to a zoonotic source of infection, though cases do not resemble variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). The ongoing surveillance of CJD in Switzerland and the rest of Europe is essential to monitor the situation to see if this rise is sustained in Switzerland, and if a similar rise occurs in other countries (see http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk).<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=1921">http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=1921</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Prion data suggest BSE link to sporadic CJD Declan Butler<br /><br />Predicting the number of cases of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in people as a result of transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has just got more difficult.Whereas it was thought that BSE only caused a new form of the disease called variant CJD (vCJD), a study in mice from a team led by John Collinge at University College London suggests that it may also cause a disease indistinguishable from the commonest form of classical, or 'sporadic', CJD (E.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6915/full/420450a.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6915/full/420450a.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />IF we look at sporadic incidence of CJD in UK from 1993 to 2003, the incidence rose from 37 in 1993 to 77 in 2003. THIS seems to show an increase to me? I do not understand the statement ;<br /><br /><br />However, in the period following the first published description of vCJD in 1996, there was no increasing trend in the reported annual number of U.K. sporadic CJD deaths (52).<br /><br />IF we go further and look at some of the other documented BSE countries, you will the increase of sporadic CJD there as well ;<br /><br />Canada from 2 to 25<br /><br />France from 35 to 108<br /><br />Germany 21+ to 96<br /><br />Italy 27 to 76<br /><br /><a href="http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/sporadic.htm">http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/sporadic.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Switzerland sporadic CJD ;<br /><br />Swiss rise in CJD raises concerns over possible BSE link [LONDON] THE LANCET<br /><br />Plaque attack: Swiss patients have spongiform patterns in the brain typical of sporadic CJD. The number of people dying from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has risen sharply in Switzerland -- sparking fears of a possible link with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).<br /><br />BSE is thought to be the cause of a distinctive form of the brain-wasting disease known as variant CJD. The Swiss cases, in contrast, are standard 'sporadic' CJD. Each year between 1997 and 2000, no more than 11 Swiss people developed CJD. But 19 cases were reported in 2001, and seven were recorded in the first quarter of this year. This is some four times higher than the incidence elsewhere, reports a team led by Adriano Aguzzi of the University Hospital Zurich (M. Glatzel et al. Lancet 360, 139-141; 2002).<br /><br />The increase could be a mere statistical blip, or it may be due to increased awareness of the disease leading to more diagnoses. More disturbing is the possibility that the cases are linked to the consumption of BSE-infected meat products -- which would mean that the BSE agent can cause two distinct forms of CJD.<br /><br />Possible links between the Swiss CJD cases and BSE will now be explored by strain-typing experiments in which the disease is transmitted to mice. These tests will take at least a year to complete. "It's the best way to establish or exclude any suspected link," says Moira Bruce of the UK Institute for Animal Health's Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh.<br /><br /><br />======================================<br /><br /><br />Experiences in England and Switzerland -- two countries that discovered mad cow disease in their cattle -- have heightened concerns about the possibility some cases of sporadic CJD are due to consuming mad-cow-tainted beef. Both countries have reported increases in sporadic CJD since mad cow was first detected in British herds in 1986.<br /><br />Switzerland discovered last year its CJD rate was twice that of any other country in the world. Switzerland had been seeing about eight to 11 cases per year from 1997 to 2000. Then the incidence more than doubled, to 19 cases in 2001 and 18 cases in 2002.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030721-102924-4786r">http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030721-102924-4786r</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Mouse model sheds new light on human prion disease<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />Professor John Collinge said We are not saying that all or even most cases of sporadic CJD are as a result of BSE exposure, but some more recent cases may be the incidence of sporadic CJD has shown an upward trend in the UK over the last decade. While most of this apparent increase may be because doctors are now more aware of CJD and better at diagnosing it, serious consideration should be given to a proportion of this rise being BSE-related. Switzerland, which has had a substantial BSE epidemic, has noted a sharp recent increase in sporadic CJD.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mrc.ac.uk/txt/index/public-interest/public-news-4/public-news_archive/public-news-archive_nov_dec_02/public-bse_and_sporadic_cjd.htm">http://www.mrc.ac.uk/txt/index/public-interest/public-news-4/public-news_archive/public-news-archive_nov_dec_02/public-bse_and_sporadic_cjd.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, May 19, 2008<br /><br />SPORADIC CJD IN FARMERS, FARMERS WIVES, FROM FARMS WITH BSE HERD AND ABATTOIRS<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, August 10, 2008<br /><br />A New Prionopathy OR more of the same old BSe and sporadic CJD<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2008/08/new-prionopathy-or-more-of-same-old-bse.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2008/08/new-prionopathy-or-more-of-same-old-bse.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />TSSTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-29261848233973338382010-02-03T11:41:00.000-08:002010-02-03T11:53:50.184-08:00Import Alert 99-25 Detention Without Physical Examination of Animal Feed...BSE...and Not the Subject of a Valid USDA Import PermitImport Alert 99-25<br /><br /><br /><br />(Note: This import alert represents the Agency's current guidance to FDA field personnel regarding the manufacturer(s) and/or products(s) at issue.<br />It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person, and does not operate to bind FDA or the public).<br /><br />Import Alert # 99-25<br /><br />Published Date: 10/02/2009<br /><br />Type: DWPE<br /><br /><br />Import Alert Name:<br /><br />"Detention Without Physical Examination of Animal Feed, Animal Feed Ingredients and Other Products for Animal Use Consisting or Containing Ingredients of Animal Origin and Not the Subject of a Valid USDA Import Permit"<br /><br />Reason for Alert:<br /><br />On December 7, 2000, USDA/APHIS enacted an immediate prohibition on the importation into the United States of all meat and bone meal (MBM), meat meal, bone meal, blood meal, tankage, offal, or any product containing such, which originated directly from Europe or was rendered/processed in European plants processing animal materials, regardless of species of origin, including poultry and fish meal. This prohibition was deemed necessary by APHIS because of the possibility of cross contamination with the BSE agent.<br /><br />BSE is the bovine form of a group of uniformly fatal neurological diseases known as TSEs (Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies). BSE appears to be spread in part through feeding of infected material to cattle. At this time, the causative agent is unknown and there is no test for the presence of the agent in animal derived products. There appears to be a link between the bovine TSE, BSE, and a human form of TSE known as vCJD (new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease).<br /><br />The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS) regulates the importation of animals and animal-derived materials. More specifically, under 9 CFR 95.4, the USDA does not allow the importation of animal feeds or feed ingredients that contain or consist of processed animal protein (e.g. meat and bone meal) and other animal waste and by product materials that have been derived from animals that have been in specified BSE-affected and BSE-at-risk countries. The USDA may, however, allow for the importation of specific non-ruminant animal-derived products, provided the product is the subject of a valid USDA import permit (VS Form 16-6).<br /><br />Guidance:<br /><br />Districts may detain without physical examination shipments of animal feeds (including pet food), animal feed ingredients, and other products for animal use consisting of, or containing, ingredients of animal origin as identified in the Red List from the designated countries if the product is not the subject of a valid USDA import permit (VS Form 16-6).<br /><br />OASIS Screening Criteria have been loaded to ensure that entries of products that contain or may contain animal protein or by-products will be selected for review by the entry reviewer. As part of the review process, the entry reviewer should contact the filer/importer, request paper entry documents (USDA import permit, VS Form 16-6)), and remind the filer/importer of their requirement to hold the shipment intact pending FDA release. Additionally, the entry reviewer should determine the intended use of the product, the ingredients, and the name and address of the ultimate consignee.<br /><br />If the filer/importer does not agree to hold the product intact pending FDA release, contact the local office of US Customs and ask that they detain the product.<br /><br />Products which (from labeling or other documentation) appear to contain animal protein or by-products and which are not the subject of a valid USDA import permit (VS Form 16-6)should either be detained by FDA or recommended to USDA/APHIS for appropriate action. (The location of the APHIS/Plant Protection and Quarantine office can be determined by calling USDA's Veterinary Medical Office.<br /><br />Products detained and refused under the above reference charge may not be reconditioned or converted to non-FDA regulated use. They must be either destroyed or exported.<br /><br />Please note that APHIS has received information that shipments of animal-derived products may be offered for entry under descriptions that may be misleading or appear to not be subject to their prohibition, such as fertilizer, adhesive, supplement, nutritional supplement, additive, feed/food additive.<br /><br />For questions or issues concerning science, science policy, sample collection, analysis, preparation, or analytical methodology, contact the Division of Field Science at (301) 827-7605.<br /><br />Product Description:<br /><br />All animal feed (including pet food), animal feed ingredients, and other products for animal use consisting of or containing ingredients of animal origin<br /><br />Charge:<br /><br />"The article is subject to refusal of admission pursuant to Section 801(a)(1) in that it appears that such article has been manufactured, processed, or packed under insanitary conditions."<br /><br />OASIS charge code - MFR INSAN<br /><br /><br />Countries<br />(AL) ALBANIA<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(AD) ANDORRA<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(AT) AUSTRIA<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(BE) BELGIUM<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(BA) BOSNIA-HERCEGOVINA<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - 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- --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(HR) CROATIA<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(CZ) CZECH REPUBLIC<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(DK) DENMARK<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(FI) FINLAND<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(FR) FRANCE<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(DE) GERMANY<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(GR) GREECE<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(HU) HUNGARY<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(IE) IRELAND<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - 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- - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(JP) JAPAN<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(LI) LIECHTENSTEIN<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(LU) LUXEMBOURG<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(MK) MACEDONIA<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(MC) MONACO<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(NL) NETHERLANDS<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(NO) NORWAY<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(OM) OMAN<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(PL) POLAND<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(PT) PORTUGAL<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(RO) ROMANIA<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(SM) SAN MARINO<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(SK) SLOVAKIA<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(SI) SLOVENIA<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(ES) SPAIN<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(SZ) SWAZILAND<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(SE) SWEDEN<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(GB) UNITED KINGDOM<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />(YU) YUGOSLAVIA<br /><br />(69 - - - --) Medicated Animal Feeds<br />(70 - - - --) Animal Feed(Non-Medicated)<br />(71 F - - --) Brewery/Distillery Byprod<br />(71 G - - --) Corn Prod/Byprod<br />(71 H - - --) Flour Mill Byprod<br />(71 I - - --) Rice Mill Byprod<br />(71 J - - --) Fruit<br />(71 K - - --) Veg Byprod<br />(71 L - - --) Oilseed Byprod<br />(71 - - - --) Byprodcts For Animal Foods<br />(72 - - - --) Pet/Laboratory Animal Food<br /><br />-<br />-<br />-<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_381.html">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_381.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PLEASE BE AWARE ;<br /><br /><br />The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005 (Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is present also in Mexico.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf">http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, September 4, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 29, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />C O N F I R M E D<br /><br /><br />----- Original Message -----<br />From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."<br />To:<br />Sent: Thursday, November 05, 2009 9:25 PM<br />Subject: [BSE-L] re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, November 12, 2009<br /><br />BSE FEED RECALL Misbranding of product by partial label removal to hide original source of materials 2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Annual Report Fiscal Year 2008: October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008<br /><br />PUTTING LIPSTICK ON A PIG AND TAKING HER TO A DANCE...TSS<br /><br />BSE Feed Rule Enforcement: A Decade of Success OFF TO A FAST START<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, January 17, 2010<br /><br /><br />BSE USA feed inspection violations 01/01/2009 to 01/17/2010 FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />A band aid approach, to something that needs a tourniquet, like irradiation, and or ammonia, or whatever, same thing, your masking the problem, and in the end, will make it worse, the industry will become more complacent. see below, you can run just the numbers I picked up over the years. i'm talking 100s and 100s of tonnage of mad cow feed. I even remember the token purina mad cow feed mill in Gonzales Texas back in 2001. where the FDA spouted out that ;<br /><br /><br />''FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams - approximately a quarter ounce -- of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds.''<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2001/new00752.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2001/new00752.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />you can take that with how ever many grains of salt you wish, but i read that as saying, it was only 5 1/2 grams, and the old cow ways 600 pounds, so know way that even if the feed was tainted, there was not enough to cause disease. the fda, usda et al, knew at that exact moment when they wrote that statement, they knew then that the 5 1/2 grams was enough to kill a small herd of cows. it was old science. but again, they chose to deceive. THIS WAS 2001, and it's now 2009, and they still are choosing to deceive, and the new administration appears willing to continue the USA mad cow charade. NOW, since the charade at the purina mill in 2001, i am going to list a few figures of suspect, banned mad cow feed that went out into commerce, even in 2008, 2007, 2006, back a few years, and you can compare, what enormous amounts of banned suspect mad cow feed and other products continue to go out. when you consider, and they knew all along, that .005 grams is lethal, my God, how much of this poison was consumed?<br /><br /><br />10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007<br /><br />Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST REASON Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 42,090 lbs. DISTRIBUTION WI<br /><br />REASON Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 9,997,976 lbs. DISTRIBUTION ID and NV<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2007/ENF00996.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2007/ENF00996.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL USA SEPT 6, 2006 1961.72 TONS IN COMMERCE AL, TN, AND WV Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST<br /><br />snip...SEE ALL THAT I FOUND HERE ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P04.27<br /><br />Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route<br /><br />Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany<br /><br />Background:<br /><br />In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.<br /><br />Aims:<br /><br />The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.<br /><br />Methods:<br /><br />Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).<br /><br />Results:<br /><br />In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.<br /><br />Conclusions:<br /><br />Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian v CJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.<br /><br />The work referenced was performed in partial fulfillment of the study "BSE in primates" supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;<br /><br /><br />Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates<br /><br />Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />BSE bovine brain inoculum<br /><br />100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg<br /><br />Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)<br /><br />Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)<br /><br />RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)<br /><br />PrPres biochemical detection<br /><br />The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.<br /><br />Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula<br /><br />Published online January 27, 2005<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Calves were challenged by mouth with homogenised brain from confirmed cases of BSE. Some received 300g (3 doses of 100g), some 100g, 10g or 1g. They were then left to develop BSE, but were not subjected to the normal stresses that they might have encountered in a dairy herd. Animals in all four groups developed BSE. There has been a considerable spread of incubation period in some of the groups, but it appears as if those in the 1 and 10g challenge groups most closely fit the picture of incubation periods seen in the epidemic. Experiments in progress indicate that oral infection can occur in some animals with doses as low as 0.01g and 0.001g. .........<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/science-research/pathog.html#dose">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/science-research/pathog.html#dose</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose<br /><br />levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />2<br /><br />6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley’s answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the<br /><br />dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Re: BSE .1 GRAM LETHAL NEW STUDY SAYS via W.H.O. Dr Maura Ricketts<br /><br />[BBC radio 4 FARM news]<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.maddeer.org/audio/BBC4farmingtoday2_1_03.ram">http://www.maddeer.org/audio/BBC4farmingtoday2_1_03.ram</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3923s1_OPH.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3923s1_OPH.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />2) Infectious dose:<br /><br />To cattle: 1 gram of infected brain material (by oral ingestion)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, January 19, 2010<br /><br />CVM's OR Develops New PCR-Based Method for Testing Animal Feed<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/cvms-or-develops-new-pcr-based-method.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/cvms-or-develops-new-pcr-based-method.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />NOW that we have established that this infamous part of the USA BSE MAD COW TRIPLE FIRE WALL was a farce, let's look further into the historical myth of no mad cows in the USA (well, they estimate at 1 in a million slip by into the food system), but i dispute that by many more. The BSE surveillance program was/is terribly flawed as well.<br /><br /><br />bottom line, and i say this with full confidence, with the present and past surveillance of BSE/TSE in the USA, and the continued feed violations, in the TONS, no one will ever know the true extent of any strain of mad cow disease in the USA. you don't have to just take my word on it, read the facts. blunder, after blunder, after blunder. they have all been posted here, i would be glad to go over any and or all of them one by one for any that doubts me. i can sum it all up real quick, Canada is looking to find, and the USA has never, EVER, done that. it's been just the opposite for the USA. don't believe me, or the facts, here is what Dr. Paul Brown of the cdc/nih et al ;<br /><br /><br />PAUL BROWN COMMENT TO ME ON THIS ISSUE<br /><br />Tuesday, September 12, 2006 11:10 AM<br /><br />"Actually, Terry, I have been critical of the USDA handling of the mad cow issue for some years, and with Linda Detwiler and others sent lengthy detailed critiques and recommendations to both the USDA and the Canadian Food Agency."<br /><br />PAUL BROWN CDC ET AL COMMENT TO THE MEDIA ON THIS ISSUE ;<br /><br />"Everything they did on the Texas cow makes everything USDA did before 2005 suspect," Brown said. ...snip...end<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.upi.com/">http://www.upi.com/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2009/09/japans-new-leaders-seen-tougher-on-us.html">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2009/09/japans-new-leaders-seen-tougher-on-us.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/national-prion-disease-pathology.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Statement on Texas cow with central nervous system symptoms<br /><br />Main Category: Public Health Article<br /><br />Date: 05 May 2004 - 0:00 PDT<br /><br /><br />snip...see full text ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://fdafailedus.blogspot.com/2010/01/establishing-fully-integrated-national.html">http://fdafailedus.blogspot.com/2010/01/establishing-fully-integrated-national.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />18.173 page 189<br /><br />Experimental Challenge of Cattle with H-type and L-type Atypical BSE<br /><br />A. Buschmann1, U. Ziegler1, M. Keller1, R. Rogers2, B. Hills3, M.H. Groschup1. 1Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany, 2Health Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products & Food Branch, Ottawa, Canada, 3Health Canada, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Secretariat, Ottawa, Canada<br /><br />Background: After the detection of two novel BSE forms designated H-type and L-type atypical BSE the question of the pathogenesis and the agent distribution of these two types in cattle was fully open. From initial studies of the brain pathology, it was already known that the anatomical distribution of L-type BSE differs from that of the classical type where the obex region in the brainstem always displays the highest PrPSc concentrations. In contrast in L-type BSE cases, the thalamus and frontal cortex regions showed the highest levels of the pathological prion protein, while the obex region was only weakly involved.<br /><br />Methods:We performed intracranial inoculations of cattle (five and six per group) using 10%brainstemhomogenates of the two German H- and L-type atypical BSE isolates. The animals were inoculated under narcosis and then kept in a free-ranging stable under appropriate biosafety conditions.At least one animal per group was killed and sectioned in the preclinical stage and the remaining animals were kept until they developed clinical symptoms. The animals were examined for behavioural changes every four weeks throughout the experiment following a protocol that had been established during earlier BSE pathogenesis studies with classical BSE.<br /><br />Results and Discussion: All animals of both groups developed clinical symptoms and had to be euthanized within 16 months. The clinical picture differed from that of classical BSE, as the earliest signs of illness were loss of body weight and depression. However, the animals later developed hind limb ataxia and hyperesthesia predominantly and the head. Analysis of brain samples from these animals confirmed the BSE infection and the atypical Western blot profile was maintained in all animals. Samples from these animals are now being examined in order to be able to describe the pathogenesis and agent distribution for these novel BSE types. Conclusions: A pilot study using a commercially avaialble BSE rapid test ELISA revealed an essential restriction of PrPSc to the central nervous system for both atypical BSE forms. A much more detailed analysis for PrPSc and infectivity is still ongoing.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.isid.org/14th_icid/">http://www.isid.org/14th_icid/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/IMED2009_AbstrAuth.pdf">http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/IMED2009_AbstrAuth.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.isid.org/publications/ICID_Archive.shtml">http://www.isid.org/publications/ICID_Archive.shtml</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />From: xxxx<br />To: Terry Singeltary<br />Sent: Saturday, December 05, 2009 9:09 AM<br />Subject: 14th ICID - abstract accepted for 'International Scientific Exchange'<br /><br />Your preliminary abstract number: 670<br /><br />Dear Mr. Singeltary,<br /><br />On behalf of the Scientific Committee, I am pleased to inform you that your abstract<br /><br />'Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009'<br /><br />WAS accepted for inclusion in the INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGE (ISE) section of the 14th International Congress on Infectious Diseases. Accordingly, your abstract will be included in the "Intl. Scientific Exchange abstract CD-rom" of the Congress which will be distributed to all participants.<br /><br />Abstracts accepted for INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGE are NOT PRESENTED in the oral OR poster sessions.<br /><br />Your abstract below was accepted for: INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGE<br /><br /><br />#0670: Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009<br /><br />Author: T. Singeltary; Bacliff, TX/US<br /><br />Topic: Emerging Infectious Diseases Preferred type of presentation: International Scientific Exchange<br /><br />This abstract has been ACCEPTED.<br /><br />#0670: Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009<br /><br />Authors: T. Singeltary; Bacliff, TX/US<br /><br /><br />Title: Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009<br /><br />Body: Background<br /><br />An update on atypical BSE and other TSE in North America. Please remember, the typical U.K. c-BSE, the atypical l-BSE (BASE), and h-BSE have all been documented in North America, along with the typical scrapie's, and atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and to date, 2 different strains of CWD, and also TME. All these TSE in different species have been rendered and feed to food producing animals for humans and animals in North America (TSE in cats and dogs ?), and that the trading of these TSEs via animals and products via the USA and Canada has been immense over the years, decades.<br /><br />Methods<br /><br />12 years independent research of available data<br /><br />Results<br /><br />I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc.<br /><br />Conclusion<br /><br />I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. Restricting the reporting of CJD and or any human TSE is NOT scientific. Iatrogenic CJD knows NO age group, TSE knows no boundaries.<br /><br />I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.<br /><br />Keywords: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease Prion<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.isid.org/14th_icid/">http://www.isid.org/14th_icid/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.isid.org/publications/ICID_Archive.shtml">http://www.isid.org/publications/ICID_Archive.shtml</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/IMED2009_AbstrAuth.pdf">http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/IMED2009_AbstrAuth.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, October 19, 2009<br /><br /><br />Atypical BSE, BSE, and other human and animal TSE in North America Update October 19, 2009<br /><br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><br />I ask Professor Kong ;<br /><br />Thursday, December 04, 2008 3:37 PM Subject: RE: re--Chronic Wating Disease (CWD) and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies (BSE): Public Health Risk Assessment<br /><br />''IS the h-BSE more virulent than typical BSE as well, or the same as cBSE, or less virulent than cBSE? just curious.....''<br /><br />Professor Kong reply ;<br /><br />.....snip<br /><br />''As to the H-BSE, we do not have sufficient data to say one way or another, but we have found that H-BSE can infect humans. I hope we could publish these data once the study is complete.<br /><br />Thanks for your interest.''<br /><br />Best regards,<br /><br />Qingzhong Kong, PhD Associate Professor Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 44106 USA<br /><br />END...TSS<br /><br />I look forward to further transmission studies, and a true ENHANCED BSE/atypical BSE surveillance program put forth testing all cattle for human and animal consumption for 5 years. a surveillance program that uses the most sensitive TSE testing, and has the personnel that knows how to use them, and can be trusted. I look forward to a stringent mad cow feed ban being put forth, and then strictly enforced. we need a forced, not voluntary feed ban, an enhanced feed ban at that, especially excluding blood. we need some sort of animal traceability. no more excuses about privacy. if somebody is putting out a product that is killing folks and or has the potential to kill you, then everybody needs to know who they are, and where that product came from. same with hospitals, i think medical incidents in all states should be recorded, and made public, when it comes to something like a potential accidental transmission exposure event. so if someone is out there looking at a place to go have surgery done, if you have several hospitals having these type 'accidental exposure events', than you can go some place else. it only makes sense. somewhere along the road, the consumer lost control, and just had to take whatever they were given, and then charged these astronomical prices. some where along the line the consumer just lost interest, especially on a long incubating disease such as mad cow disease i.e. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy. like i said before, there is much more to the mad cow story than bovines and eating a hamburger, we must start focusing on all TSE in all species. ...TSS<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />for those interested, please see full text ;<br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, January 29, 2010<br />14th International Congress on Infectious Diseases H-type and L-type Atypical BSE January 2010 (special pre-congress edition)<br /><br />""These 9,200 cases were different because brain tissue samples were preserved with formalin, which makes them suitable for only one type of test--immunohistochemistry, or IHC."<br /><br /><br />THIS WAS DONE FOR A REASON!<br /><br /><br />THE IHC test has been proven to be the LEAST LIKELY to detect BSE/TSE in the bovine, and these were probably from the most high risk cattle pool, the ones the USDA et al, SHOULD have been testing. ...TSS<br /><br />USDA 2003 BSE ROUNDTABLE<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2009/04/bse-mad-cow-testing-usa-2009-figures.html">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2009/04/bse-mad-cow-testing-usa-2009-figures.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Subject: Re: BSE 'INCONCLUSIVE' COW fromTEXAS ???<br /><br />Date: Mon, 22 Nov 2004 17:12:15 -0600<br /><br />From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."<br /><br />To: Carla Everett<br /><br />References: <[log in to unmask]><[log in to unmask] us><br /><br />Greetings Carla, still hear a rumor;<br /><br />Texas single beef cow not born in Canada no beef entered the food chain?<br /><br />and i see the TEXAS department of animal health is ramping up for something, but they forgot a url for update?<br /><br />I HAVE NO ACTUAL CONFIRMATION YET...<br /><br />can you confirm??? terry<br /><br /><br />============================================================<br /><br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/14th-international-congress-on.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/14th-international-congress-on.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />NOW, the question to ask yourself, has your country imported feed and or feed by-products from the USA ???<br /><br /><br /><br />The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005 (Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is present also in Mexico.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf">http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Docket APHIS-2006-0041 Docket Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived from Bovines Commodities Docket Type Rulemaking Document APHIS-2006-0041-0001 Document Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived From Bovines Public Submission APHIS-2006-0041-0028 Public Submission Title Comment from Terry S Singletary<br /><br />Comment 2006-2007 USA AND OIE POISONING GLOBE WITH BSE MRR POLICY<br /><br />THE USA is in a most unique situation, one of unknown circumstances with human and animal TSE. THE USA has the most documented TSE in different species to date, with substrains growing in those species (BSE/BASE in cattle and CWD in deer and elk, there is evidence here with different strains), and we know that sheep scrapie has over 20 strains of the typical scrapie with atypical scrapie documented and also BSE is very likely to have passed to sheep. all of which have been rendered and fed back to animals for human and animal consumption, a frightening scenario. WE do not know the outcome, and to play with human life around the globe with the very likely TSE tainted products from the USA, in my opinion is like playing Russian roulette, of long duration, with potential long and enduring consequences, of which once done, cannot be undone. These are the facts as I have come to know through daily and extensive research of TSE over 9 years, since 12/14/97. I do not pretend to have all the answers, but i do know to continue to believe in the ukbsenvcjd only theory of transmission to humans of only this one strain from only this one TSE from only this one part of the globe, will only lead to further failures, and needless exposure to humans from all strains of TSE, and possibly many more needless deaths from TSE via a multitude of proven routes and sources via many studies with primates and rodents and other species.<br /><br />MY personal belief, since you ask, is that not only the Canadian border, but the USA border, and the Mexican border should be sealed up tighter than a drum for exporting there TSE tainted products, until a validated, 100% sensitive test is available, and all animals for human and animal consumption are tested. all we are doing is the exact same thing the UK did with there mad cow poisoning when they exported it all over the globe, all the while knowing what they were doing. this BSE MRR policy is nothing more than a legal tool to do just exactly what the UK did, thanks to the OIE and GW, it's legal now. and they executed Saddam for poisoning ???<br /><br />go figure. ...<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064801f8151">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064801f8151</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Docket APHIS-2006-0041 Docket Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived from Bovines Commodities Docket Type Rulemaking Document APHIS-2006-0041-0001 Document Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived From Bovines Public Submission APHIS-2006-0041-0028.1 Public Submission Title Attachment to Singletary comment<br /><br />January 28, 2007<br /><br />Greetings APHIS,<br /><br />I would kindly like to submit the following to ;<br /><br />BSE; MRR; IMPORTATION OF LIVE BOVINES AND PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM BOVINES [Docket No. APHIS-2006-0041] RIN 0579-AC01<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8">http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Sent: Saturday, August 29, 2009 10:28 AM<br />Subject: BSE MRR POLICY AND THE GBR RISK ASSESSMENTS<br /><br />they call it MRR, the _legal_ trading of all strains of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, GLOBALLY. and that's all that the MRR was about. hell, the USA covered up 2 cases of mad cow disease just so this stupid policy could get finalized, and 25 years of attempted eradication of this agent got washed down the drain $$$ all we are doing now, is what the UK did when all this BSe first got started, except now, with the MRR, it's simply legal now.<br /><br />Docket APHIS-2006-0041 Docket Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived from Bovines Commodities Docket Type Rulemaking Document APHIS-2006-0041-0001 Document Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived From Bovines Public Submission APHIS-2006-0041-0006 Public Submission Title Comment from Terry S Singletary Sr Views Add Comments How To Comment<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />MY personal belief, since you ask, is that not only the Canadian border, but the USA border, and the Mexican border should be sealed up tighter than a drum for exporting there TSE tainted products, until a validated, 100% sensitive test is available, and all animals for human and animal consumption are tested. all we are doing is the exact same thing the UK did with there mad cow poisoning when they exported it all over the globe, all the while knowing what they were doing. this BSE MRR policy is nothing more than a legal tool to do just exactly what the UK did, thanks to the OIE and GW, it's legal now. and they executed Saddam for poisoning ???<br /><br />go figure....<br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box 42 Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&d=APHIS-2006-0041-0006">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&d=APHIS-2006-0041-0006</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html#documentDetail?R=09000064801f3413">http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html#documentDetail?R=09000064801f3413</a><br /><br /><br /><br />did anyone ever read the MRR 2 ;<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/RiskAssessment06-041-1%20.pdf">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/RiskAssessment06-041-1%20.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Revised assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) risks associated with the importation of certain commodities from BSE minimal risk regions (Canada) Veterinary Services Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture September<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/risk_assessment_%20final9-2007.pdf">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/risk_assessment_%20final9-2007.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />your only fooling yourselves with this stupid ukbsenvcjd only theory, and the BSE mythology of the OIE. most any country that went by those same OIE BSE guidelines all went down with BSE. THE OIE has now shown they are nothing more than a National Trading Brokerage for all strains of animal TSE. AS i said before, OIE should hang up there jock strap now, since it appears they will buckle every time a country makes some political hay about trade protocol, commodities and futures. IF they are not going to be science based, they should do everyone a favor and dissolve there organization. ...<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html#documentDetail?R=09000064801e47e1">http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html#documentDetail?R=09000064801e47e1</a><br /><br /><br /><br />bottom line, and i say this with full confidence, with the present and past surveillance of BSE/TSE in the USA, and the continued feed violations, in the TONS, no one will ever know the true extent of any strain of mad cow disease in the USA. you don't have to just take my word on it, read the facts. blunder, after blunder, after blunder. they have all been posted here, i would be glad to go over any and or all of them one by one for any that doubts me. i can sum it all up real quick, Canada is looking to find, and the USA has never, EVER, done that. it's been just the opposite for the USA. don't believe me, or the facts, here is what Dr. Paul Brown of the cdc/nih et al ;<br /><br /><br />CDC DR. PAUL BROWN TSE EXPERT COMMENTS 2006<br /><br />The U.S. Department of Agriculture was quick to assure the public earlier this week that the third case of mad cow disease did not pose a risk to them, but what federal officials have not acknowledged is that this latest case indicates the deadly disease has been circulating in U.S. herds for at least a decade.<br /><br />The second case, which was detected last year in a Texas cow and which USDA officials were reluctant to verify, was approximately 12 years old.<br /><br />These two cases (the latest was detected in an Alabama cow) present a picture of the disease having been here for 10 years or so, since it is thought that cows usually contract the disease from contaminated feed they consume as calves. The concern is that humans can contract a fatal, incurable, brain-wasting illness from consuming beef products contaminated with the mad cow pathogen.<br /><br />"The fact the Texas cow showed up fairly clearly implied the existence of other undetected cases," Dr. Paul Brown, former medical director of the National Institutes of Health's Laboratory for Central Nervous System Studies and an expert on mad cow-like diseases, told United Press International. "The question was, 'How many?' and we still can't answer that."<br /><br />Brown, who is preparing a scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow cases to estimate the maximum number of infected cows that occurred in the United States, said he has "absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago" because of the agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that initially tested positive.<br /><br />USDA officials finally retested the cow and confirmed it was infected seven months later, but only at the insistence of the agency's inspector general.<br /><br />"Everything they did on the Texas cow makes everything USDA did before 2005 suspect," Brown said. ...snip...end<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.upi.com/">http://www.upi.com/</a><br /><br /><br />CDC - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt ... Dr. Paul Brown is Senior Research Scientist in the Laboratory of Central Nervous System ... Address for correspondence: Paul Brown, Building 36, Room 4A-05, ...<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />PAUL BROWN COMMENT TO ME ON THIS ISSUE<br /><br />Tuesday, September 12, 2006 11:10 AM<br /><br />"Actually, Terry, I have been critical of the USDA handling of the mad cow issue for some years, and with Linda Detwiler and others sent lengthy detailed critiques and recommendations to both the USDA and the Canadian Food Agency."<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/national-prion-disease-pathology.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />THE bse mrr policy is nothing more than swapping spit. your just accepting what ever disease that country has, and or what ever that country says it has. it's an honor system of sorts. Canada seems to be Honest, and just the opposite has happened here in the USA.<br /><br />WE did just what the UK did to the globe ;<br /><br />England worried briefly about infecting other countries 27 Aug 00 confidential correspondence obtained by Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_last_news.html#fff">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_last_news.html#fff</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Other US BSE risks: the imported products picture 24 Jul 00 Trade Statistics: UK to US Compiled by Terry S.Singeltary Sr of Bacliff, Texas<br /><br />[Opinion (webmaster): The US has focused for years on tracing, containing, and eradicating live animal imports from the UK or other countries with acknowledged BSE like Belgium, including some 499 cattle and the Vermont sheep. This strategy does not acknowledge imports of rendered bovine products from England during the BSE period nor secondary products such as surgical catgut, which is to say surgical cowgut, or dairy cattle embryos, vaccines for veterinarian and human medicines. What has become of these? Mr. Singeltary, who lost his mother to CJD of unexplained origin a few years back and went on to became a well-known TSE activist, has tracked down voluminous pertinent import data through correspondence with UK officials and searches of government web sites. Imports of such products are frequently cited by Europeans in rating BSE risks in the US and in shutting out US exports.<br /><br />Many people's eyes glaze over when reviewing reams of sometimes older trade statistics. There is no proof that any of the imported products was contaminated with BSE nor if so, any evidence that any BSE product lead to infection in US livestock, surgical patients, or what not. Nonetheless, the data obtained by Mr. Singeltary establish that an appalling variety and tonnage of products that were imported by the US from the UK and othr BSE-affected countries during the peak of the BSE epidemic years.]<br /><br />10 January 1990 COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE<br /><br />NOT FOR PUBLICATION<br /><br />COMMITTEE ON SAFETY OF MEDICINES WORKING PARTY ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY<br /><br />SURGICAL CATGUT SUTURES<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#hhh">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#hhh</a><br /><br /><br /><br />40,000 human heart valves a year from BSE herds Sun, 3 Sep 2000. Unpublished Inquiry documents obtained by CJD activist Terry S. Singeltary Sr. of Bacliff, Texas<br /><br />Opinion (webmaster): Below are some shocking documents. Here is a British company preparing 40,000 heart valves a year from bovine pericardium, primarily for export, and they are not required to source this material from BSE-free herds even in peak epidemic years. It is amazing to watch health "authorities" grovelling on their bellies to wring petty concessions from middle management at obscure little companies. The main worry is not the practise of using 800 potentially infected cows a week for human heart transplant material but that the press or recipients will get wind of it, hurting business. BSE wasn't the problem, it was awkward queries from importing countries like the US. The cows are stunned using brain penetration -- can't do anything about the chunks of bovine brain blasted into the circulatory system, it's the norm. Can't use younger lower-risk animals either, patch would not be big enough. It is fascinating to see the British government worrying about, but doing nothing, with pigs with BSE 10 years ago.<br /><br />While scrapie was long used as an excuse for continuing with human use of BSE-tainted material, little sheep material was used medically. Bovine transplants, vaccines, insulin doeses, etc. are far more dangerous than dietary material as injections, and are done on a very wide scale. So scrapie was never a valid analogy to BSE, as MAFF knew full well.<br /><br />The British government deferred to the manufacturer's rep for an opinion on how contaminated pericardium might be, just as this appeared showing that this tissue is extremely dangerous:<br /><br />CJD in a patient who received homograft [was it really?] tissue for tympanic membrane closure. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1990;247(4):199-201 Tange RA, Troost D, Limburg M We report the case history of a 54-year-old man who developed a fatal neurological disorder 4 years after a successful tympanoplasty with homograft pericardium... COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE<br /><br />Miss M Duncan From: Dr E Hoxey Date: 29 January 1990 cc: Mr R Burton Dr N Richardson Ms K Turner Ms J Dhell Mr N Weatherhead<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#hhh">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#hhh</a><br /><br /><br />Two million children innoculated with BSE vaccines Daily Express May 2, 200 [minor edits by webmaster]<br /><br />Seven vaccines potentially at risk from BSE and given to millions of children can be identified for the first time by the Daily Express. But alarmingly there is no record of which children received the jabs, produced between 1988 and 1989, at the start of Britain's "mad cow" crisis. The vaccines, using UK-sourced cattle material, were made by two companies, Wellcome and Smithkline, despite warnings that they could pose a risk. The seven vaccines are: 1. Smithkline's MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), finally replaced "by end of 1992 approximately";<br /><br />2. Wellcome's combined Diphtheria and Tetanus, last issued by the company in June 1991, with a June 1993 expiry date;<br /><br />3. Wellcome's DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) last issued again in June 1991, with a November 1993 expiry date;<br /><br />4. Wellcome's single component Diphtheria vaccine, last issued in October 1991, with a November 1993 expiry date;<br /><br />5. Wellcome's Tetanus, last issued in December 1991, with a December 1993 expiry date.<br /><br />6.[Wellcome's oral polio vaccine, last issue and expiry dates are "not known".<br /><br />7. Smithkline's inactivated polio vaccine, apparently used only in foreigners.]<br /><br />Comment (Kelly): "It seems clear that no bovine derivatives are used in FINISHED products, however they are often used in the culture process. Does this also present a possible risk? Below is the packaging insert for one routine vaccine (inactivated injectable polio vaccine)made by Pasteur Merieux S?rums & Vaccins S. A. Lyon, France (now called Aventis):" IPOL?, Poliovirus Vaccine Inactivated, produced by Pasteur M?rieux S?rums Vaccins S.A., is a sterile suspension of three types of poliovirus: Type 1 (Mahoney), Type 2 (MEF-1), and Type 3 (Saukett). IPOL? is a highly purified, inactivated poliovirus vaccine produced by microcarrier culture. This culture technique and improvements in purification, concentration and standardization of poliovirus antigen produce a more potent and consistent immunogenic vaccine than the IPV available in the US prior to 1988. The viruses are grown in cultures of V.R. cells, a continuous line of monkey kidney cells, by the microcarrier technique. The cells are grown in Eagle MEM modified medium, supplemented with newborn calf serum tested for adventitious agents prior to use, originated from countries free of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. For viral growth the culture medium is replaced by M-199, without calf serum. ... Neomycin, streptomycin and polymyxin B are used in vaccine production, and although purification procedures eliminate measurable amounts, less than 5 ng neomycin, 200 ng streptomycin and 25 ng polymyxin B per dose may still be present. The residual calf serum protein is less than 1 ppm in the final vaccine. The vaccine is clear and colorless and should be administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously.<br /><br /><br /><br />The documents below were provided by Terry S. Singeltary Sr on 8 May 2000. They are optically character read (scanned into computer) and so may contain typos and unreadable parts. TIP740203/l 0424 CONFIDENTIAL<br /><br />Mr Cunningham CMP3 From: D O Hagger MBI Dr Salisbury MED/IMCD3 Mr Burton PD/STB/PG1B B/17/2 Date: 15.02.1989 Mr Dudley PD/AD4<br /><br />BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/may00_news.html">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/may00_news.html</a><br /><br /><br />BSE offals used in cosmetics, toiletry and perfume industry Sun, 3 Sep 2000. Unpublished Inquiry documents obtained by CJD activist Terry S. Singeltary Sr. of Bacliff, Texas Miss Marion Kelly Cosmetic, Toiletry and Perfumery Association 35 Dover Street London W1X3RA<br /><br />Department of Trade and Industry 10-18 Victoria Street London SW1H ONN Enquiries 01-215 5000 Telex 8811074 DTHQ G 01 215 3324 1 February 1990<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#bbb">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#bbb</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/jul00_dont_eat_sheep.html#hhh">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/jul00_dont_eat_sheep.html#hhh</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/may00_news.html#aaa">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/may00_news.html#aaa</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />years later, the bush administration made it legal. the body bag count was acceptable for the _documented_ ones. the elderly are expendable, kids and pets are not, and as long as politics plays a role in dictating science i.e. the UKBSEnvCJD ONLY THEORY, we all loose, and the 85%+ of all the other victims, go unaccounted for...officially, but some of us no different, but yet the ignorance of it all, will continue to spread the TSE agent globally, through a multitude of proven routes and sources i.e. friendly fire i.e. and or the pass it forward mode. ...<br /><br /><br /><br />IN A NUT SHELL ; $$$<br /><br />(Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006)<br /><br />11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries.The OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other significant events that were not promptly reported to then Central Bureau............<br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Scientific Report of the European Food Safety Authority on the Assessment of the Geographical BSE Risk (GBR) of Canada Question number: EFSA-Q-2003-083<br /><br />Adopted: 1 July 2004 Summary (0.1Mb)<br /><br />Report (0.2Mb)<br /><br />Summary<br /><br />The European Food Safety Authority and its Scientific Expert Working Group on the Assessment of the Geographical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Risk (GBR) were asked to provide an up-to-date scientific report on the GBR in Canada, i.e. the likelihood of the presence of one or more cattle being infected with BSE, pre-clinically as well as clinically, in Canada. This scientific report addresses the GBR of Canada as assessed in 2004 based on data covering the period 1980-2003.<br /><br />The BSE agent was probably imported into the country middle of the eighties and could have reached domestic cattle in the early nineties. These cattle imported in the mid eighties could have been rendered in the late eighties and therefore led to an internal challenge in the early 90s. It is possible that imported meat and bone meal (MBM) into Canada reached domestic cattle and led to an internal challenge in the early 90s.<br /><br />A certain risk that BSE-infected cattle entered processing in Canada, and were at least partly rendered for feed, occurred in the early 1990s when cattle imported from UK in the mid 80s could have been slaughtered. This risk continued to exist, and grew significantly in the mid 90’s when domestic cattle, infected by imported MBM, reached processing. Given the low stability of the system, the risk increased over the years with continued imports of cattle and MBM from BSE risk countries.<br /><br />EFSA concludes that the current GBR level of Canada is III, i.e. it is confirmed at a lower level that domestic cattle are (clinically or pre-clinically) infected with the BSE-agent. As long as the system remains unstable, it is expected that the GBR continues to grow, even if no additional external challenges occur.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1211902594094.htm">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1211902594094.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Scientific Report of the European Food Safety Authority on the Assessment of the Geographical BSE Risk (GBR) of the USA Question number: EFSA-Q-2003-083<br /><br />Adopted: 1 July 2004 Summary (0.1Mb)<br /><br />Report (0.2Mb)<br /><br />Summary<br /><br />The European Food Safety Authority and its Scientific Expert Working Group on the Assessment of the Geographical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Risk (GBR) were asked by the European Commission (EC) to provide an up-to-date scientific report on the GBR in the United States of America, i.e. the likelihood of the presence of one or more cattle being infected with BSE, pre-clinically as well as clinically, in USA. This scientific report addresses the GBR of USA as assessed in 2004 based on data covering the period 1980-2003.<br /><br />The BSE agent was probably imported into USA and could have reached domestic cattle in the middle of the eighties. These cattle imported in the mid eighties could have been rendered in the late eighties and therefore led to an internal challenge in the early nineties. It is possible that imported meat and bone meal (MBM) into the USA reached domestic cattle and leads to an internal challenge in the early nineties.<br /><br />A processing risk developed in the late 80s/early 90s when cattle imports from BSE risk countries were slaughtered or died and were processed (partly) into feed, together with some imports of MBM. This risk continued to exist, and grew significantly in the mid 90’s when domestic cattle, infected by imported MBM, reached processing. Given the low stability of the system, the risk increased over the years with continued imports of cattle and MBM from BSE risk countries.<br /><br />EFSA concludes that the current GBR level of USA is III, i.e. it is likely but not confirmed that domestic cattle are (clinically or pre-clinically) infected with the BSE-agent. As long as there are no significant changes in rendering or feeding, the stability remains extremely/very unstable. Thus, the probability of cattle to be (pre-clinically or clinically) infected with the BSE-agent persistently increases.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1211902594180.htm">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1211902594180.htm</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, February 01, 2010<br /><br />Import Alert 17-04 BSE CJD HIGH RISK TISSUES, Nutritional Supplements and Cosmetics<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-17-04-bse-cjd-high-risk.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-17-04-bse-cjd-high-risk.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, February 01, 2010<br /><br />Import Alert 57-20 and 84-03 Human Dura Mater and risk factors there from due to Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (CJD)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-57-20-and-84-03-human-dura.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-57-20-and-84-03-human-dura.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, February 3, 2010<br /><br />Import Alert 62-07 Sygen Injectable (Bovine-Extracted GMI Monosialoganglioside) manufactured from bovine brain starting material<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-62-07-sygen-injectable.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-62-07-sygen-injectable.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005 (Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is present also in Mexico.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf">http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />TSSTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-62785698770824934862010-01-19T10:24:00.000-08:002010-01-19T10:55:01.680-08:00CVM's OR Develops New PCR-Based Method for Testing Animal FeedCVM's OR Develops New PCR-Based Method for Testing Animal Feed<br /><br />The Office of Research (OR) of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) recently developed a new method for testing animal feed for prohibited materials. The method relies on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a molecular technique that amplifies small amounts of genetic material (DNA or RNA) to produce larger amounts for analysis. Once the new PCR-based method is routinely used, it will enhance the FDA’s ability to make sure animal feed is safe and free of prohibited materials that may spread the agent thought to cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).<br /><br />BSE is a fatal disease that causes progressive degeneration of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) in cattle. BSE, commonly called “mad cow disease,” was first detected in the United Kingdom (U.K.) in 1986. Studies quickly established an association between outbreaks of BSE and the use of cattle feed containing protein from cattle and other ruminants, such as sheep and goats. In 1988, the U.K. issued the world’s first feed ban prohibiting ruminant meat-and-bone meal from being fed to cattle and other ruminants.<br /><br />On June 5, 1997, the FDA issued a similar feed ban that prohibited most mammalian protein from being used to make animal feed for ruminants (ref 1). In April 2008, the FDA strengthened the feed ban by prohibiting high-risk materials from being used to make all animal feed, including pet food. High-risk materials are those materials from cattle that have the highest chance of carrying the agent thought to cause BSE, such as the brains and spinal cords from cattle that are 30 months of age or older.<br /><br />Testing Feed Samples: The Current Process To make sure that animal feed manufacturers comply with the feed ban, the FDA tests feed samples for prohibited materials. Feed samples are typically collected by field investigators in the Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA), the FDA’s investigative arm. The samples are analyzed by feed microscopy, a technique that uses a microscope to visually identify the components in the sample. Samples that test positive for a prohibited mammalian protein by feed microscopy then undergo PCR testing to confirm the positive result.<br /><br />In 2001, the FDA validated a PCR-based method capable of detecting mammalian protein in animal feed (ref 2). OR’s feed analysts used the 2001 method for several years when they were asked by ORA to confirm the presence of prohibited materials in animal feed, although the method was never used by field investigators in ORA. In 2006, OR validated an improved version of the 2001 PCR-based method. After extensive hands-on training, ORA’s field investigators began using the 2006 method (ref 3) to confirm positive feed microscopy results.<br /><br />The Traditional PCR-Based Method Both the 2001 and 2006 PCR-based methods rely on agarose gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is a technique that separates materials by size using an electric field applied to a gel. In agarose gel electrophoresis, the gel is made from agarose, a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed.<br /><br />The DNA from an animal feed sample is extracted and amplified using PCR. A small amount of the DNA is then placed in a pre-cut hole, or “well,” at the top of the agarose gel. When an electric field is applied to the gel, the DNA pieces in the sample move towards the bottom of the gel. The rate of speed depends on size. Smaller pieces move faster than larger pieces. The DNA pieces separate into distinct bands based on size, where one band represents DNA pieces of the same size. The size of a piece of DNA is determined by the number of base pairs (abbreviated “bp”) it contains. The higher the bp number, the more base pairs make up that particular piece of DNA; and the more base pairs, the larger the piece of DNA.<br /><br />When a fluorescent dye is added to the gel, the bands fluoresce under ultraviolet (UV) light and a photograph is taken which shows the location of the fluorescing bands within the gel (see Figure 1). Based on the location of the bands, the size of the DNA pieces can be determined.<br /><br />Because the DNA pieces in a sample move in a straight line from the top to the bottom of the gel, the sample is said to be in a “lane.” One gel usually has several lanes for analyzing multiple samples at the same time.<br /><br />Figure 1. Photographic Image of the Traditional PCR-Based Method<br /><br />The arrow at the top left of the image is pointing to the wells which appear as dark rectangles at the top of the gel. Lane “M” contains a set of standard DNA pieces with known sizes. Lanes 1 through 10 contain the feed samples that are to be tested for prohibited materials. Lanes 11 and 12 are the negative control samples and do not contain any prohibited materials. Lane 13 is the positive control sample and contains cattle protein, a prohibited material. A fluorescing band at the 271 bp location means that the animal feed sample likely contains prohibited cattle protein.<br /><br />The 2006 Method: Limitations PCR-based methods that rely on UV light for visualizing the bands commonly have problems. Most of the problems encountered during OR’s validation testing of the 2006 method had to do with the process of agarose gel electrophoresis or interpreting the resulting photograph (ref 3). For example, when a group of feed samples containing negative, slightly positive, and highly positive samples is analyzed, the resulting photograph is often a hard-to-read compromise between the lowest-intensity bands, which are faint to undetectable, and the highest-intensity bands, which are so bright that they hide nearby lanes (ref 4). Also, the instrument that takes the photograph of the gel is usually set to automatically focus on the brightest bands, causing bands of lesser intensity to be barely visible or not visible at all (see Figure 2). Another problem with the 2006 method is that it takes at least 8 hours to analyze a sample.<br /><br />Figure 2. Photographic Example of the Limitations of the 2006 Method<br /><br />The upper photograph was taken using the automatic settings for the instrument that takes the photograph of the agarose gel. The instrument focused on the brightest bands in the gel, causing one positive feed sample to barely show up (light arrow on the right) and a second positive sample to not show up at all (dark arrow on the left). The lower photograph is the same gel after the settings were manually adjusted. Now, both positive samples can be clearly seen.<br /><br />The 2009 Method: Goals and Solutions OR’s first goal was to develop a faster, simpler method based on real-time PCR. In real-time PCR, a fluorescent dye is used to tell how much DNA is being produced during the reaction. The fluorescent dye binds to the DNA and the bound DNA fluoresces and emits a light signal that is detected by the PCR instrument (see Figure 3).<br /><br />OR’s second goal was to evaluate the new method using strict in-house testing requirements and a peer verification trial.<br /><br />Because there are no set federal guidelines to evaluate methods to detect prohibited materials in animal feed, OR had to develop its own objective criteria (called acceptance criteria) to assess the new real-time PCR-based method. The acceptance criteria used in the assessment had previously been used by OR to evaluate four kits currently on the market to detect prohibited mammalian protein in animal feed (refs 5 and 6). OR also used a statistical approach to determine if the acceptance criteria were met.<br /><br />An important criterion was the ability of the new method to detect mammalian protein when present in animal feed at a concentration of at least 0.1%. This value was chosen because (a) 0.1% was the concentration used in the validation trials for the 2001 and 2006 PCR-based methods (refs 2 and 3); and (b) 0.1% is the concentration that is normally detected by feed microscopy (ref 7).<br /><br />The new real-time PCR-based method met strict requirements for sensitivity (ability to detect true positive samples), selectivity (ability to detect true negative samples), and specificity (ability to detect only the targeted animal species). It also met strict requirements for ruggedness and real-time platform. The ruggedness test determines how well the method tolerates small changes to its set operating limits and measures the method’s reliability under normal use. The real-time platform test assesses how well the PCR portion of the method works using different laboratory instruments.<br /><br />After strict in-house testing, the new method underwent a peer verification trial to assess how well it worked when used by other laboratories and if the instructions on how to use it were clear. Two outside laboratories participated in the peer verification trial. The results showed that the method had 100% specificity in identifying three types of prohibited materials, cattle meat-and-bone meal, lamb meal, and goat meat meal. There was only a 0.6% rate of false positive results. The peer verification trial proved that the new real-time PCR-based method can easily and reliably be used by other laboratories.<br /><br />Figure 3. Computer Image of the New Real-Time PCR-Based Method<br /><br />The level of fluorescence is shown on the y-axis and the cycles of PCR amplification is shown on the x-axis. The baseline level of fluorescence is 30 fluorescence units (horizontal solid line). The negative control sample (horizontal dotted line) does not contain any prohibited materials and fluoresces below the baseline level. A feed sample that contains a prohibited material fluoresces above the baseline level. The point at which the sample’s fluorescence exceeds the baseline level is called the inflection point (vertical line). The inflection point is also called the Cycle Threshold (Ct) value. In the above image, the Ct value is 18.83. The lower the Ct value, the higher the concentration of DNA from prohibited materials in the sample.<br /><br />The 2009 Method: Advantages In less than 2.5 hours, the new real-time PCR-based method can detect processed materials from cattle, sheep, and goats, as well as a select set of processed materials from chickens, turkeys, and geese (ref 8). The method can also detect animal materials that have been processed in both North America and the European Union (E.U.). The processing conditions in the E.U. are very different from those in North America, resulting in meat-and-bone meals with different characteristics. Because it can detect meat-and-bone meals processed in both North America and the E.U., the 2009 method is more useful and versatile than the 2006 method.<br /><br />Besides being faster and more versatile, another advantage of the new real-time PCR-based method is that all the components are available as a pair of commercial kits that are made under strict quality controls. One kit contains the reagents needed to extract the DNA from the feed sample for amplification by PCR. The second kit contains the reagents needed to perform the PCR test. Having all the necessary reagents available for laboratories in ready-to-use kits that have already been examined for quality control further reduces the time needed to analyze a sample.<br /><br />Future Plans The new 2009 real-time PCR-based method will become the FDA’s “one-stop shop” for testing animal feed. It will replace feed microscopy as the FDA’s method of choice for screening animal feed for prohibited materials. It will also be used to confirm the presence of prohibited materials in animal feed, replacing the 2006 PCR-based method.<br /><br />OR is working with CVM’s Office of Surveillance and Compliance on a plan to replace the 2006 method with the improved 2009 method. An integral part of the plan includes training sessions for ORA’s federal field investigators at OR’s research laboratories in Laurel, Maryland. State field investigators will also be invited to the training sessions. So far, OR has conducted three 3-day sessions to provide extensive hands-on training in this new method. Fourteen federal field investigators from ORA and 20 state field investigators from various states participated.<br /><br />Once it fully replaces both feed microscopy and the 2006 PCR-based method, the new 2009 real-time PCR-based method will increase the FDA’s ability to detect prohibited mammalian protein in animal feed and prevent BSE in U.S. cattle. This strengthens the FDA’s mission to protect animal and public health by keeping the food supply safe for both animals and people.<br /><br />References 1.Federal Register, vol. 62, no. 108, p. 30976. June 5, 1997. Substances prohibited from use in animal food or feed: Animal proteins prohibited in ruminant feed. Final Rule. 21 CFR 589.2000. 2.Myers, M.J., S.L. Friedman, D.E. Farrell, D.A. Dove-Pettit, M.F. Bucker, S. Kelly, S. Madzo, W. Campbell, R.F. Wang, D. Paine, and C.E. Cerniglia. 2001. Validation of a polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of rendered bovine-derived materials in feedstuffs. J. Food Prot. 64:564-566. 3.Myers M.J., H.F. Yancy, J. Derr, J. Sedwick, M. Araneta, J. Wetherington, G. Mowlds, K. Riter, H. Lin, J. Armour, H. Koch, P. Istafanos, Y. Shen, R. Younkins, D. Pinero, F. Jackson, D. Farmer, W.M. Kiessling, and L.A.D Hoostelaere. 2006. Validation of a PCR-based method for the detection of various rendered materials in feedstuffs using a forensic DNA extraction kit. J. Food Prot. 69:205-210. 4.Yancy, H.F., A. Mohla, D.E. Farrell, and M.J. Myers. Evaluation of a rapid PCR-based method for detection of animal materials. 2005. J. Food Prot. 68:2651-2355. 5.Myers M.J., H.F. Yancy, D.E. Farrell, J.D. Washington, and R.A. Frobish. Evaluation of two commercial lateral-flow test kits for detection of animal proteins in animal feed. 2005. J. Food Prot. 68:2656-2664. 6.Myers M.J., H.F. Yancy, D.E. Farrell, J.D. Washington, C.M. Deavers, and R.A. Frobish. Assessment of Two Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Tests Marketed for Detection of Ruminant Proteins in Finished Feed. 2007. J. Food Prot. 68:2656-2664. 7.Myers, M.J. Detecting animal tissues in feed and feed ingredients. Improving the Safety of Fresh Meat, J.N. Sofos, ed. 2005. Wood Head Publishing Ltd.: Cambridge, UK, pp. 55-79. 8.Yancy, H. F., J.D. Washington, L. Callahan, J.A. Mason, C.M. Deaver, D.E. Farrell, and M.J. Myers. 2009. Development, Evaluation, and Peer-Verification of a Rapid Real-Time PCR Method for the Detection of Animal Material. J. Food Prot. 72:2368-23<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/ResourcesforYou/AnimalHealthLiteracy/ucm197767.htm">http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/ResourcesforYou/AnimalHealthLiteracy/ucm197767.htm</a><br /><br /><br />Greetings !<br /><br /><br />WELL, IT SEEMS that the infamous FDA partial and voluntary mad cow feed ban of August 4, 1997, is what it was, nothing but ink on paper. In other words it failed time and time again, and the FDA et al CANNOT ENFORCE IT, so they must try something else. ...TSS<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, January 17, 2010<br /><br />BSE USA feed inspection violations 01/01/2009 to 01/17/2010 FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, January 15, 2010<br /><br />New York Firm Recalls Beef Carcass That Contains Prohibited Materials (BSE)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-york-firm-recalls-beef-carcass-that.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-york-firm-recalls-beef-carcass-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, September 4, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 29, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />C O N F I R M E D<br /><br /><br />----- Original Message ----- From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." To: Sent: Thursday, November 05, 2009 9:25 PM Subject: [BSE-L] re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, November 12, 2009<br /><br />BSE FEED RECALL Misbranding of product by partial label removal to hide original source of materials 2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Annual Report Fiscal Year 2008: October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008<br /><br />PUTTING LIPSTICK ON A PIG AND TAKING HER TO A DANCE...TSS<br /><br />BSE Feed Rule Enforcement: A Decade of Success OFF TO A FAST START<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005 (Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is present also in Mexico.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf">http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />IN A NUT SHELL ;<br /><br />(Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006)<br /><br />11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central Bureau,<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, November 23, 2009<br /><br />BSE GBR RISK ASSESSMENTS UPDATE NOVEMBER 23, 2009 COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND O.I.E.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://docket-aphis-2006-0041.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-gbr-risk-assessments-update.html">http://docket-aphis-2006-0041.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-gbr-risk-assessments-update.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, January 2, 2010<br /><br />Human Prion Diseases in the United States January 1, 2010 ***FINAL***<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />my comments to PLosone here ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />OLD HISTORY ON MAD COW FEED BAN USA ;<br /><br />p.s. i doubt if many of these old fda url links work anymore, and you cannot blame them $<br /><br /><br />From: TSS<br />Subject: BSE Ruminant and Mammalian mad cow protein in commerce USA 2000 - 2006 compliments FDA/USDA/TSS et al 'THE BIGGER PICTURE'<br />Date: August 8, 2006 at 6:43 pm PST<br /><br />BSE Ruminant and Mammalian mad cow protein in commerce USA 2000 - 2006 compliments FDA/USDA/TSS et al 'THE BIGGER PICTURE'<br /><br />30936 Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 108 / Thursday, June 5, 1997 / Rules and Regulations<br /><br />21 CFR Part 589<br /><br />Substances Prohibited From Use in<br /><br />Animal Food or Feed; Animal Proteins<br /><br />Prohibited in Ruminant Feed; Final Rule<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Images/6597bse.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Images/6597bse.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />BSE/Ruminant Feed Ban Inspections<br /><br />FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION<br /><br />COMPLIANCE PROGRAM GUIDANCE MANUAL<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/03d-0498-gdl0001.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/03d-0498-gdl0001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />1999 - 2000 CVM BSE<br /><br />CVM Update (THIS IS NOT A JOKE...TSS) May 13, 1999<br /><br />BSE FEED REGULATION TEAM TO RECEIVE VICE PRESIDENTIAL AWARD<br /><br />On May 14, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)/Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Feed Regulation Team will be honored with Vice President Al Gore's Hammer Award. The BSE Feed Regulation Team is comprised of employees from FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) and Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA), and AAFCO, an organization that includes officials from all States and the Federal government who are responsible for enforcing the laws regulating the production, labeling, distribution, and/or sale of animal feeds.<br /><br />The Award will be presented by Yetta Lyle who will be representing the Vice President's National Partnership for Reinventing Government at CVM's 1999 Honor Awards Ceremony. The Awards ceremony will be held from 9:30 - 11:30 a.m., at the Gaithersburg Hilton Hotel, Grand Ballroom, 620 Perry Parkway, in Gaithersburg, MD. The 17 team members who spearheaded the effort will be honored.<br /><br />The award citation reads, "For making a significant contribution to reducing the possibility of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or 'mad cow disease') becoming established and spread in the U.S." The Team used an innovative education-oriented partnership program to enforce a FDA regulation designed to control BSE. Compliance rates for the first inspections of all but one industry segment equaled or exceeded 75 percent. Compliance rates at follow-up inspections should approach the goal of 100 percent compliance, based on the enforcement strategy developed and updated jointly by the partners. Independent research has shown that major industry adjustments have been made to facilitate compliance with the regulations. FDA and State inspectors have conducted an unprecedented number of education-oriented inspections; a reinvented approach to doing inspections that has resulted in 70 percent savings in the cost of inspections, amounting to $1.3 million in Fiscal Year 1999.<br /><br />The Hammer Award is the down-to-earth symbol of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government, a five-year old, major initiative to make the government work better for less. The program honors Federal employees and their partners who have joined forces to streamline procedures, put consumers first, and help build a better and more cost-effective government.<br /><br />In addition to a plain carpenter's hammer, the award includes a ribbon and the Vice President's note of appreciation, all set in an aluminum frame. Also, every Team member will receive a personal certificate of appreciation with Al Gore's signature and a lapel hammer pin.<br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Issued by: FDA, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Management and Communications, HFV-12 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855 Telephone: (301) 827-3800 FAX: (301) 827-4065 Internet Web Site: http://www.fda.gov/cvm<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/HAMMERUP.html">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/HAMMERUP.html</a><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Loweís 40% Hog Concentrate - swine feed for mixing grower and finisher rations, in 50-pound bulk bags. Recall #V-057-0. CODE All codes between August 1, 1999 and November 23, 1999. MANUFACTURER Lowe's Feed & Grain, Inc., Bowling Green, Kentucky. RECALLED BY Manufacturer, by letter dated November 18, 1999, and by telephone. Firm-initiated recall complete. DISTRIBUTION Ohio. QUANTITY 12.46 tons were distributed. REASON Product contained protein derived from mammalian tissue and according to regulation must bear the statement "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants" on the label. This regulation is designed to prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed. This statement does not appear on the label.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/ENF00623.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/ENF00623.html</a><br /><br /><br />2001<br /><br />October 30, 2001<br /><br />RUMINANT FEED (BSE) ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseoctup.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseoctup.htm</a><br /><br /><br />October 10, 2001<br /><br />FDA HOLDING PUBLIC HEARING ON RUMINANT FEED (BSE) RULES<br /><br />The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is holding a public hearing to solicit information and views on its present animal feeding regulation "Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed" -- Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 589.2000. The purpose of the rule is to help prevent the establishment and amplification of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in U.S. cattle herds through feed and thereby help minimize any risks from BSE to animal or human health.<br /><br />FDA recognizes that new information has emerged on BSE and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) since the rule went into effect in 1997. Therefore, FDA is requesting information and views from individuals and organizations on the present rule and whether changes in the rule or other additional measures are necessary. The Agency is particularly interested in soliciting comments and views from individuals, industry, consumer groups, health professionals, and researchers with expertise in BSE and related animal and human diseases. ...snip<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/part15.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/part15.htm</a><br /><br /><br />September 25, 2001<br /><br />BSE INSPECTION CHECKLIST AVAILABLE ON THE CVM INTERNET HOME PAGE<br /><br />FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) has made available the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Inspection Checklist on the Center's Home Page on the Internet. This checklist is to be used by Federal and State inspectors to determine compliance with FDA's ruminant feed (BSE) regulations, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 589.2000. This rule, that prohibits the use of most mammalian protein in feeds for ruminant animals, was implemented to prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed in the United States. The rule became effective on August 4, 1997. Inspections of over 10,000 renderers, feed mills, ruminant feeders, and others (such as protein blenders) have been conducted to determine compliance with the BSE feed regulations. The majority of these inspections (around 80%) were conducted by State officials and the remainder by FDA. A checklist has been used to record information on the compliance with the rules. The checklist that is being made available on the CVM Home Page is a revised version intended for use in future inspections.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bsecheck.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bsecheck.htm</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Update July 7, 2001<br /><br />RUMINANT FEED (BSE) ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse72001.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse72001.htm</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Update March 23, 2001<br /><br />RUMINANT FEED (BSE) ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bsemar3.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bsemar3.htm</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Update January 10, 2001<br /><br />UPDATE ON RUMINANT FEED (BSE) ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseup.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseup.htm</a><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE - CLASS II<br />_______________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Red Cell, Iron Rich Homogenized, Yucca Flavored Vitamin-Iron-Mineral Supplement for all classes of horses. For Animal Use Only. NET CONTENTS: 1 GALLON. HORSE HEALTH Products, A Division of Farnam Companies, Inc. PO Box 34820, Phoenix AZ 85067-4820, Recall # V-002-2. Redglo, EQUICARE (brand), Homogenized Energy Building Liquid Multi- Vitamin Supplement for Horses. EQUICARE PRODUCTS, A Division of Farnam Companies, Inc., PO Box 34820, Phoenix, AZ, Recall # V-003-2. CODE All codes. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Farnam Companies, Inc., Phoenix, Arizona, sent a recall letter dated March 8, 2001, to all distributors via regular first class mail. Firm initiated recall is ongoing. REASON The products contain protein material derived from bovine mammalian tissues; however, the bags are not labeled with the required BSE cautionary statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 14,000 to 15,000 gallons.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION Nationwide.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00719.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00719.html</a><br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: Ruminant Custom Mix Feeds: V-388-1 "Beef Feed" manufactured with Buckeye 40% Beef Finisher Pellets, Item 40950. V-389-1 "Rita's Goat Feed" manufactured with Buckeye 39% Lamb Conc. Pellets, Item 41250. V-390-1 "Calf-Beef/Dairy Feed" manufactured with Buckeye 32% Golden Expectation Pellets, Item 42150 V-391-1 "Feed with Vitamin A" manufactured with Buckeye Vitamin A-30, Item 1614 V-392-1 "Feed/A-D-E Premix" manufactured with Buckeye A-D-E Mix, Item 152850 V-409-1 "Calf Feed" manufactured with Buckeye 32% Calf Grower Concentrate, Item 42350<br /><br />Non-Ruminant Custom Mix Feeds: V-393-1 "40% Poultry Feed" manufactured with Buckeye 40% Poultry Concentrate Crumbles, Item 12100 V-394-1 "40% Hog Feed" manufactured with Buckeye 40% Gro'Em Lean, Item 20550 V-395-1 "Horse Premium Mixer" manufactured with Buckeye 32% Premium Mixer Pellets, Item 38000 Code: All bulk custom mix feeds manufactured prior to April 20, 2001. The customer invoices indicate the type of Buckeye supplement used in the bulk feed. REASON: The bulk custom mix feeds were prepared with ruminant feed supplements recalled by Buckeye Nutrition due to contamination with protein derived from mammalian tissues. The non-ruminant bulk custom mix feeds were not labeled with the required BSE caution statement "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants." MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: Ferrin Cooperative Equity Exchange, Inc., Carlyle, Illinois RECALLED BY: The firm , by letter beginning on June 28, 2001.<br /><br />FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Ongoing.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: IL QUANTITY: 169 tons of ruminant feeds and 27 tons of non-ruminant feeds<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR October 10, 2001.<br /><br />####<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00714.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00714.html</a><br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: Recall # Product V-397-1 Hyland Floating Fishfood, in 50 pound bags V-398-1 Endurance Plus Extrude Horse Feed, in 50 pound bags V-399-1 Seminole Ultra Bloom Horse Feed, in 50 pound bags V-400-1 Wheat Flakes, extruded product in bulk, not bagged V-401-1 Corn Flakes, extruded product in bulk, not bagged V-402-1 Capt. Crunch, extruded product in bulk, not bagged V-403-1 Green Corn Puffs, extruded product in bulk, not bagged V-404-1 Orange Corn Puffs, extruded product in bulk, not bagged V-405-1 Whole Kernel Corn, in 50 pound bags, unlabeled V-406-1 Soybean Meal, in bulk, not bagged, unlabeled ALL CODES REASON: The animal feed products may contain proteins derived from mammalian tissues. The products are not labeled with the required BSE caution statement "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants." MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: The Hyland Company, Ashland, Kentucky RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by telephone on July 25, 2001, and letters on July 31, 2001.<br /><br />FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Complete<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: KY, GA, NC, FL WV QUANTITY: 568 tons<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR August 29, 2001.<br /><br />####<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00708.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00708.html</a><br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: V-385-1 - Rock-N-Rooster Competition Blend, lots: K01611 K01719 K01912 K01916 K02012 K02015 K02214 K02310 K02314 K02318 K02519 K02615 K02917 K03018 K03114 K03215 K03316 K03413 K10116 K10119 K10219 K10313 K10417 K10610 K10714 K10914 K11115 K11214 K11412 K11512 K02019 K02813 K03516 K10616 K11515 V-386-1 - Rock-N-Rooster Premium Five-Grain Scratch, lots: K01611 K01715 K01718 K01812 K01912 K01916 K02012 K02015 K02019 K02117 K02214 K02310 K02318 K02513 K02518 K02710 K02719 K02813 K02910 K02917 K03011 K03018 K03114 K03215 K03413 K03418 K03516 K03517 K10012 K10013 K10115 K10119 K10219 K10310 K10312 K10410 K10611 K10614 K10616 K10713 K10810 K10812 K10914 K10919 K11012 K11114 K11115 K11216 K11213 K11214 K11315 K11412 K11419 K11512 K01918 K02314 K02814 K03316 K101121 K10510 K10819 K11211 K11515 V-387-1 - Rock-N-Rooster Maintainer, lots: K01611 K01719 K01812 K01912 K01916 K01918 K02015 K02117 K02314 K02318 K02513 K02519 K02813 K02814 K02917 K03011 K03018 K03114 K03316 K03413 K03418 K03514 K03516 K03517 K10116 K10119 K10219 K10312 K10417 K10512 K10617 K10714 K10810 K11012 K11115 K11211 K11315 K11512 K11515 K02012 K02615 K03215 K10012 K10616 K11214 REASON: The product contained prohibited material; however, the bags were not labeled with the required BSE cautionary statement. MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: Southern States Cooperative, Inc., Richmond, Virginia RECALLED BY: The recalling firm ceased distribution on June 6, 2001, and notified feed mill distributors and distribution points by e-mail on June 6 and 7, 2001, to stop sale and notify their retail customers of the stop sale and provide further instructions for relabeling of any of the affected inventory. The firm sent labels with the cautionary statement to their consignees.<br /><br />FIRM INITIATED RECALL: ONGOING<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: KY, VA, MD, WV, NC, SC, GA, AL, DE, FL, MS and TN<br /><br />QUANTITY: 962 tons<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR August 1, 2001.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00704.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00704.html</a><br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: V-353-1 through V-370-1, Chicken feed products: Recall # Tag # Product V-353-1 587 B. Challenger Scratch Feed V-354-1 588 B. 18% Gamebird Conditioner V-355-1 2060 B. Kickin' Chicken Premium Game Cock Feed V-356-1 2066 B. Kickin' Chicken Premium Gamebird 16% V-357-1 586 B. Scratch Grain V-358-1 2051 B. Pit Performer 17% V-359-1 575 B. Classic Yard Feed V-360-1 576 Eliminator Maintainer V-361-1 578 Eliminator Conditioner V-362-1 586 Producer Scratch Grain V-363-1 4587 Producer 12% Gamebird Yard Feed V-364-1 2065 Cleveland Trophy Cock Feed V-365-1 80181AAA Consolidated Hen Scratch V-366-1 2051 B&B Maintenance 12 V-367-1 2052 B&B Conditioner 14 V-368-1 2050 B&B Scratch 10 V-369-1 4590 Kingsport Original Prater Mix V-370-1 2062 PC 10 (unlabeled bags) ALL CODES The "B" indicates that the Burkmann Feeds brand name is listed on the tag labels. The suspect products are also bagged and distributed under the following private labels: Producer Feeds, Louisville, Kentucky Kingsport Milling, Kingsport, Tennessee Consolidated Nutrition, L.C., Omaha, Nebraska B&B Feeds, Knoxville, Tennessee Eagle Roller Mill Co., Inc., Shelby, North Carolina Central Farm Supply of Kentucky, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky REASON: The chicken feed products may contain proteins derived from mammalian tissues. The products are not labeled with the required BSE caution statement "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants." MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: Burkmann Feeds, London, Kentucky RECALLED BY: On May 5, 2001, the firm mailed recall letters with attached BSE sticker-labels to all customers outside the state of Kentucky. The recall notices were hand- delivered to customers within the state of Kentucky by Burkmann's Sales Representatives. Customers were asked to complete and return a recall response form that was included with each letter documenting the numbers of bags and varieties of products for which the customers affixed the BSE sticker-labels. The firm expanded their recall on May 10, 2001, and mailed recall letters with BSE labels and response forms to the affected customers.<br /><br />FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Ongoing<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: KY, GA, NC, TN, VA QUANTITY: 933 tons<br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: V-377-1, Renner’s brand 45% meat and bone meal, packed in 100 pound bags. REASON: The product contained protein material derived from bovine mammalian tissues; however, the bags are not labeled with the required BSE cautionary statement. MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: F. W. Renner & Sons, Inc., Canton, Ohio RECALLED BY: The recalling firm contacted the consignees by telephone on June 19, 2001. FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Complete DISTRIBUTION: OH QUANTITY: 2,500 lbs _______________________________<br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: V-378-1 to V-384-1, RenPro 58% (brand name) swine and poultry feeds in bulk, as follows: V-378-1 - Poultry Layer #215 - guaranteed analysis 15% crude protein, 3% crude fat, and 3.5% crude fiber. V-379-1 - Poultry Layer #216 - guaranteed analysis 16% crude protein, 3% crude fat, and 3.5% crude fiber. V-380-1 - Poultry Layer #217 - guaranteed analysis 17% crude protein, 3% crude fat, and 3.5% crude fiber. V-381-1 - Poultry Layer #218 - guaranteed analysis 18% crude protein, 3% crude fat, and 3.5% crude fiber. V-382-1 - Poultry Layer #219 - guaranteed analysis 19% crude protein, 3.5% crude fat, and 4% crude fiber. V-383-1 - Poultry Prelay #115 - guaranteed analysis 16% crude protein, 3% crude fat, and 5% crude fiber. V-384-1 - Poultry Developer #110 - guaranteed analysis 14% crude protein, 3% crude fat, and 5.5% crude fiber. MANFACTURER: Esbenshade Mills, Mount Joy, PA RECALLED BY: On 5/24/01, the manufacturer notified their customers of the labeling requirement via letter.<br /><br />FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Complete<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: PA QUANTITY: None. The product turn over is two weeks or less.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 25, 2001.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00703.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00703.html</a><br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: V-371-1, Tender Lean/Shelled Corn Cattle Feed Mix, a custom animal feed mix, packed in 80 LB bags. CODES: None. The bags are unlabeled. The feed was manufactured on 5/14/2001. REASON: The cattle feed (for ruminant animals)may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues. MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: Champaign Landmark, Inc., Urbana, Ohio RECALLED BY: On 5/24/2001, the firm's Feed Manager personally visited the sole farmer/consignee, at which time, he hand-delivered the firm's recall letter.<br /><br />FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Complete<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: Ohio QUANTITY: 2,000 LBS<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 11, 2001.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00701.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00701.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALL NUMBER, PRODUCT AND CODE: V-352-1, Bulk Lamb Meal, All lots of bulk lamb meal shipped by the recalling firm REASON: The product is not labeled with the required caution statement “Do not feed to Cattle or other Ruminants.” MANUFACTURER/RECALLING FIRM: International Proteins Corporations (IPC), St. Paul MN RECALLED BY: Recalling Firm, Revised labeling by letter on April 17, 2001.<br /><br />FIRM INITIATED RECALL: Ongoing.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: MN, IL, MO, AR and TX<br /><br />QUANTITY 3,094 tons<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 04, 2001.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00700.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00700.html</a><br /><br /><br />PODUCT: Bulk Lamb Meal. Recall Number V-052-1. CODES: All lots of bulk lamb meal shipped by the recalling firm. MANUFACTURER: International Proteins Corporations (IPC), St. Paul, Minnesota. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, sent revised labeling in a letter on April 17, 2001. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: MN, IL, MO, AK, TX. QUANTITY: 3,094 tons.<br /><br />REASON: The product is not labeled with the required caution statement "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants."<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR June 20, 2001.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00698.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00698.html</a><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETMED -- CLASS IIPRODUCT & CODES: Animal feed products, packaged in 5, 25, 50, and 55 pound bags, and in bulk, intended for both ruminant and non-ruminant animals. The products are as follows: Recall # V-195-1 through V-350-1.<br /><br />RUMINANT FEED PRODUCTS:<br /><br />RECALL NO. PRODUCT NO. PRODUCT NAME<br /><br />V-195-1 40150 B. 30% Calf Pellet V-196-1 40250 B. 16% Calf Pellet V-197-1 40350 B. 16% Calf Ration V-198-1 40450 B. 18% Calf Starter V-199-1 40600 B. 38% Dairy Pellet V-200-1 40650 B. 38% Dairy Pellet V-201-1 40750 B. 16% Dairy Feed V-202-1 40950 B. 40% Beef Pellet V-203-1 41150 B. 18% Lamb Starter Pellet V-204-1 41250 B. 39% Lamb Conc. Pellet V-205-1 41350 B. 14% Lamb & Beef Pellet V-206-1 41450 B. 16% Goat Feed V-207-1 42150 B. 32% Expectation Pellet V-208-1 42250 B. Llama & Alpaca Pellet V-209-1 42350 B. 32% Calf Grower Pellet V-210-1 42650 B. Llama & Alpaca Crums V-211-1 42750 B. 38% Hay Booster 2 V-212-1 42850 B. 25% Pasture Booster V-213-1 43100 B. 16% Grower/Dev Pellet V-214-1 43150 B. 16% Grower/Dev Pellet V-215-1 43700 WH 32% Calf Gro Pellet V-216-1 43750 WH 32% Calf Gro Pellet V-217-1 43850 B. 38% Dairy Mix V-218-1 44250 B. 17% Doe Pellet V-219-1 44350 B. 21% Buck Pellet V-220-1 44450 Legends Ranch Pellet V-221-1 44500 Legends 17% Breeder Pellet V-222-1 1652 B. Vitamin E-20 V-223-1 1614 B. Vitamin A-30 V-224-1 44550 Legends 17% Breeder Pellet V-225-1 44650 Legends 13.5% Rut Pellet V-226-1 44750 Deer Starter (J) V-227-1 44940 Llama Premix (J) FSC V-228-1 45150 Empire 25% Calf Pellet V-229-1 45450 Berry Llama Pellet V-230-1 45950 50% Beef Conc. (Meal) V-231-1 46250 B. 12% Sweet Livestock V-232-1 46350 B. 1440 Bovatec Pellet V-233-1 46400 Liberty 38% Dairy Pellet V-234-1 46450 Liberty 38% Dairy Pellet V-235-1 47150 B. 14% Gold-n-Grower V-236-1 47250 B. 12% Gold-n-Conditioner V-237-1 47450 B. 18% Gold-n-Lamb V-238-1 47800 Homeworth Dairy Pellet V-239-1 47850 Homeworth Dairy Pellet V-240-1 47900 B. 36% Hi Fat Dairy Pellet V-241-1 47950 B. 36% Hi Fat Dairy Pellet V-242-1 48550 B. 16% Calf Pellet CA V-243-1 49200 Mastead Dairy Base V-244-1 49300 KLEJKA Dairy Base V-245-1 49650 Deer Premix (J) HFB V-246-1 49750 39% Lamb Premix (J) HFB V-247-1 49850 Lamb Starter Premix (J) HFB V-248-1 120850 Brood Cow Deluxe Mineral V-249-1 152850 B. A-D-E Mix<br /><br />NON-RUMINANT FEED PRODUCTS:<br /><br />V-250-1 10150 B. Miracle Starter V-251-1 10350 B. 21% Broiler Starter V-252-1 10450 B. Pullet Grower & Developer V-253-1 10550 B. 18% Layer Breeder Pellets V-254-1 10750 B. 20% Gold Std. Laying Crum V-255-1 10950 B. 17% Complete Laying Crums V-256-1 11050 B. 16% Prosperity Layer Crums V-257-1 11100 B. 40% Poultry Concentrate V-258-1 11150 B. 40% Poultry Concentrate V-259-1 11250 B. 28% Turkey Starter Crums V-260-1 11350 20% Gig "4" Pellets V-261-1 11450 B. 16% Prosperity Layer Pellets V-262-1 11550 18% Game Bird Breeder Pellets V-263-1 11650 B. 19% Ratite Grower Diet V-264-1 11750 B. 23% Ratite Breeder Diet V-265-1 12100 B. 40% Poultry Concentrate Crums V-266-1 12550 B. 32% Base Poultry Mix V-267-1 13250 B. 28% Turkey Starter V-268-1 13450 B. 20% Poultry Grower V-269-1 14325 B. Game Bird Mix - Coarse V-270-1 20150 B. 18% Pig Starter Pellets V-271-1 20250 B. 16% Pig Grower Pellets V-272-1 20450 B. 14% Porkmaker 100 Pellets V-273-1 20550 B. 40% Gro 'Em Lean V-274-1 21850 B. 27% Hi-Fat Swine Base V-275-1 23000 Mt. Hope Hevy Hog V-276-1 30050 12% Pleasure Horse - Sweet V-277-1 30150 Alfa + Performer 10 Sweet V-278-1 30250 14% Grass + Perf Sweet V-279-1 30450 12% Wrangler - Complete V-280-1 30550 B. 12% Pleasure Horse Pellets V-281-1 30650 B. 32% Gro' N Win Pellets V-282-1 30750 12% Wrangler Cubes V-283-1 30950 18% Foal Starter V-284-1 31050 B. 14% Alfa + Dev Pellets V-285-1 31150 B. Alfa + Performer 10 Pel V-286-1 31200 Grass +Performer 14 Pel V-287-1 31250 Grass +Performer 14 Pel V-288-1 31350 12% Mustang V-289-1 31450 Endurance - 101 Extruded V-290-1 31550 B. Equine Energy - UK V-291-1 31650 B. 16% Grass + Dev Pellets V-292-1 31750 16% Grass + Dev Cubes V-293-1 31850 16% Grass + Dev Sweet V-294-1 31950 B. 11% Alfa Gro 'N Win Pel V-295-1 32050 B. Sho' Win Pellets V-296-1 32250 B. Senior Formula V-297-1 32350 Oscar Horse Mix V-298-1 32450 B. Ultimate Finish V-299-1 32550 Crossfire Horse Feed V-300-1 32650 B. Equine 16% Growth V-301-1 32750 B. Reduced Energy Formula V-302-1 32850 B. Training Formula V-303-1 32950 B. Cadence Formula V-304-1 33150 B. Track 12 Horse Feed V-305-1 33350 Spears 16% GR + Dev Cubes V-306-1 33400 B. 14% Supreme Horse Pellets V-307-1 33450 B. 14% Supreme Horse Pellets V-308-1 33650 B. Race'N Win V-309-1 33750 B. 14% Prominent Horse Feed V-310-1 33850 B. Unbeetable Horse Feed V-311-1 34750 Cargill Senior Horse V-312-1 34850 Cargill Vitality Gold V-313-1 35150 Chagrin 12% Sweet Fd V-314-1 35250 Smith Pure Pleasure V-315-1 35750 Roundup 10% Horse Pellets V-316-1 35850 12% Summerglo Horse V-317-1 36255 B. Grass +Min&VitBase - Mexico V-318-1 36850 Miller's 12% Horse Feed V-319-1 37155 B. Gro'Win Base Mix - Mexico V-320-1 38000 B. 32% Premium Mixer Pellets V-321-1 38050 B. 32% Premium Mixer Pellets V-322-1 38100 36% Maintenance Mixer Pellets V-323-1 38150 36% Maintenance Mixer Pellets V-324-1 50150 Terramycin Crumbles V-325-1 60105 16% Rabbit Pellets V-326-1 60125 16% Rabbit Pellets V-327-1 60150 B. 16% Rabbit Pellets V-328-1 60205 18% Rabbit Developer V-329-1 60250 B. 18% Rabbit Developer V-330-1 60450 B. 16% Rabbit Maintenance V-331-1 90150 B. Buckeye Scratch V-332-1 90225 Gold Standard Scratch V-333-1 90250 Gold Standard Scratch V-334-1 90350 Intermediate Scratch V-335-1 90450 B. Chick Grains V-336-1 90525 B. Shelled Corn V-337-1 90550 B. Shelled Corn V-338-1 90650 B. Cracked Corn V-339-1 90825 B. Fine Cracked Corn V-340-1 90850 B. Fine Cracked Corn V-341-1 91000 Steam Flaked Corn V-342-1 91050 Steam Flaked Corn V-343-1 91750 Oats - HP Crimped V-344-1 91850 B. HP Sweet Crimped Oats V-345-1 95550 Land O' Lakes Shelled Corn V-346-1 95650 Land O' Cracked Corn V-347-1 95850 Land O' Lakes Chick Crack V-348-1 100850 B. Alfalfa Pellets V-349-1 101850 Cooked Full Fat Soybean V-350-1 122200 Magnatone M-4-B Pels Bulk MANUFACTURER: Buckeye Feed Mills, Dalton, Ohio. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer visited local customers on April 17, 2001. On April 18 and 19, 2001, manufacturer mailed and faxed recall notices. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: Al, CT, DE, FL, GA, IL, IN, IA, KY, ME, MD, MA, MO, MN, MS, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, RI, TN, VA, WV, and WI.<br /><br />QUANTITY: 2,790 tons of ruminant feed products and 14,000 tons of non-ruminant feed products.<br /><br />REASON: The animal feed products may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00696.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00696.html</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00694.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00694.html</a><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDS -- CLASS II PRODUCT: Buckeye 26% Hi Fat Swine Mix, Sandy Lake 40% Hog Supplement, 100 lb. containers, flexible plastic burlap bags. Recall #V-026-1. CODE: None are used. MANUFACTURER: Sandy Lake Mills, Sandy Lake, PA. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by telephone and visit. Firm initiated recall complete. DISTRIBUTION: Pennsylvania. QUANTITY: Seven containers, each weighing 100 pounds. REASON: The product contains prohibited material (ruminant animal proteins) used as an ingredient in the finished product swine feed.<br /><br />The product is not labeled with the required caution statement "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants."<br /><br />________<br /><br />PRODUCT: Custom Vaquero Supplement for Cattle identified by Purina Mills. Recall #V-027- 1. CODE: 7V87. MANUFACTURER: Purina Mills, Inc., Gonzalez, Texas. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, contacted the one consignee on January 17, 2001.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: Texas. QUANTITY: 44,355 pounds.<br /><br />REASON: The ruminant feed product contains meat and bone meal (MBM) of bovine origin.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00692.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00692.html</a><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT: a) Manna Pro Floating Fish Food for Catfish . Recall #V-028-1; b) Manna Pro Floating Fish Food - 26% For All Freshwater Fish. Recall #V-029-1. Both are packaged in 50 pound, plastic-lined, paper sacks. CODE: a) 10160164, 12090164, 01050264, 03020264, and 03140264; b) 09110164, 09190164, 09230164, 10090164, 10160164, 11170164, 12090164 and 3200264. MANUFACTURER: Doane Pet Care, Brentwood, Tennessee. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by telephone on March 26, 2001. Firm-initiated recall complete.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: California, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kansas, Colorado, Georgia, and Florida.<br /><br />QUANTITY: 27,300 pounds of Catfish Food and 86,100 pounds of Freshwater Fish. REASON: The products, which contain meat by-products, were shipped without the required BSE warning label.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00691.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00691.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT: Buckeye 40% Poultry Concentrate. Recall #V-016-1. CODES: The bags are uncoded. Firm is recalling product manufactured since December 1998; however, they are only completing field corrections on product manufactured within the last six months (November 2000). MANUFACTURER: Yachere Feed, Inc. Rockwood, Pennsylvania. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by visit on 3/19/01 and 3/20/01. Firm-initiated recall complete. DISTRIBUTION: Pennsylvania. QUANTITY: Nine containers, each weighing 100 pounds. REASON: The animal feed contains product derived from mammalian tissues and must bear the statement "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants" on the label to prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed. This statement does not appear on the label. ________ PRODUCT: "Our Own Pig & Hog Grower" hog feed, packaged in 50 pound bags, with paperboard tags sewn onto the bags. Recall #V-017-1. CODES: The bags are uncoded. MANUFACTURER: The Perry Coal and Feed Company, Perry, Ohio. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by telephone on March 22, 2001. Firm-initiated recall complete.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: Ohio.<br /><br />QUANTITY: Approximately 350 pounds of hog feed (7/50 pound bags).<br /><br />REASON: The animal feed contains protein derived from mammalian tissues and must bear the statement "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants" on the label to prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed. This statement does not appear on the label.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00690.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00690.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETENIARY MED -- CLASS II<br /><br />PRODUCT: Custom Mixed Poultry Feed, bagged and sold as bulk, unlabeled poultry feed. Recall #V-014-1. CODE: The bags are uncoded. MANUFACTURER: Western Reserve Farm Coop., Middlefield, Ohio. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by telephone on February 28, 2001. Firm-initiated recall complete. DISTRIBUTION: Ohio. QUANTITY: Approximately 820 pounds. REASON: The animal feed contains product derived from mammalian tissues and must bear the statement “Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants” on the label to prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed. This statement does not appear on the label. ________ PRODUCT: Custom Mixed Poultry Feed, packaged in unlabeled 100 pound bags and sold in bulk. Recall #V-015-1. CODE: The bags are uncoded. MANUFACTURER: Medina Landmark, Inc., Medina, Ohio. RECALLED BY: Manufacturer, by telephone on March 5, 2001. Firm-initiated recall complete.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION: Ohio.<br /><br />QUANTITY: Approximately 900 pounds of feed (9/100 pound bags).<br /><br />REASON: The animal feed contains product derived from mammalian tissues and must bear the statement “Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants” on the label to prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through feed. This statement does not appear on the label.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR APRIL 11, 2001.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00688.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2001/ENF00688.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />2002<br /><br />To help prevent the establishment and amplification of<br /><br />BSE through feed in the United States, FDA implemented<br /><br />a final rule that prohibits the use of most mammalian<br /><br />protein in feeds for ruminant animals. This rule, Title<br /><br />21 Part 589.2000 of the Code of Federal Regulations, became<br /><br />effective on August 4, 1997. To date, active monitoring<br /><br />by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has found<br /><br />no cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in<br /><br />U.S. cattle. This is an update on FDA enforcement activities<br /><br />regarding the ruminant feed (BSE) regulation.<br /><br />FDA’s enforcement plan for the ruminant feed regulation<br /><br />includes education, as well as inspections, with FDA<br /><br />taking compliance actions for intentional or repeated noncompliance.<br /><br />FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)<br /><br />has assembled data from the inspections that have been<br /><br />conducted AND whose final inspection report has been<br /><br />submitted to CVM (i.e., “inspected/reported”) as of March<br /><br />11, 2002. There is a lag time between the completion of<br /><br />an inspection and the submission of a final inspection report<br /><br />to CVM. This lag period includes the time required to<br /><br />conduct quality assurance on the report and to evaluate<br /><br />the findings before a final report is submitted.<br /><br />As of March 11, CVM had received inspection reports<br /><br />covering inspections (both initial inspections and re-inspections)<br /><br />of 10,458 different firms. The majority of these in-<br /><br />RUMINANT FEED (BSE) ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Documents/MayJune.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Documents/MayJune.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />July/August 2002<br /><br />The following individuals/firms received warning<br /><br />letters for violations related to 21 CFR Part 589.2000 –<br /><br />Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. This regulation<br /><br />is intended to prevent the establishment and<br /><br />REGULATORY ACTIVITIES<br /><br />by Karen A. Kandra<br /><br />amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy<br /><br />(BSE):<br /><br />• Jeffrey T. Buck, Owner, All American Feed & Tractor,<br /><br />Sandpoint, ID<br /><br />• Kenneth M. Van Dyke, President, Van Dyke Grain<br /><br />Elevators, Inc., North Plains, OR<br /><br />• Philip C. Anderson, General Manager, Darling International,<br /><br />Inc., Tacoma, WA<br /><br />Violations included failure to maintain sufficient<br /><br />records and written procedures to prevent cross-contamination;<br /><br />failure to keep written procedures for cleaning<br /><br />out or flushing equipment after mixing feeds containing<br /><br />prohibited material; failure to provide written<br /><br />procedures for separating products that contain or<br /><br />may contain prohibited material from ingredients<br /><br />used in ruminant feeds, from the time of receipt until<br /><br />the time of shipment; and, failure to label meat<br /><br />and bone meal with the required cautionary statement<br /><br />“Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants.”<br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Documents/JulyAugust.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Documents/JulyAugust.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />November 12, 2002<br /><br />MATERIAL FROM CWD-POSITIVE ANIMALS SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR ANIMAL FEED<br /><br />This CVM Update has been _withdrawn_ by Draft Guidance for Industry #158: Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed doc pdf , May 14, 2003<br /><br />See CVM Update Draft Guidance on Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Available for Comment; CVM Updates on Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Withdrawn.<br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/CWdup.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/CWdup.htm</a><br /><br /><br />2003D-0186 Guidance for Industry: Use of Material From Deer and Elk In Animal Feed<br /><br />EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Update<br /><november><br />Clarification of FDA Position on Use In Animal Feed of Material From Certain Free Range Deer and Elk<br /><br />This CVM Update has been withdrawn by Draft Guidance for Industry #158: Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed doc pdf , May 14, 2003.<br /><br />See CVM Update Draft Guidance on Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Available for Comment; CVM Updates on Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Withdrawn.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/CWDNOV21.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/CWDNOV21.htm</a><br /><br /><br />CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS<br /><br />158<br /><br />Guidance for Industry<br /><br />Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed<br /><br />Comments and suggestions regarding this guidance should be sent to the Division of<br /><br />Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane,<br /><br />Room 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Comments may also be submitted electronically on<br /><br />the Internet at http://www.fda.gov/dockets/ecomments. Once on this Internet site, select<br /><br />"[03D-0186][Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed]" and follow the<br /><br />directions. All written comments should be identified with Docket No. 03D-0186.<br /><br />For questions regarding this guidance, contact Burt Pritchett, Center for Veterinary<br /><br />Medicine (HFV- 222), Food and Drug Administration, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville,<br /><br />MD 20855, 301-827-0177. E-mail: bpritche@cvm.fda.gov<br /><br />Additional copies of this guidance document may be requested from the Communications<br /><br />Staff (HFV-12), Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7500<br /><br />Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, and may be viewed on the Internet at<br /><br />http://www.fda.gov/cvm.<br /><br />U.S. Department of Health and Human Services<br /><br />Food and Drug Administration<br /><br />Center for Veterinary Medicine<br /><br />September 15, 2003<br /><br />CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS<br /><br />1<br /><br />158<br /><br />Guidance for Industry1<br /><br />Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed<br /><br />I. Introduction<br /><br />FDA’s guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish legally<br /><br />enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency’s current<br /><br />thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations, unless<br /><br />specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word<br /><br />“should” in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or<br /><br />recommended, but not required.<br /><br />Under FDA’s BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material from deer and elk is<br /><br />prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. This guidance document describes FDA’s<br /><br />recommendations regarding the use in all animal feed of all material from deer and elk that<br /><br />are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or are considered at high risk for CWD.<br /><br />The potential risks from CWD to humans or non-cervid animals such as poultry and swine<br /><br />are not well understood. However, because of recent recognition that CWD is spreading<br /><br />rapidly in white-tailed deer, and because CWD’s route of transmission is poorly<br /><br />understood, FDA is making recommendations regarding the use in animal feed of rendered<br /><br />materials from deer and elk that are CWD-positive or that are at high risk for CWD.<br /><br />II. Background<br /><br />CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the<br /><br />animal family cervidae (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD<br /><br />by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer,<br /><br />white-tailed deer, North American elk, and in farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to<br /><br />a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies<br /><br />1 This guidance has been prepared by the Division of Animal Feeds in the Center for Veterinary Medicine<br /><br />(CVM) at the Food and Drug Administration.<br /><br />This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration’s current<br /><br />thinking on the use of material from deer and elk in animal feed. It does not<br /><br />create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind<br /><br />FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach<br /><br />satisfies the requirements of applicable statutes or regulations. If you want to<br /><br />discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for<br /><br />implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA<br /><br />staff, call the appropriate number listed on the title page of this guidance.<br /><br />CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS<br /><br />2<br /><br />(TSEs). These include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow” disease)<br /><br />in cattle; scrapie in sheep and goats; and classical and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases<br /><br />(CJD and vCJD) in humans. There is no known treatment for these diseases, and there is<br /><br />no vaccine to prevent them. In addition, although validated postmortem diagnostic tests<br /><br />are available, there are no validated diagnostic tests for CWD that can be used to test for<br /><br />the disease in live animals.<br /><br />III. Use in animal feed of material from CWD-positive deer and elk<br /><br />Material from CWD-positive animals may not be used in any animal feed or feed<br /><br />ingredients. Pursuant to Sec. 402(a)(5) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act,<br /><br />animal feed and feed ingredients containing material from a CWD-positive animal would<br /><br />be considered adulterated. FDA recommends that any such adulterated feed or feed<br /><br />ingredients be recalled or otherwise removed from the marketplace.<br /><br />IV. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD<br /><br />Deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD include: (1) animals from areas declared<br /><br />by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2)<br /><br />deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of<br /><br />slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.<br /><br />FDA recommends that materials from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD no<br /><br />longer be entered into the animal feed system. Under present circumstances, FDA is not<br /><br />recommending that feed made from deer and elk from a non-endemic area be recalled if a<br /><br />State later declares the area endemic for CWD or a CWD eradication zone. In addition,<br /><br />at this time, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk believed to be<br /><br />from a captive herd that contained no CWD-positive animals be recalled if that herd is<br /><br />subsequently found to contain a CWD-positive animal.<br /><br />V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk<br /><br />for CWD<br /><br />FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for<br /><br />CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with<br /><br />current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. Deer and elk not considered at high risk<br /><br />include: (1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for<br /><br />CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that were not at some<br /><br />time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive<br /><br />herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. ...snip ;<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Guidance/guide158.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Guidance/guide158.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Update April 15, 2002<br /><br />RUMINANT FEED (BSE) ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseap02.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseap02.htm</a><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II _____________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Land O'Lakes Farmland Feed 32% Grow Big Floater, For Catfish Grown In Ponds or Artificial Culture Systems, packaged in 50-lb. bags, product #1960014, contains animal protein products. Recall # V-003-3. CODE None. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Land O'Lakes Farmland Feed LLC, Arden Hills, MN, by fax on August 21, 2002. Manufacturer: Land O'Lakes Farmland Feed LLC, Kansas City, KS. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Label lacks BSE warning statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approx. 18,872/50-lb. bags.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION KS, TX, CO, NE, IL, MO, IA, OK and SD<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00765.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00765.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE--CLASS II _____________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT 12% Horse Feed, packaged under the Griffith & Sons label, in 100 lb bags. Recall # V-001-3. CODE The bags are not coded. All of their 12% Horse Feed product manufactured and distributed from 5/14/2002 to 6/21/2002 is subject to this recall. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Griffith & Sons Feed and Farm Supply, Staffordsville, KY, by telephone and visits on June 21, 2002. Manufacturer: Griffith & Sons Feed and Farm Supply, Staffordsville, OH. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON The Horse Feed product contains beef protein and is not labeled with the required BSE cautionary statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 1,200 lbs (12 / 100 lb bags). DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR OCTOBER 09, 2002<br /><br />####<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00764.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00764.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II _______________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Product is flavor enhancer intended for use in pet food, labeled in part: "8280 FLAVOR GENERATOR #1" packaged in 1,000 and 2,000 pound bags. Recall # V-163-2. CODE All lots shipped prior to 04/09/02. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Roche Vitamins, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, by telephone on April 5, 2002. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Product contains beef protein but is not labeled with the warning statement regarding prohibited for use as feed for ruminants.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 680,200 lbs. DISTRIBUTION KS, CA, KY and IN.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00762.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00762.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br /><br />_______________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Homestead Poultry Starter Grower Medicated 55 lb. bags. Recall # V-154-2. CODE Not coded. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Shur-Gain USA Inc., Elma, NY, by visit on June 24, 2002. Manufacturer: Shur-Gain, St. Marys, Ontario, Canada. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Contains ruminant proteins but lacks caution statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 31 bags.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION NY. END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 14, 2002<br /><br />####<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00756.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00756.html</a><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II _______________________<br /><br />PRODUCT UNLABELED hog feed in 100 lb. bags containing assorted grains (primarily corn), and Miller's Hog Supplement 36% protein. UNLABELED dairy feed in 100 lb. bags, contains assorted grains (primarily corn), soybeans and molasses. Recall # V-142-2. CODE Not CODEd. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: R. B. Crowell & Sons/Thompson Grain, Inc., Manchester, NY, by telephone on May 7 and 8, 2002. Manufacturer: John R. Power, Palmyra, NY. State initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Unlabeled animal feeds/possible cross contamination.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE . 75 tons per month.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION NY.<br /><br />_______________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Cereal Food Fines - Bulk PRODUCT. Recall # V-145-2. CODE All PRODUCT prior to October 2, 2001. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Souder Feed & Grain Carlisle, PA, by letters dated October 9, 2001. State initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON PRODUCT doesn't bear caution statement - do not feed to cattle or other ruminants.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 6,141 tons.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION MO, NY and PA.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00747.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00747.html</a><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II _______________________<br /><br />PRODUCT BioFlavor F2425, BioFlavor F21002 and BioFlavor C20058. The product, packaged in 50 lb. bags, is labeled in part, " *** PALATABILITY ENHANCER INTENDED FOR CAT FOOD USE AT LESS THAN 10% *** INGREDIENT LISTING: *** Beef Broth *** ". Recall # V-140-2 CODE Product Codes F2425 107B-RB-1 107B-RB-2 149C 201D 202C 205D 210A F21002 143B 143D 146D 144B 144D 139D 142D 150D 151D 152C 152D 201C 205C 206C 208A 211A C20058 143D 144C 146C 208B RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Bioproducts, Inc., Fairlawn, OH, by telephone and letter on April 5, 2002. Manufacturer: Bioproducts, Inc., Aurora, MO. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Animal feed product with beef protein does not contain required BSE statement on labels.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 354,150 lbs.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION TX, KS, MO and MI.<br /><br />_______________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Steamed Bonemeal in 50-lb. bags, product code C# 13581, packaged under two different labels: Premium Steamed Bonemeal Manufactured by Buchheit Premium Feeds, Perryville, MO, and Steamed Bonemeal Manufactured for Siemer's Enterprises Inc., Teutopolis, IL. Recall # V-141-2. CODE Not coded. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Buchheit, Inc., Perryville, MO, by telephone on May 14, 2002.<br /><br />FDA initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Label lacks BSE warning statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approx. 902/50-lb. bags.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION MO and IL.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR JUNE 5, 2002<br /><br />####<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00746.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00746.html</a><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT The following 10 animal feed products were subject to this recall: 1- Sexton Brothers MIXED FEED-WM, Recall # V-019-2 2- Sexton Brothers 9% SWEET FEED, Recall # V-020-2 3- Sexton Brothers 13% SWEET FEED, Recall # V-021-2 4- Sexton Brothers WHEAT, Recall # V-022-2 5- Sexton Brothers 44% SOYBEAN MEAL, Recall # V-023-2 6- Sexton Brothers 14% GOAT FEED, Recall # V-024-2 7- Sexton Brothers WHEAT MIDDS, Recall # V-025-2 8- Sexton Brothers SHELLED CORN, Recall # V-026-2 9- Sexton Brothers OATS, Recall # V-027-2 10-Sexton Brothers 17% GOAT FEED, Recall # V-028-2 The feed products were packaged in 50 LB bags, under the Willard Milling Company label. CODE No codes. All recalled products that were distributed prior to July 30, 2001 are affected by this recall. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Willard Milling, Inc. Willard, KY, by letter and telephone on July 30, 2001.<br /><br />State initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Products may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approx. 140 tons DISTRIBUTION OH, KY, IN, and WV.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR January 23, 2002<br /><br />####<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00727.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00727.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT The following custom mixed animal feeds are recalled --- a) [non-ruminant]: Horse Feed, Hog Feed, and 14% Pig Feed. Recall # V-157-2; b) [ruminant]: Dairy Feed, Steer Feed, New Goat Feed, Cattle Feed, and Beef Feed. Recall # V-158-2. CODE The product is coded only with the manufacturing date and invoice numbers. All feed products manufactured and shipped since July 9, 2001 are affected by this recall. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Shepard Grain Company, Inc., Urbana, OH, by telephone on January 11, 2002. Manufacturer: Shepard Grain Company, Inc., W. Liberty, OH.<br /><br />FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Ruminant and non-ruminant animal feeds contain BSE prohibited material, and are either misbranded or adulterated.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 41,129 LBS (20.5 tons). DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 28, 2002<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00758.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2002/ENF00758.html</a><br /><br /><br />2003<br /><br />AS at August 8, 2006, the following rules to further enhance safety from feed containing mad cow ingredients were never implemented, just more lies and broken promises to cater to the industry. ...<br /><br />Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy<br /><br />Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), commonly called “Mad Cow Disease” is the name for a slowly progressive, degenerative, fatal disease affecting the central nervous system of adult cattle. Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has conducted aggressive surveillance of the highest risk cattle going to slaughter in the United States, in which 10,000- 20,000 animals per year have been tested. To date, the only cow that has been found to be affected with BSE was the one diagnosed with BSE in December 2003.<br /><br />The exact cause of BSE is not known but it is generally accepted by the scientific community that infectious forms of a type of protein, prions, normally found in animals cause BSE. In cattle with BSE, these abnormal prions initially occur in the small intestines and tonsils, and are found in central nervous tissues, such as the brain and spinal cord, and other tissues of infected animals experiencing later stages of the disease.<br /><br />CVM and Ruminant Feed (BSE) Inspections<br /><br />To prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) through animal feed in the United States, FDA implemented a final rule that prohibits the use of most mammalian protein in feeds for ruminant animals. This rule, 21 CFR Part 589.2000 of the Code of Federal Regulations, became effective on August 4, 1997(here called the BSE/Ruminant Feed regulation.) Inspections of renderers, feed mills, ruminant feeders, protein blenders, pet food manufacturers, pet food salvagers, animal feed distributors and transporters, ruminant feeders, and others have been conducted to determine compliance with the BSE/Ruminant Feed regulations.<br /><br />UPDATE: BSE Found in Washington State<br /><br />USDA Reports Cow Tested Positive for BSE – FDA Sends Investigators On December 23, 2003, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced that a Holsteincow in the State of Washingtonhad tested presumptively positive for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow disease”). Following this announcement, FDA dispatched several teams of investigators to trace back and trace forward the potential involvement of any FDA-regulated commodities. USDA, which is responsible for the safety of certain meat and poultry products as well as animal health, led the investigation of this BSE case.<br /><br />FDA’s primary responsibility related to this investigation involved animal feed, which most experts believe is the main way in which BSE is amplified throughout cattle herds. BSE does not spread naturally from adult cow to adult cow. FDA worked closely with USDA and state officials in this intense investigation.<br /><br />FDA’s “animal feed” rule, in place since 1997, is designed to prevent the spread of BSE further throughout cattle herds. This regulation prohibits the feeding of most mammalian protein to ruminant animals such as cows, sheep and goats - the route of disease transmission that led to the epidemic of BSE in the United Kingdom, beginning in the 1980’s.<br /><br />A study published in 2001 by the HarvardCenterfor Risk Analysis identified FDA’s animal feed rule as one of the primary safeguards against the amplification of BSE in the U.S.cattle herd if a case were ever to occur in the U.S.<br /><br />FDA has vigorously enforced this rule. More than 99 percent of these facilities are currently in compliance with the provisions of this rule to protect the U.S.food supply and its cattle from the agent that causes BSE.<br /><br />This one case of BSE does not mean that the U.S.food supply is any less safe today than it was yesterday. Concerning the safety of milk, the scientific data indicate that milk from BSE cows does not transmit BSE. National and international public health organizations have consistently stated that milk and milk products are safe regardless of whether the country producing them has had cases of BSE.<br /><br />On December 27, 2003, FDA announced that its investigators and inspectors from the states of Washington and Oregon had located all of the potentially-infectious product rendered from the one cow that tested positive for BSE in Washington State. The rendering plants that processed all the non-edible material from the BSE cow placed a voluntary hold on all of the potentially-infectious product, none of which left the control of the companies and entered commercial distribution. The firms, located in Washington State and Oregon, assisted and cooperated fully with FDA’s investigation.<br /><br />FDA Emergency Operations Center<br /><br />The FDA Emergency Operations Center (EOC), a branch of the OCM, is the single point of coordination for the FDA's response to any BSE emergency. The FDA EOC is the physical facility that serves as the central point for the Agency's response activity. During a BSE emergency, the FDA EOC will coordinate and report on all response activity and interagency communication. The FDA EOC monitors BSE emergencies; triages complaints and alerts; issues assignments to the field; coordinates responses; and communicates with other federal, state, and local agencies as they request technical and material support from the FDA.<br /><br />The FDA EOC maintains contact with the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary's Command Center (SCC), CDC EOC, USDA/FSIS Office of Food Security and Emergency Preparedness, and other EOCs, as appropriate. The FDA EOC will continue to direct and monitor all FDA response activities throughout the life cycle of an emergency.<br /><br />New Measures to Prevent BSE<br /><br />Several new public health measures will be implemented by FDA to strengthen significantly the multiple existing firewalls that protect Americans from exposure to the agent thought to cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, also known as mad cow disease) and that help prevent the spread of BSE in U.S.cattle.<br /><br />The existing multiple firewalls, developed by both the U.S.Department of Agriculture (USDA) and HHS, have been extremely effective in protecting the American consumer from exposure to BSE. The first firewall is based on import controls started in 1989. A second firewall is surveillance of the U.S.cattle population for the presence of BSE, a USDA firewall that led to the finding of the BSE cow in December. The third firewall is FDA's 1997 animal feed ban, which is the critical safeguard to help prevent the spread of BSE through cattle herds by prohibiting the feeding of most mammalian protein to ruminant animals, including cattle.<br /><br />The fourth firewall, recently announced by USDA, makes sure that no bovine tissues known to be at high risk for carrying the agent of BSE enter the human food supply regulated by USDA. The fifth firewall is effective response planning to contain the potential for any damage from a BSE positive animal, if one is discovered. This contingency response plan, which had been developed over the past several years, was initiated immediately upon the discovery of a BSE positive cow in Washington State December 23.<br /><br />The new safeguards are science-based and further bolster these already effective safeguards.<br /><br />Specifically, HHS intends to ban from human food (including dietary supplements), and cosmetics a wide range of bovine-derived material so that the same safeguards that protect Americans from exposure to the agent of BSE through meat products regulated by USDA also apply to food products that FDA regulates.<br /><br />FDA will also prohibit certain currently allowed feeding and manufacturing practices involving feed for cattle and other ruminant animals. These additional measures will further strengthen FDA's 1997 "animal feed" rule.<br /><br />To implement these new protections, FDA will publish two interim final rules that will take effect immediately upon publication, although there will be an opportunity for public comment after publication.<br /><br />The first interim final rule will ban the following materials from FDA-regulated human food, (including dietary supplements) and cosmetics:<br /><br />Any material from "downer" cattle. ("Downer" cattle are animals that cannot walk.) Any material from "dead" cattle. ("Dead" cattle are cattle that die on the farm (i.e. before reaching the slaughter plant); Specified Risk Materials (SRMs) that are known to harbor the highest concentrations of the infectious agent for BSE, such as the brain, skull, eyes, and spinal cord of cattle 30 months or older, and a portion of the small intestine and tonsils from all cattle, regardless of their age or health; and The product known as mechanically separated beef, a product which may contain SRMs. Meat obtained by Advanced Meat Recovery (an automated system for cutting meat from bones), may be used since USDA regulations do not allow the presence of SRMs in this product. The second interim final rule is designed to lower even further the risk that cattle will be purposefully or inadvertently fed prohibited protein. It was the feeding of such protein to cattle that was the route of disease transmission that led to the BSE epidemic in United Kingdomcattle in the 1980's and 1990's.<br /><br />This interim final rule will implement four specific changes in FDA's present animal feed rule. The rule:<br /><br />Will eliminate the present exemption in the feed rule that allows mammalian blood and blood products to be fed to other ruminants as a protein source. Recent scientific evidence suggests that blood can carry some infectivity for BSE. Will also ban the use of "poultry litter" as a feed ingredient for ruminant animals. Poultry litter consists of bedding, spilled feed, feathers, and fecal matter that are collected from living quarters where poultry is raised. This material is then used in cattle feed in some areas of the country where cattle and large poultry raising operations are located near each other. Poultry feed may legally contain protein that is prohibited in ruminant feed, such as bovine meat and bone meal. The concern is that spillage of poultry feed in the chicken house occurs and that poultry feed (which may contain protein prohibited in ruminant feed) is then collected as part of the "poultry litter" and added to ruminant feed. Will ban the use of "plate waste" as a feed ingredient for ruminants. Plate waste consists of uneaten meat and other meat scraps that are currently collected from some large restaurant operations and rendered into meat and bone meal for animal feed. The use of "plate waste" confounds FDA's ability to analyze ruminant feeds for the presence of prohibited proteins, compromising the Agency's ability to fully enforce the animal feed rule. Will further minimize the possibility of cross-contamination of ruminant and non-ruminant animal feed by requiring equipment, facilities or production lines to be dedicated to non-ruminant animal feeds if they use protein that is prohibited in ruminant feed. Currently, some equipment, facilities and production lines process or handle prohibited and non-prohibited materials and make both ruminant and non-ruminant feed -- a practice which could lead to cross-contamination. To accompany these new measures designed to provide a further layer of protection against BSE, FDA plans to step up its inspections of feed mills and renderers. FDA will itself conduct 2,800 inspections and will make its resources go even further by continuing to work with state agencies to fund 3,100 contract inspections of feed mill and renderers and other firms that handle animal feed and feed ingredients. Through partnerships with states, FDA will also receive data on 700 additional inspections, for a total of 3,800 state contract and partnership inspections in 2004 alone, including annual inspections of 100 percent of all known renderers and feed mills that process products containing materials prohibited in ruminant feed.<br /><br />UPDATE: The FDA also notes that in response to finding a BSE positive cow in Washington state on December 23, it inspected and traced products at 22 facilities related to that positive cow or products from the cow, including feed mills, farms, dairy farms, calf feeder lots, slaughter houses, meat processors, transfer stations, and shipping terminals. Moreover, FDA conducted inspections at the rendering facilities that handled materials from the positive cow, and they were found to be fully in compliance with FDA's feed rule.<br /><br />To further strengthen protections for Americans, FDA/HHS intends to work with Congress to consider proposals to assure that these important protective measures will be implemented as effectively as possible.<br /><br />FDA is also continuing its efforts to assist in the development of better BSE science, to achieve the same or greater confidence in BSE protection at a lower cost. For example, to enhance the ability of the USpublic health system to detect prohibited materials in animal feed, FDA will continue to support the development and evaluation of diagnostic tests to identify prohibited materials. These tests would offer a quick and reliable method of testing animal feeds for prohibited materials and for testing other products for contamination with the agent thought to cause BSE.<br /><br />Warning Letters Issued for Violations of BSE Regulations<br /><br />On May 6, 2003, the FDA’s Minneapolis District Office issued a Warning Letter to the President of Barr Animal Foods, Greenwood, Wisconsin. The FDA conducted an inspection of the firm on April 8, 2003. The inspection disclosed that the firm was not labeling their 50 pound blocks of frozen beef and bulk loads of beef bone chips and rendering waste, intended for animal feed with the required cautionary statement.<br /><br />On August 25, 2003, the FDA’s Chicago District Office issued a Warning Letter to the president of Lincoln Land Livestock Co., Inc., Mascoutah, Illinois. On April 14 - 15, 2003, FDA conducted inspection of the animal feed handling facility. The investigator found that products that contained or may contain prohibited material failed to bear the caution statement, “Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants.” The inspection also disclosed that the firm did not maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants.<br /><br />On November 7, 2002, the FDA’s Dallas District Office issued a Warning Letter to the President and Manager of Sunnymead Ranch, Inc., Idalou, Texas. An FDA inspection of this feed mill found significant deviations from 21 CFR 589.2000. FDA’s inspection revealed that the firm manufactures feed for sheep, that may contain residues of prohibited material. The sheep feed is mixed in the same equipment that is used for mixing chicken feed containing bovine meat and bone meal. In addition, the firm failed to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissue to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. The Warning Letter cautioned, “As a feed manufacturer and ruminant feeder of sheep intended for slaughter as food, you are responsible for ensuring that your operations are in full compliance with the law.”<br /><br />On May 22, 2003, the FDA’s New Orleans District Office issued a Warning Letter to the Manager and Owner of Millstone Agri Distributors, Maryville, Tennessee. An FDA inspection of the firm on February 13, 2003, found significant deviations from the requirements of Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR), Part 589.2000 - Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed.<br /><br />FDA’s investigation found the following violations of 21 CFR 589.2000:<br /><br />Failure to separate the receipt, processing, and storage of products containing prohibited material from products not containing prohibited material; Failure to establish written procedures, including clean-out and flushing procedures, to avoid commingling and cross-contamination of common equipment; Failure to maintain records sufficient to track prohibited materials throughout the receipt, processing, and distribution of products; Failure to provide for measures to avoid commingling or cross-contamination of feeds intended for ruminants and feeds intended for non-ruminants that may contain prohibited materials; Failure to label non-ruminant products with the required cautionary statement “Do not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants.” The investigation specifically found that dog food containing prohibited material was added as an ingredient to the product “Premium Rooster Kicker.” The failure of these feeds to bear the required BSE warning statement causes them to be misbranded. Consent Decree of Permanent Injunction Against X-Cel Feeds, Inc. Feed Manufacturer Enjoined for Violations of the 1997 Animal Feed Rule<br /><br />On July 11, 2003, FDA announced the filing of a Consent Decree of Permanent Injunction against X-Cel, Feeds Inc., and individual officers based on violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.<br /><br />X-Cel, a feed manufacturer headquartered in Tacoma, Washington, failed to comply with FDA regulations (the 1997 Animal Feed Rule) designed to prevent the establishment and spread of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE, also known as "Mad Cow Disease") should it ever be found in the United States and FDA regulations concerning the manufacture of medicated feeds.<br /><br />The Department of Justice, Civil Division, Office of Consumer Litigation and the United States Attorney's Office of the Western District of Washington filed the Consent Decree in the United States District Court of the Western District in Tacoma, Washington. It permanently enjoins X-Cel from manufacturing animal feeds in violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and requires the firm, its officers, and employees to take specific steps to avoid future violations including, implementing clean-out procedures, obtaining protein supplier certifications and implementing standard operating procedures for compliance until it satisfies FDA that it has corrected its problems. ...<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ora/about/enf_story/archive/2003/ch5/cvm1.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ora/about/enf_story/archive/2003/ch5/cvm1.htm</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Update September 30, 2003<br /><br />Update On Ruminant Feed (BSE) Enforcement Activities<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSEInspec03.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSEInspec03.htm</a><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II ______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Consolidated Nutrition 32 % Floating Catfish Food, packaged in 50-lb bags. Recall # V-100-3. CODE Best By MAR 25 04; and Best By APR 16 04, The codes are ink-jetted on the bags. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Doane Pet Care Company, Inc., Washington Courthouse, OH, by telephone and letter on April 16, 2003 and April 17, 2003. FDA initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON The fish feed product lacks the required BSE warning statement, and the nutritional ingredient statement on the label.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 210/50 lb bags. DISTRIBUTION OH, PA, and MI.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00796.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00796.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE--CLASS II _____________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Red Rooster Booster, Super Gallo (brand), 60 capsules. Recall # V-011-3. CODE All codes. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Thomas Laboratories, Tolleson, AZ, by letters on or about November 8, 2002. State initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Is not labeled "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants" and contains a bovine tissue derivative.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Unknown. DISTRIBUTION Nationwide.<br /><br />_____________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT CATTLE FEED, Flock #999, Date: 12/5/02, Quantity 8000, Load A, Feed C205, Grower# Z001, Tag C100. Recall # V-012-3. CODE C-205, C-210, C-220, C-302, C-406 and all other codes manufactured and distributed by Grove River Mills, Inc., RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Grove River Mills Inc., Pendergrass, GA, by telephone and letter on December 9, 2002.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Cattle Feed contaminated with prohibited materials.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 235,668 lbs. DISTRIBUTION GA.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR FEBRUARY 5, 2003<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00781.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00781.html</a><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Unlabeled bulk "Cattle Feed" sold by weight to user/farmers who pick it up at the firm. Product is a ruminant feed used to feed beef cattle. Recall # V-046-3. CODE Product is bulk and uncoded. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Zephyr Feed Company, Zephyrhills, FL., by letters on March 19, 2003 and March 26, 2003.<br /><br />FDA initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Cattle feed was distributed to farmers that may contain prohibited protein for ruminants.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 517,990 lbs. DISTRIBUTION FL.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR APRIL 23, 2003<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00792.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00792.html</a><br /><br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Steamed bone meal under the following labels: 1) Upco Steamed Bone Meal for Dogs, Cats, and Horses, packaged in 1-lb. laminated pouches. 2) Benepet Steamed Bone Meal for Dogs, Cats, and Horses, packaged in a 1-lb. plastic jar. Recall # V-295-3. CODE Upco brand: 010584, 012214, 012431,020672, 021124, 021834, 030616, 030901, 031293, 031301, 031401, 031981, 032382, 032626, 033136, 040171, 041316, 051635, 051991, 052320, 060505, 061115, 061783, 071006, 072328, 080212, 080826, 081621, 082217, 082274, 082683, 083095, 092381, 101613, 102772, 111087, 111201, 111694, 112112. Benepet brand: 011004, 012435, 021191, 021374, 022111, 032203, 032821, 041432, 042611, 051181, 051992, 060371, 061129, 061203, 080816, 081185, 082802, 090422, 092295, 111202, 120572, 120612. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ameri-Pac, Inc., St. Joseph, MO, via telephone on June 27, 2003 and by letter dated July 24, 2003. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Label lacks the cautionary statement "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants."<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 23.3 tons Upco brand and 6.7 tons Benepet brand.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION MO.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00816.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00816.html</a><br /><br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Liver Powder, Super Gallo (brand), 16 oz. bag. Recall # V-005-4. CODE All codes. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Thomas Veterinary Drug, Tolleson, AZ, by letter, on September 20, 2002. Kentucky State initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Product is not labeled "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 320. DISTRIBUTION AR, NC, WV, KY, LA, TN, HI, CA and AL.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00828.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2003/ENF00828.html</a><br /><br /><br />2004<br /><br />SELECTED FY 2004 ACCOMPLISHMENTS<br /><br />USING RISK-BASED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES<br /><br />Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)<br /><br />• For fiscal year 2004, inspected over 6,806 renderers, feed mills, and other firms,<br /><br />including on-farm mixers and ruminant feeders, to determine compliance with the<br /><br />BSE feed regulations. At the end of the FY 2004, 17 firms were classified as being<br /><br />out of compliance at the time of their last inspection. Re-inspections of these<br /><br />facilities determined to be out of compliance with the BSE regulation are still ongoing;<br /><br />• FDA and state investigators specifically inspected a high-interest subset of 645 firms<br /><br />as part of our annual BSE performance goal feed inspections obligation. This subset<br /><br />represented 100 percent of all known renderers and feed mills processing products<br /><br />containing prohibited material;<br /><br />• In July 2004, co-published with USDA an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking<br /><br />(ANPRM) requesting comments and scientific information on several additional<br /><br />regulatory measures that would strengthen the feed regulation;<br /><br />230<br /><br />• Developed a real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based method capable of<br /><br />detecting cattle, swine, sheep, goats, horses, or deer material along with poultry,<br /><br />goose, and turkey for use in analyzing samples of animal feeds and feed ingredients<br /><br />in support of the animal protein prohibition;<br /><br />• Evaluated two commercially available diagnostic test marketed to detect mammalian<br /><br />proteins in animal feed and feed ingredients;<br /><br />• Issued 10 Warning Letters for animal proteins prohibited in ruminant feed, and 15<br /><br />class II recalls involving 15 firms and 25 products in response to violations of the<br /><br />BSE rule;<br /><br />snip...full text ;<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/oc/oms/ofm/budget/2006/PDFs/Summary/Pages226thru251.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/oc/oms/ofm/budget/2006/PDFs/Summary/Pages226thru251.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Completed 50 feed recall events. Thirty-tree of the 50 recall events were feed related. Fifteen of the 33 recalls were related to BSE feed regulation;<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVMAccomp.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVMAccomp.htm</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Update November 23, 2004<br /><br />November 2004 Update on Ruminant Feed (BSE) Enforcement Activities<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseup112304.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseup112304.htm</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Update July 29, 2004<br /><br />July 2004 Update on Ruminant Feed (BSE) Enforcement Activities<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse72004up.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse72004up.htm</a><br /><br /><br />FDA Strategic Goal: Improving Product Quality, Safety, and Availability through Better Manufacturing and Product Oversight Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) FDA animal feed experts joined the USDA team to provide technical expertise in an audit conducted by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency in response to the detection of two cases of BSE in Canada in 2004. Records were reviewed, meetings were held and facilities across Canada were inspected. USDA issued a report of its findings on February 25, 2005. Issued 10 Warning Letters for animal proteins prohibited in ruminant feed, and 15 class II recalls involving 15 firms and 25 products in response to violations of the BSE rule. Provided BSE inspection training to FDA investigators as well as state inspectors during the fiscal year. Provided personnel and expertise on BSE and animal feed issues to the U.S. Department of Agriculture in support of its efforts to reopen foreign markets for U.S. beef. Continued the development of a real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based method capable of detecting cattle, swine, sheep, goats, horses, or deer material along with poultry, goose, and turkey for use in analyzing samples of animal feeds and feed ingredients in support of the animal protein prohibition. "Real-time" means that we can detect the presence of prohibited material as the reaction is taking place, so we do not have to further process the sample. Completed the evaluation of a third commercially available diagnostic test marketed for the detection of ruminant proteins in animal feed. Like the other diagnostic tests previously evaluated, this test was much less sensitive than the methods the Agency uses (microscopy and PCR) for analysis of animal feed. FDA implemented an advanced analytical procedure for detection of prohibited material in animal feed into an assignment issued for 900 domestic and 900 import feed samples. This novel approach combines light microscopy with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine and detect DNA from ruminants and non-ruminant mammalian species, supporting the BSE/Ruminant Feed Ban. (Field Activity) Following the finding of a BSE positive animal in Texas, FDA, USDA/APHIS, the Texas Animal Health Commission, and the Texas Feed and Fertilizer Control Service successfully conducted a feed investigation with two main objectives. The first objective was to identify all protein sources in the animal's feed history that could potentially have been the source of the BSE agent. The second objective was to verify that cattle leaving the herd after 1997 that were identified by USDA/APHIS as animals of concern, such as progeny and feed cohorts, were rendered at facilities in compliance with the BSE/ruminant feed ban regulation. (Field Activity) Awarded contracts with state and local governments to perform BSE, feed manufacturers and illegal tissue residue inspections. Auditor training was conducted for feed contracts. (Field Activity) Reviewed and awarded Cooperative Agreement grants for BSE infrastructure improvement in eight states. The Agency and the States maintained and continued to develop new partnerships (e.g., BSE inspections) that have contributed to the exchange of inspection and sampling data and have facilitated the receipt of training and distribution of equipment to the states. (Field Activity) snip... full text ;<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/oc/oms/ofm/budget/2007/HTML/4AnimalDrugs.htm">http://www.fda.gov/oc/oms/ofm/budget/2007/HTML/4AnimalDrugs.htm</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Update<br /><br />July 9, 2004<br /><br />FDA and USDA Request Comments and Scientific Information on Possible New BSE Safeguards<br /><br />Today, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced that they will publish an advance notice of proposed rulemaking ( ANPRM ) -- that requests comments and scientific information on several additional measures related to animal feed under consideration to help prevent the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, also known as “Mad Cow Disease”) in the United States. Some of these measures include:<br /><br />removing specified risk materials (SRMs) from all animal feed, including pet food, in order to control the risks of cross contamination throughout feed manufacture and distribution and on the farm due to misfeeding;<br /><br />requiring dedicated equipment or facilities for handling and storing feed and ingredients during manufacturing and transportation, to prevent cross contamination;<br /><br />prohibiting the use of all mammalian and poultry protein in ruminant feed, to prevent cross contamination; and<br /><br />prohibiting materials from non-ambulatory disabled cattle and dead stock from use in all animal feed.<br /><br />FDA has tentatively concluded that it should propose to remove SRMs from all animal feed and is currently working on a proposal to accomplish this goal. Comments on the issues raised by FDA in the ANPRM are due to FDA 30 days after they publish in the Federal Register.<br /><br />FDA’s 1997 ruminant feed rule has been a critical safeguard to stop the spread of BSE through the U.S. cattle population by prohibiting the feeding of most mammalian protein to cattle and other ruminant animals.<br /><br />After a BSE-positive cow was detected in late December 2003, FDA announced its plans to publish interim final rules on BSE that would take effect immediately upon publication. For animal feed, FDA stated that the rule would eliminate the present exemption in the ruminant feed rule that allows mammalian blood and blood products to be fed to other ruminants as a protein source, ban the use of "poultry litter" as a feed ingredient for ruminant animals, and ban the use of "plate waste" as a feed ingredient for ruminants. In addition, FDA said that to further minimize the possibility of cross-contamination of ruminant and non-ruminant animal feed, the rule would require equipment, facilities, or production lines to be dedicated to non-ruminant animal feeds if they use protein that is prohibited in ruminant feed.<br /><br />On February 4, 2004 , shortly after FDA announced its plans to publish interim final rules on BSE, an International Review Team (IRT) convened by USDA issued a report and additional actions to protect the public against BSE.<br /><br />The proposed actions were significantly different from those FDA announced in late January. Some of those proposals would make some of FDA’s actions unnecessary. Rather than publishing a regulation that would take effect automatically, USDA and FDA are soliciting public comment on the IRT’s suggestions, as well as other measures designed to protect North America against BSE. By seeking comment on the IRT’s recommendations, the agencies hope to put into effect the most comprehensive, science-based improvements possible.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseanprm.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bseanprm.htm</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Update April 22, 2004<br /><br />April 2004 Update on Ruminant Feed (BSE) Enforcement Activities<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse42004.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse42004.htm</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Update February 6, 2004<br /><br />Update on Ruminant Feed (BSE) Enforcement Activities<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE0206up.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE0206up.htm</a><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE-CLASS II _______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Grand Vite, Nutritional Supplement, in tubs. 5, 10 and 25 pounds. Designed for horses only. Recall # V-006-4. CODE Lot 1473. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Grand Meadows, Inc., Orange, CA, by facsimile, on September 3, and September 5, 2003. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Product contains prohibited animal protein and is not labeled to prevent feeding to ruminants.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 131 packages of 5, 10 and 25 pounds.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION Nationwide.<br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT a) Halter 15% Pig Meal, in 50 pound paper bags. Recall # V-008-4; b) Halter 18% Layer Pellet, in 50 pound paper bags. Recall # V-009-4. CODE No codes. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Halter Feed & Grain Inc., Massillon, OH, by telephone and letter on December 3, 8, and 10, 2003. FDA initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Animal feed that contains protein derived from mammalian tissue was not labeled with the required BSE caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle and other ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 80 bags (4 tons). DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR January 14, 2004<br /><br />###<br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00830.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00830.html</a><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT ZuPreem Feline Diet, 14.0 oz cans for Non-Domesticated Carnivores in the families Fedlidae, Canidea, and Hyenadea. Recall # V-115-4. CODE 6910 S1 SF01 military time of production: 06:05. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Menu Foods, Inc., Pennsauken, NJ, by telephone on February 2, 2004. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON LACF Feiline Diet for non-domestic carnivores does not carry the BSE warning statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 1,620 cases. DISTRIBUTION KS.<br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Product is a horse supplement packed into a 5 lb. Plastic container with a yellow/green/red/brown label printed in part "FORMULA: Each 5 pounds contains: Chondroitin Sulfate 27,000 mg D-Glucosamine HCL 100,000 mg Collagen hydrolyzed 27,000 MSM (methysulfonylmethane) 2,500 mg. Carti-Flex COMPLEX net wt. 5 lbs, a concentrated natural joint supplement containing Glucosamine HCL, Chondroitin sulfate, Hydrolixed collagen and MSM". Recall # V-116-4. CODE All codes without the required cautionary statement are under recall. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Interfarma Corporation, Miami, FL, by letters on February 4, 2004. FDA initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON This animal feed product does not contain the required BSE cautionary statement: "Do Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 80 cases 4-5 lb. Containers per case. DISTRIBUTION Venezuela, Nicaragua and Guatemala.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 24, 2004<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00840.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00840.html</a><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Custom deer feed made for a Wisconsin farm. The product was in bags holding about 40 pounds each. Recall # V-122-4. CODE 1-30-04 on the product invoice and mixing record. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Crivitz Feed Mill, Crivitz, WI, by telephone on February 20, 2004.<br /><br />Wisconsin State initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON The recalled deer feed contained steamed bone meal which is prohibited material in feed for ruminants.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 515 pounds. DISTRIBUTION WI.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR APRIL 7, 2004<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00842.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00842.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Custom dairy cattle feed made for two customers. Recall # V-123-4. CODE None. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Maribel Grain Co., Maribel, WI, by visit on February 25, 2004. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Possible cross contamination of cattle feed by steamed bone meal which is prohibited material.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 2,040 pounds. DISTRIBUTION WI.<br /><br />______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT B & G Seed Co., PIG GROWER, 50 lbs. Recall # V-126-4. CODE All. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER B & G Seed Company, Inc., Hull, GA, by telephone on March 30, 2004.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Feed contains meat & bone meal (prohibited material), without the mandatory ruminant warning on the label.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 25/50 lb. bags. DISTRIBUTION GA.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00843.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00843.html</a><br /><br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Cloverbelt 38% (38% protein concentrate for use in animal feed) in bulk. Recall # V-127-4. CODE The recall product is a bulk feed commingled in a bin prior to sale - no lot number. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Cloverbelt Lumber & Feed Co., Conrath, WI, by telephone on February 23, 2004.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Possible cross contamination of the 38% protein concentrate with prohibited material (bone meal).<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 18 tons. DISTRIBUTION WI.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR APRIL 28, 2004<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00845.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00845.html</a><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT a) Bulk whole corn. Recall # V-150-4; b) Bulk rolled corn. Recall # V-151-4; c) Bulk rolled corn with added fat. Recall # V-152-4. CODE No coding information is used. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Fresno Farming LlC, Traver, CA, by letters on June 30, 2004.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Corm for feed may be contaminated with ruminant meat and bone meal.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Unknown. DISTRIBUTION Unknown.<br /><br />____________________________<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00857.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00857.html</a><br /><br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT a) Product is 9 Mile Steer Feed, packaged in white poly weaved bags, each containing 100 lbs. A white label tied to the inlet of each bag with twine identifies the product. Recall # V-187-4; b) Product is 9 Mile Pig and Sow Feed, packaged in white poly weaved bags, each bag containing 100 lbs. A white label tied to the inlet of each bag with twine identifies the product. Recall # V-188-4. CODE The products contain no code date. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Farmers Elevator, Co., Houston, OH, by telephone and letters dated September 8, 2004. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Products may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues which is prohibited in ruminant (steer) feed. FDA regulation, if the feed is intended for non-ruminants (pigs), the bag labels must bear the statement ìDo not feed to cattle or other ruminantsî.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 700 lbs. Steer feed and 1,500 lb. Pig and sow fed.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />PRODUCT a) Premier Catfish Food, packaged in 50 pound bags (white paper with an orange label). Recall #V-190-4; b) Happy Fisherman Fish Food, pellet form, 50 pound bags. Recall # V-191-4. CODE a) T1 Best By 08/27/05; b) T21 Best By 11 DEC 05 and T11 Best By 02 OCT 05. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Sunshine Mills, Inc., Tupelo, MS, by telephone beginning on April 14, 2004. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON The catfish food contains prohibited material (meat & bone meal) but does not contain the cautionary statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants" on the label.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 1,092 ‚ 50 pound bags.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION TX and MO.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00869.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00869.html</a><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE - CLASS II<br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Product is custom made steer/cattle feed packaged in 100 lb. poly bags. The product has no labeling. Recall # V-001-5. CODE The product has no lot code. All custom made feed purchased between June 24, 2004 and September 8, 2004. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Farmers Elevator Co, Houston, OH, by telephone and letter dated September 27, 2004.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Feed may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues which is prohibited in ruminant feed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approximately 80 1û2 tons of steer/cattle feed.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Product is custom made sheep/goat feed packaged in 100 lb. poly bags. The product has no labeling. Recall # V-002-5. CODE The product has no lot code. All custom made feed purchased between June 24, 2004 and September 8, 2004. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Farmers Elevator Co, Houston, OH, by telephone and letter dated September 27, 2004.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Feed may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues which is prohibited in ruminant feed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approximately 8 tons. DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />_______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Product is custom made deer feed packaged in 100 lb. poly bags. The product has no labeling. Recall # V-003-5. CODE The product has no lot code. All custom made feed purchased between June 24, 2004 and September 8, 2004. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Farmers Elevator Co, Houston, OH, by telephone and letter dated September 27, 2004.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Feed may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues which is prohibited in ruminant feed.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approximately 6 tons. DISTRIBUTION OH.<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR October 20, 2004<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00870.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00870.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br />_______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT a) Hi-Tek Rations Horse Nuggets***Performance*** Net Wt. 40 lb (18.14 kg). Recall # V-006-5; b) Hi-Tek Rations***Aqua-Tek***Quality Floating Fish Food***Net Wt. 50 Lbs (22.68kg). Product is packed in paper bags in amounts specified. Recall # V-007-5. CODE a) Lot # 073128; b) Lot #071202. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER HI-TEK Rations, Inc., Dublin, GA, by letter on September 17, 2004.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Product may contain prohibited ruminants; however, label does not have required caution statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10 tons. DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, NC, SC, WV.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00880.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2004/ENF00880.html</a><br /><br /><br />2005<br /><br /><br />VM Update December 5, 2005<br /><br />November 2005 Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE1105.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE1105.htm</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Update June 20, 2005<br /><br />June 2005 Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse0605.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/bse0605.htm</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Update March 17, 2005<br /><br />March 2005 Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE0305.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE0305.htm</a><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT a) Bulk nonmedicated custom swine and poultry feeds, Recall # V-006-6; b) Bulk medicated swine and poultry feeds, Recall # V-007-6 CODE N/A RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Gold Eagle Cooperative, Goldfield, IA, by telephone or visit beginning August 30, 2005.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Swine and poultry feeds which may contain prohibited material are not labeled with the warning statement not to feed to cattle or other ruminants.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE Approx. 15,323.68 tons of nonmedicated and medicated feed<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION IA, GA, MD, and MN<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2005/ENF00925.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2005/ENF00925.html</a><br /><br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II ______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT Hydrolyzed Feather Meal, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-109-5 CODE Lot number: 11579 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Griffin Industries, Inc., Cold Springs, KY, by telephone on September 2, 2005. Manufacturer: Griffin Industries, Inc., Henderson, KY.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Product may contain prohibited material and is not identified with the cautionary statement: "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 863/50 lb. bags DISTRIBUTION IN<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR SEPTEMBER 28, 2005<br /><br />###<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2005/ENF00919.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2005/ENF00919.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />2006<br /><br />CVM Update May 9, 2006<br /><br />April 2006 Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE0506.htm">http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/BSE0506.htm</a><br /><br /><br />Subject: MAD COW FEED BAN WARNING LETTER ISSUED MAY 17, 2006 Date: June 27, 2006 at 7:42 am PST Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration<br /><br />New Orleans District 297 Plus Park Blvd. Nashville, TN 37217<br /><br />Telephone: 615-781-5380 Fax: 615-781-5391<br /><br />May 17, 2006<br /><br />WARNING LETTER NO. 2006-NOL-06<br /><br />FEDERAL EXPRESS OVERNIGHT DELIVERY<br /><br />Mr. William Shirley, Jr., Owner Louisiana.DBA Riegel By-Products 2621 State Street Dallas, Texas 75204<br /><br />Dear Mr. Shirley:<br /><br />On February 12, 17, 21, and 22, 2006, a U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) investigator inspected your rendering plant, located at 509 Fortson Street, Shreveport, Louisiana. The inspection revealed significant deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 589.2000 [21 CFR 589.2000], Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. This regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). You failed to follow the requirements of this regulation; products being manufactured and distributed by your facility are misbranded within the meaning of Section 403(a)(1) [21 USC 343(a)(1)] of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act).<br /><br />Our investigation found you failed to provide measures, including sufficient written procedures, to prevent commingling or cross-contamination and to maintain sufficient written procedures [21 CFR 589.2000(e)] because:<br /><br />You failed to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues into animal protein or feeds which may be used for ruminants. For example, your facility uses the same equipment to process mammalian and poultry tissues. However, you use only hot water to clean the cookers between processing tissues from each species. You do not clean the auger, hammer mill, grinder, and spouts after processing mammalian tissues.<br /><br />You failed to maintain written procedures specifying the clean-out procedures or other means to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues into feeds which may be used for ruminants.<br /><br />As a result . the poultry meal you manufacture may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues prohibited in ruminant feed. Pursuant to 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1)(i), any products containing or may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues must be labeled, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Since you failed to label a product which may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues with the required cautionary statement. the poultry meal is misbranded under Section 403(a)(1) [21 USC 343(a)(1)] of the Act.<br /><br />This letter is not intended as an all-inclusive list of violations at your facility. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use, you are responsible for ensuring your overall operation and the products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. You should take prompt action to correct these violations, and you should establish a system whereby violations do not recur. Failure to promptly correct these violations may result in regulatory action, such as seizure and/or injunction, without further notice.<br /><br />You should notify this office in writing within 15 working days of receiving this letter, outlining the specific steps you have taken to bring your firm into compliance with the law. Your response should include an explanation of each step taken to correct the violations and prevent their recurrence. If corrective action cannot be completed within 15 working days, state the reason for the delay and the date by which the corrections will be completed. Include copies of any available documentation demonstrating corrections have been made.<br /><br />Your reply should be directed to Mark W. Rivero, Compliance Officer, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2424 Edenborn Avenue, Suite 410, Metairie, Louisiana 70001. If you have questions regarding any issue in this letter, please contact Mr. Rivero at (504) 219-8818, extension 103.<br /><br />Sincerely,<br /><br />/S<br /><br />Carol S. Sanchez Acting District Director New Orleans District<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm">http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm</a><br /><br /><br />MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67<br /><br />RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br /><br />______________________________<br /><br />PRODUCT a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6; b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6; c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6; d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE a) Bulk b) None c) Bulk d) Bulk RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons DISTRIBUTION Nationwide<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a><br /><br /><br />Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL MI MAMMALIAN PROTEIN VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 27,694,240 lbs Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:14 pm PST PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6 CODE All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 27,694,240 lbs DISTRIBUTION MI<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /><br /><br />Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6; c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6; h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6; i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6; j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6; l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons DISTRIBUTION AL and FL<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /><br /><br />Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL KY VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ????? Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:19 pm PST PRODUCT Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing. REASON Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ?????<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION KY END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006<br /><br />###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /><br /><br />WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.<br /><br />look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;<br /><br />Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates<br /><br />Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />BSE bovine brain inoculum<br /><br />100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg<br /><br />Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)<br /><br />Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)<br /><br />RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)<br /><br />PrPres biochemical detection<br /><br />The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was<br /><br />inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of<br /><br />bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.<br /><br />Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula<br /><br />Published online January 27, 2005<br /><br /><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a><br /><br /><br />It is clear that the designing scientists must<br /><br />also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose<br /><br />levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />2<br /><br />6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley’s answer (that it would take less than say 100<br /><br />grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one<br /><br />considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it<br /><br />could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the<br /><br />same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate"<br /><br />experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment<br /><br />designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure<br /><br />that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study<br /><br />and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger<br /><br />infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time<br /><br />ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing<br /><br />scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the<br /><br />dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Re: BSE .1 GRAM LETHAL NEW STUDY SAYS via W.H.O. Dr Maura Ricketts<br /><br />[BBC radio 4 FARM news]<br /><br /><a href="http://www.maddeer.org/audio/BBC4farmingtoday2_1_03.ram">http://www.maddeer.org/audio/BBC4farmingtoday2_1_03.ram</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3923s1_OPH.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3923s1_OPH.htm</a><br /><br /><br />2) Infectious dose:<br /><br />To cattle: 1 gram of infected brain material (by oral ingestion)<br /><br /><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml</a><br /><br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br /><br />P.O. Box 42<br /><br />Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br /><br /><br />[Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirement for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle<br /><br />03-025IFA 03-025IFA-2 Terry S. Singeltary<br /><br />Page 1 of 17<br /><br />From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]<br /><br />Sent: Thursday, September 08, 2005 6:17 PM<br /><br />To: fsis.regulationscomments@fsis.usda.gov<br /><br />Subject: [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements<br /><br />for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle<br /><br />Greetings FSIS,<br /><br />I would kindly like to submit the following to [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and<br /><br />Requirements for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle<br /><br />THE BSE/TSE SUB CLINICAL Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle<br /><br />Broken bones and such may be the first signs of a sub clinical BSE/TSE Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle ;<br /><br />SUB CLINICAL PRION INFECTION<br /><br />MRC-43-00<br /><br />Issued: Monday, 28 August 2000<br /><br />NEW EVIDENCE OF SUB-CLINICAL PRION INFECTION: IMPORTANT RESEARCH<br /><br />FINDINGS RELEVANT TO CJD AND BSE<br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br /><br />P.O. Box 42<br /><br />Bacliff, Texas USA 77518<br /><br />9/13/2005<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Board Number: I-12 Title: Risk Factors for Animal Drug and Feed Products, Manufacturing Processes and Facilities: Analysis of Recalls, 2000 – 2005<br /><br />V. Wiles , E. A. Grove , K. B. Ekelman , CVM, FDA, Rockville, MD<br /><br />Background: The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) is developing a risk-based inspection system to help ensure that regulatory resources are focused on the animal feed and drug products, manufacturing processes and facilities that pose the greatest risks to animal and human health. To help identify risk factors for animal feed and drug products, manufacturing processes and facilities, we analyzed 203 firm-initiated recalls of animal drug and feed products from fiscal years 2000 through 2005. A recall is a firm\'s removal or correction of a marketed product that FDA considers to be in violation of the laws it administers.<br /><br />Methods: We reviewed records for 203 firm-initiated recalls of animal drug and feed products from fiscal years 2000 to 2005 to identify the types of errors associated with recalled animal drug and feed products and to determine which recalled products and errors were associated with the highest levels of health hazards. The relative level of health hazard attributed to each recalled product by FDA is reflected in an assigned recall classification number (i.e., I, II, or III).<br /><br />Results: Of the 203 firm-initiated recalls of animal drug and feed products from fiscal years 2000 through 2005, 103 (approximately 51%) were for non-medicated feeds, 33 (approximately 16%) were for medicated feeds, and 64 (approximately 32%) were for animal drugs. For recalls of non-medicated feeds, 18% were classified as posing a high level of health hazard (recall classification I) and 76% were classified as posing a moderate health hazard (recall classification II). For recalls of medicated feeds, 13% were classified as posing a high level of health hazard and 53% were classified as posing a moderate level of health hazard. For recalls of animal drugs, 5% were classified as posing a high level of health hazard and 42% were classified as posing a moderate level of health hazard. The most common errors identified for recalls of non-medicated feeds were those related to the BSE rule. The most common errors identified for recalls of medicated feeds were incorrect levels of drugs in feeds or feeding medicated feeds to species or ages for which the drugs in the feeds were not approved. Other errors associated with recalls of non-medicated and medicated feeds included chemical or microbiological contamination, labeling errors, and general manufacturing errors. The most common errors associated with recalls of animal drugs were due to concerns about the drugs’ stability, sterility and labeling.<br /><br />Conclusions: CVM is using information from the analysis of the animal feed and drug products associated with 203 firm-initiated recalls from fiscal years 2000 through 2005 to help rank the relative risks from the products, manufacturing processes and facilities.<br /><br />Category: I. Risk Management, Risk Assessment,and Risk Communication for Medical Products and Foods<br /><br /><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/oc/scienceforum/sf2006/search/preview.cfm?abstract_id=838&backto=category">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/oc/scienceforum/sf2006/search/preview.cfm?abstract_id=838&backto=category</a><br /><br /><br />BAB = BORN AFTER BAN<br /><br />BARB = BORN AFTER RUMINANT BAN<br /><br />BAMB = BORN AFTER MAMMALIAN BAN<br /><br /><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/200503canada/fig3desce.html">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/200503canada/fig3desce.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html<br /><br /><br /><br />http://sciencebushwhacked.blogspot.com/2009/01/fda-scientists-complain-about.html<br /><br /><br /><br />http://sciencebushwhacked.blogspot.com/2009/01/fda-scientists-complain-about.html<br /><br /><br /><br />http://fdafailedus.blogspot.com/<br /><br /><br /><br />NEW TSE TERM FOR FDA = BAWB I.E. 'BORN AFTER WHAT BAN' ;-(TSS)Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-1496183528645708602010-01-17T16:46:00.000-08:002010-01-17T16:49:27.326-08:00BSE USA feed inspection violations 01/01/2009 to 01/17/2010FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report<br /><br />Data reported as of: 01/09/2010 Search by: FDA District = API-DO,ATL-DO,BLT-DO, and Firm Type = FR,HF, and Last BSE Insp Date From 01/01/2009 To 01/17/2010 and Last BSE District Decision = OAI,VAI Sort by: Zip Code<br /><br />FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?<br /><br />BLT-DO 3004272237 Southern States #76395 1961 Sandy Hook Rd Goochland VA 23063-3109 OPR DR, FR DP 11/12/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />ATL-DO 3007582627 Hoffner Brothers Dairy 610 Ketchie Rd Mount Ulla NC 28125-9685 OPR FR, OF, OT NP 02/03/2009 VAI Y<br /><br /><br />ATL-DO 3007757224 Alejandro De La Cruz 4523 Athens Hwy Madison GA 30650 OPR DR, FR, OF DP 08/02/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />Legend - Opr.Status:OPR=Operational, SEA=Seasonal, PRP=Pre-Production, Firm Type: AF=Animal Feed/Pet Food Salvager, DR=Distributor/Retailer, FL=Feed Mill (FDA Licensed), FR=Feeder of Ruminants, HF=Human Food Processor, NL=Feed Mill (not FDA Licensed), OF=On-farm Feed Mixer, OT=Other, PB=Protein Blender, PF=Pet Food Manufacturer, RE=Renderer, RO=Feeder of Ruminants and Other Species, TH=Transporter (Hauler), Prgm Risk:DP=Only Distributes Prohib.Mat.(DP), HP=Handles Prohibited Materials(HP), NP=Does not handle Prohib.Mat.(NP), Dist Dcsn:OAI=Official Action Indicated (OAI), VAI=Voluntary Action Indicated (VAI), NAI=No Action Indicated (NAI), RTS=Referred to State (RTS),<br /><br />** District decisions listed in this report reflect the compliance status of firms when the report was generated. These district decisions may or may not represent the final Agency determination of compliance for these firms.<br /><br />To report any problems on this website: Contact Webmaster Return to: CVM and Ruminant Feed (BSE) Inspections<br /><br /><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/BSEInspect/bse_results.jsp">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/BSEInspect/bse_results.jsp</a><br /><br /><br />FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report<br /><br />Data reported as of: 01/09/2010 Search by: FDA District = CHI-DO,CIN-DO,DAL-DO, and Firm Type = FR,HF, and Last BSE Insp Date From 01/01/2009 To 01/17/2010 and Last BSE District Decision = OAI,VAI Sort by: Zip Code<br /><br />Perform new search<br /><br />FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?<br /><br />CIN-DO 3002766655 Lester J Stutzman Feed Mill 2811 Mt Zion Rd Marion KY 42064 OPR DR, FR, NL, OF DP 01/05/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />CIN-DO 3007755021 1008 Grinstead Mill Road Dairy 1008 Grinstead Mill Rd Cave City KY 42127-9601 OPR FR, OT NP 10/14/2009 OAI Y DAL-DO 3005995739 Kd Farm Service Llc 401 Gillum Grandview TX 76050 OPR FR, OF NP 11/19/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />DAL-DO 3005840995 Knolle Cattle Company #5 973 County Road 360 Sandia TX 78383-2227 OPR FR, OF NP 11/18/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />DAL-DO 1613549 Dk Gabel 2 Miles East Of Hwy 84 Sudan TX 79371 OPR FR, NL, OF NP 11/25/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />Legend - Opr.Status:OPR=Operational, SEA=Seasonal, PRP=Pre-Production, Firm Type: AF=Animal Feed/Pet Food Salvager, DR=Distributor/Retailer, FL=Feed Mill (FDA Licensed), FR=Feeder of Ruminants, HF=Human Food Processor, NL=Feed Mill (not FDA Licensed), OF=On-farm Feed Mixer, OT=Other, PB=Protein Blender, PF=Pet Food Manufacturer, RE=Renderer, RO=Feeder of Ruminants and Other Species, TH=Transporter (Hauler), Prgm Risk:DP=Only Distributes Prohib.Mat.(DP), HP=Handles Prohibited Materials(HP), NP=Does not handle Prohib.Mat.(NP), Dist Dcsn:OAI=Official Action Indicated (OAI), VAI=Voluntary Action Indicated (VAI), NAI=No Action Indicated (NAI), RTS=Referred to State (RTS),<br /><br />** District decisions listed in this report reflect the compliance status of firms when the report was generated. These district decisions may or may not represent the final Agency determination of compliance for these firms.<br /><br />To report any problems on this website: Contact Webmaster Return to: CVM and Ruminant Feed (BSE) Inspections<br /><br /><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/BSEInspect/bse_results.jsp">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/BSEInspect/bse_results.jsp</a><br /><br /><br /><br />FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report<br /><br />Data reported as of: 01/09/2010 Search by: FDA District = DEN-DO,DET-DO,FLA-DO, and Firm Type = FR,HF, and Last BSE Insp Date From 01/01/2009 To 01/17/2010 and Last BSE District Decision = OAI,VAI Sort by: Zip Code<br /><br />Perform new search<br /><br />FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?<br /><br />FLA-DO 1024292 Hillandale Quality Feeds LLC 9561 SW S.R. 121 S. Lake Butler FL 32054 OPR AF, DR, FR, NL, OF DP 12/01/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />Legend - Opr.Status:OPR=Operational, SEA=Seasonal, PRP=Pre-Production, Firm Type: AF=Animal Feed/Pet Food Salvager, DR=Distributor/Retailer, FL=Feed Mill (FDA Licensed), FR=Feeder of Ruminants, HF=Human Food Processor, NL=Feed Mill (not FDA Licensed), OF=On-farm Feed Mixer, OT=Other, PB=Protein Blender, PF=Pet Food Manufacturer, RE=Renderer, RO=Feeder of Ruminants and Other Species, TH=Transporter (Hauler), Prgm Risk:DP=Only Distributes Prohib.Mat.(DP), HP=Handles Prohibited Materials(HP), NP=Does not handle Prohib.Mat.(NP), Dist Dcsn:OAI=Official Action Indicated (OAI), VAI=Voluntary Action Indicated (VAI), NAI=No Action Indicated (NAI), RTS=Referred to State (RTS),<br /><br />** District decisions listed in this report reflect the compliance status of firms when the report was generated. These district decisions may or may not represent the final Agency determination of compliance for these firms.<br /><br />To report any problems on this website: Contact Webmaster Return to: CVM and Ruminant Feed (BSE) Inspections<br /><br /><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/BSEInspect/bse_results.jsp">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/BSEInspect/bse_results.jsp</a><br /><br /><br />FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report<br /><br />Data reported as of: 01/09/2010 Search by: FDA District = INT'L,KAN-DO,LOS-DO, and Firm Type = FR,HF, and Last BSE Insp Date From 01/01/2009 To 01/17/2010 and Last BSE District Decision = OAI,VAI Sort by: Zip Code<br /><br />Perform new search<br /><br />FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?<br /><br />LOS-DO 2027094 Nestle, USA/ Nestle Prepared Foods Company 9601 Canoga Ave Chatsworth CA 91311-4115 OPR HF HP 05/26/2009 VAI N<br /><br />LOS-DO 3006766153 La Chatita Foods, Inc. 1125 Centre Dr Ste B City of Industry CA 91789-2853 OPR HF NP 09/30/2009 VAI N<br /><br />Legend - Opr.Status:OPR=Operational, SEA=Seasonal, PRP=Pre-Production, Firm Type: AF=Animal Feed/Pet Food Salvager, DR=Distributor/Retailer, FL=Feed Mill (FDA Licensed), FR=Feeder of Ruminants, HF=Human Food Processor, NL=Feed Mill (not FDA Licensed), OF=On-farm Feed Mixer, OT=Other, PB=Protein Blender, PF=Pet Food Manufacturer, RE=Renderer, RO=Feeder of Ruminants and Other Species, TH=Transporter (Hauler), Prgm Risk:DP=Only Distributes Prohib.Mat.(DP), HP=Handles Prohibited Materials(HP), NP=Does not handle Prohib.Mat.(NP), Dist Dcsn:OAI=Official Action Indicated (OAI), VAI=Voluntary Action Indicated (VAI), NAI=No Action Indicated (NAI), RTS=Referred to State (RTS),<br /><br />** District decisions listed in this report reflect the compliance status of firms when the report was generated. These district decisions may or may not represent the final Agency determination of compliance for these firms.<br /><br />To report any problems on this website: Contact Webmaster<br /><br /><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/BSEInspect/bse_results.jsp">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/BSEInspect/bse_results.jsp</a><br /><br /><br />FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report<br /><br />Data reported as of: 01/09/2010 Search by: FDA District = NWJ-DO,NYK-DO,OIP-CHINA, and Firm Type = FR,HF, and Last BSE Insp Date From 01/01/2009 To 01/17/2010 and Last BSE District Decision = OAI,VAI Sort by: Zip Code<br /><br />Perform new search<br /><br />FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?<br /><br />NYK-DO 1317617 Log City Milling Inc 251 Townline Road King Ferry NY 13081 OPR HF, NL NP 03/05/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />NYK-DO 3007485599 Clark, Ronald M. and Goude, Valeria A. 1797 West St. New Berlin NY 13411 OPR FR NP 05/21/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />NYK-DO 3007392307 Francis J. Szarek 4797 Station Hill Rd Westmoreland NY 13490-1119 OPR FR NP 04/10/2009 OAI Y<br /><br />NYK-DO 3003862187 Prouty Farm Supply 2723 State Route 96 Ovid NY 14521-9575 OPR DR, FR DP 03/17/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />NYK-DO 1000120035 Willink Farms, LLC 9935 Ravlin Hill Rd Clymer NY 14724-9625 OPR FR NP 06/24/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />NYK-DO 3007509791 Thomas & Lonny Ormond Dairy Farm 262 Miller Valley Rd Kennedy NY 14747-9571 OPR FR HP 04/06/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />NYK-DO 3004061961 Mark L. Bainbridge Dairy 3059 County Road 2a Almond NY 14804-9635 OPR FR NP 06/17/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />NYK-DO 3007304168 Drexal Preston 10403 State Route 961F Arkport NY 14807-9616 OPR FR HP 01/27/2009 VAI Y<br /><br />Legend - Opr.Status:OPR=Operational, SEA=Seasonal, PRP=Pre-Production, Firm Type: AF=Animal Feed/Pet Food Salvager, DR=Distributor/Retailer, FL=Feed Mill (FDA Licensed), FR=Feeder of Ruminants, HF=Human Food Processor, NL=Feed Mill (not FDA Licensed), OF=On-farm Feed Mixer, OT=Other, PB=Protein Blender, PF=Pet Food Manufacturer, RE=Renderer, RO=Feeder of Ruminants and Other Species, TH=Transporter (Hauler), Prgm Risk:DP=Only Distributes Prohib.Mat.(DP), HP=Handles Prohibited Materials(HP), NP=Does not handle Prohib.Mat.(NP), Dist Dcsn:OAI=Official Action Indicated (OAI), VAI=Voluntary Action Indicated (VAI), NAI=No Action Indicated (NAI), RTS=Referred to State (RTS),<br /><br />** District decisions listed in this report reflect the compliance status of firms when the report was generated. These district decisions may or may not represent the final Agency determination of compliance for these firms.<br /><br />To report any problems on this website: Contact Webmaster Return to: CVM and Ruminant Feed (BSE) Inspections<br /><br /><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/BSEInspect/bse_results.jsp">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/BSEInspect/bse_results.jsp</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, January 15, 2010<br /><br />New York Firm Recalls Beef Carcass That Contains Prohibited Materials (BSE)<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-york-firm-recalls-beef-carcass-that.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-york-firm-recalls-beef-carcass-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, January 14, 2010<br /><br />SAMPLE COLLECTION FROM CATTLE UNDER THE BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) ONGOING SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FSIS NOTICE 05-10 1/12/10<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/sample-collection-from-cattle-under.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/sample-collection-from-cattle-under.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005 (Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is present also in Mexico.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf">http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, July 14, 2009<br /><br />U.S. Emergency Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Response Plan Summary and BSE Red Book Date: February 14, 2000 at 8:56 am PST<br /><br />WHERE did we go wrong $$$<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/us-emergency-bovine-spongiform.html">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/us-emergency-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, March 19, 2009<br /><br />MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br />Sunday, September 6, 2009<br /><br />MAD COW USA 1997 SECRET VIDEO<br /><br />SEE ANOTHER VIDEO THAT SHOWED IN CANADA, BUT NOT USA, ABOUT ANOTHER USA TSE COVER-UP MORE BRAINS NOT TESTED PROPERLY, key brain parts missing. ...<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/09/mad-cow-usa-1997-video.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/09/mad-cow-usa-1997-video.html</a><br /><br /><br />SEE THIS DAMNING VIDEO AT BOTTOM OF ;<br /><br />Monday, July 27, 2009<br /><br />U.S.A. HIDING MAD COW DISEASE VICTIMS AS SPORADIC CJD ?<br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/usa-hiding-mad-cow-disease-victims-as.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/usa-hiding-mad-cow-disease-victims-as.html</a><br /><br /><br />DAMNING TESTIMONY FROM STANLEY PRUSINER THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER ON PRIONS SPEAKING ABOUT ANN VENEMAN<br /><br />''nobody has ever ask''<br /><br />''they dont want our comment''<br /><br />''they don't want to know, the don't care''<br /><br />''i have tried repeatedly''<br /><br />''level of absolute ignorance''<br /><br />''Entire policy was driven...heard from mr. laycraft, so now, after time has passed, it's ok for Canada, cattle under 30 month, to the USA, THAT'S ALL THAT MATTERED!<br /><br />PRUSINER ASKED : IF FROM YOUR TESTIMONY, A DEMONSTRATED THREAT TO PUBLIC HEATH ?<br /><br />''yes, i think prions are bad to eat, and you can die from them''<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://maddeer.org/video/embedded/prusinerclip.html">http://maddeer.org/video/embedded/prusinerclip.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a><br /><br /><br />Monday, October 19, 2009<br /><br />Atypical BSE, BSE, and other human and animal TSE in North America Update October 19, 2009<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html</a><br /><br /><br />Monday, November 23, 2009<br /><br />BSE GBR RISK ASSESSMENTS UPDATE NOVEMBER 23, 2009 COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND O.I.E.<br /><br /><a href="http://docket-aphis-2006-0041.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-gbr-risk-assessments-update.html">http://docket-aphis-2006-0041.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-gbr-risk-assessments-update.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />APHIS notes that for the current surveillance program, it had established regional goals and APHIS was not trying to meet particular sampling levels in particular States. However, we believe that it would be advantageous for APHIS to monitor collection data and increase outreach when large geographical areas such as the above States do not provide samples in proportion to the numbers and types of cattle in the population.<br /><br />We also disagree with APHIS/FSIS’ contention that because they have tested over 375,000 of their 446,000 estimate of high risk cattle, few in the high-risk population are being missed, including those that might be pre-screened before entering a slaughter facility’s property. In our prior audit, we reported that APHIS underestimated the high-risk population; we found that this estimate should have been closer to 1 million animals (see Finding 1). We recognize that BSE samples are provided on a voluntary basis; however, APHIS should consider industry practice in any further maintenance surveillance effort. Animals unsuitable for slaughter exhibiting symptoms not inconsistent with BSE should be sampled and their clinical signs recorded. However, this cited industry practice results in rejected animals not being made available to either APHIS or FSIS veterinarians for their observation and identification of clinical signs exhibited ante mortem. Although these animals may be sampled later at other collection sites, the animals are provided post mortem without information as to relevant clinical signs exhibited ante mortem. For these reasons, we believe APHIS needs to<br /><br />USDA/OIG-A/50601-10-KC Page 27<br /><br />observe these animals ante mortem when possible to assure the animals from the target population are ultimately sampled and the clinical signs evaluated.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Subject: USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half (bogus BSE sampling FROM HEALTHY USDA CATTLE)<br /><br />Date: June 21, 2007 at 2:49 pm PST<br /><br />Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program<br /><br />An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduledfor May 2007.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />Topics that will be covered in ongoing or planned reviews under Goal 1 include:<br /><br />soundness of BSE maintenance sampling (APHIS), implementation of Performance-Based Inspection System enhancements for specified risk material (SRM) violations and improved inspection controls over SRMs (FSIS and APHIS),<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />The findings and recommendations from these efforts will be covered in future semiannual reports as the relevant audits and investigations are completed.<br /><br />4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half<br /><br /><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://stanford.wellsphere.com/cjd-article/usda-certified-h-base-mad-cow-school-lunch-program/641216">http://stanford.wellsphere.com/cjd-article/usda-certified-h-base-mad-cow-school-lunch-program/641216</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/02/usda-certified-h-base-mad-cow-school.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/02/usda-certified-h-base-mad-cow-school.html</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br />Office of the United States Attorney District of Arizona<br /><br />FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE For Information Contact Public Affairs<br /><br />February 16, 2007 WYN HORNBUCKLE Telephone: (602) 514-7625Cell: (602) 525-2681<br /><br />CORPORATION AND ITS PRESIDENT PLEAD GUILTY TO DEFRAUDING GOVERNMENT’S MAD COW DISEASESURVEILLANCE PROGRAM<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />Evidence uncovered during the government’s investigation established that Farm Fresh Meats and Farabee submitted samples from cattle outside the Targeted Cattle Population. Specifically, FarmFresh Meats and Farabee submitted, or caused to be submitted, obex samples from healthy, USDA inspected cattle, in order to steal government moneys.<br /><br />Evidence collected also demonstrated that Farm Fresh Meats and Farabee failed to maintain cattle carcasses and heads pending test results and falsified corporate books and records to conceal their malfeasance. Such actions, to the extent an obex sample tested positive (fortunately, none did), could have jeopardized the USDA’s ability to identify the diseased animal and pinpoint its place of origin.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />Sentencing is set before Judge Earl H. Carroll on May 14, 2007. The investigation in this case was conducted by Assistant Special Agent in Charge Alejandro Quintero, United States Department ofAgriculture, Office of Inspector General. The prosecutionis being handled by Robert Long, Assistant U.S. Attorney, District ofArizona, Phoenix.CASE NUMBER: CR-07-00160-PHX-EHC RELEASE NUMBER: 2007-051(Farabee)# # #<br /><br /><a href="http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2007/2007-051(Farabee).pdf">http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2007/2007-051(Farabee).pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Thursday, June 26, 2008<br /><br />Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br />Saturday, April 5, 2008<br /><br />SRM MAD COW RECALL 406 THOUSAND POUNDS CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS KANSAS<br /><br /><a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html</a><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, July 1, 2008<br /><br />Missouri Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br />Friday, August 8, 2008<br /><br />Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs 941,271 pounds with tonsils not completely removed<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br />Thursday, October 15, 2009<br /><br />Nebraska Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, Oct 15, 2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html</a><br /><br /><br />Sunday, October 18, 2009<br /><br />Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, October 17, 2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a><br /><br /><br />Friday, September 4, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 29, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />C O N F I R M E D<br /><br />----- Original Message ----- From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." To: Sent: Thursday, November 05, 2009 9:25 PM Subject: [BSE-L] re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />Thursday, November 12, 2009<br /><br />BSE FEED RECALL Misbranding of product by partial label removal to hide original source of materials 2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />CVM Annual Report Fiscal Year 2008: October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008<br /><br />PUTTING LIPSTICK ON A PIG AND TAKING HER TO A DANCE...TSS<br /><br />BSE Feed Rule Enforcement: A Decade of Success OFF TO A FAST START<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005 (Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is present also in Mexico.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf">http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />IN A NUT SHELL ;<br /><br />(Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006)<br /><br />11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central Bureau,<br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Docket APHIS-2006-0026 Docket Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Animal Identification and Importation of Commodities Docket Type Rulemaking Document APHIS-2006-0026-0001 Document Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions, Identification of Ruminants and Processing and Importation of Commodities Public Submission APHIS-2006-0026-0012 Public Submission Title Comment from Terry S Singletary<br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064801e47e1">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064801e47e1</a><br /><br /><br />Docket APHIS-2006-0041 Docket Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived from Bovines Commodities Docket Type Rulemaking Document APHIS-2006-0041-0001 Document Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived From Bovines Public Submission APHIS-2006-0041-0028 Public Submission Title Comment from Terry S Singletary<br /><br />Comment 2006-2007 USA AND OIE POISONING GLOBE WITH BSE MRR POLICY<br /><br />THE USA is in a most unique situation, one of unknown circumstances with human and animal TSE. THE USA has the most documented TSE in different species to date, with substrains growing in those species (BSE/BASE in cattle and CWD in deer and elk, there is evidence here with different strains), and we know that sheep scrapie has over 20 strains of the typical scrapie with atypical scrapie documented and also BSE is very likely to have passed to sheep. all of which have been rendered and fed back to animals for human and animal consumption, a frightening scenario. WE do not know the outcome, and to play with human life around the globe with the very likely TSE tainted products from the USA, in my opinion is like playing Russian roulette, of long duration, with potential long and enduring consequences, of which once done, cannot be undone. These are the facts as I have come to know through daily and extensive research of TSE over 9 years, since 12/14/97. I do not pretend to have all the answers, but i do know to continue to believe in the ukbsenvcjd only theory of transmission to humans of only this one strain from only this one TSE from only this one part of the globe, will only lead to further failures, and needless exposure to humans from all strains of TSE, and possibly many more needless deaths from TSE via a multitude of proven routes and sources via many studies with primates and rodents and other species.<br /><br />MY personal belief, since you ask, is that not only the Canadian border, but the USA border, and the Mexican border should be sealed up tighter than a drum for exporting there TSE tainted products, until a validated, 100% sensitive test is available, and all animals for human and animal consumption are tested. all we are doing is the exact same thing the UK did with there mad cow poisoning when they exported it all over the globe, all the while knowing what they were doing. this BSE MRR policy is nothing more than a legal tool to do just exactly what the UK did, thanks to the OIE and GW, it's legal now. and they executed Saddam for poisoning ???<br /><br />go figure. ...<br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064801f8151">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064801f8151</a><br /><br /><br />Docket APHIS-2006-0041 Docket Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived from Bovines Commodities Docket Type Rulemaking Document APHIS-2006-0041-0001 Document Title Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation of Live Bovines and Products Derived From Bovines Public Submission APHIS-2006-0041-0028.1 Public Submission Title Attachment to Singletary comment<br /><br />January 28, 2007<br /><br />Greetings APHIS,<br /><br />I would kindly like to submit the following to ;<br /><br />BSE; MRR; IMPORTATION OF LIVE BOVINES AND PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM BOVINES [Docket No. APHIS-2006-0041] RIN 0579-AC01<br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=09000064801f8152&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, January 2, 2010<br /><br />Human Prion Diseases in the United States January 1, 2010 ***FINAL***<br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html</a><br /><br /><br />my comments to PLosone here ;<br /><br /><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />TSSTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3763568913308811352.post-89848299671795987322010-01-13T13:44:00.000-08:002010-01-13T13:51:46.409-08:00Meat and bone meal back into feed 12 Jan 2010Meat and bone meal back into feed 12 Jan 2010<br /><br />Author: Dick Ziggers<br /><br />It has been ten years now since the European Commission has banned the use of meat and bone meal (mbm) in animal feeds. There are enough reasons for lifting this ban, but decision making in Brussels is slow. Too long the feed industry has been withheld from a cheap and valuable feed ingredient.<br /><br />Europe, and mainly the United Kingdom, in the nineties of the last century were facing a crisis when mad cow disease paralysed the animal industry. Cattle were fed ruminant remains that contained a protein (prion) that caused Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease. The big problem is that people can get the BSE related and lethal Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, if they eat infected beef. So, with the knowledge of the nineties it was logic to ban all animal remains from all animal feed. Since then a lot of research has taken place and we now know that only ruminants are affected by the prions. Pigs and poultry could never be related to the disease. Still, these sectors have to suffer from the ban on mbm in feed the EU imposed ten years ago.<br /><br />Valuable product Meat and bone meal is a valuable raw material providing energy, protein, vitamins and minerals, which vary in levels, but that are very well digested by the animals. There is considerable variation in nutrient specifications from company to company. In a recent survey the National Renderers' Association questioned several US feed manufacturers. Twenty-seven feed companies responded and the range in nutrient values for meat and bone meal was as follows:<br /><br />Moisture 3.0 - 11.2% Crude protein 49.0 - 52.8% Crude fat 8.5 - 14.8% Calcium 6.0 - 12.0% Total phosphorus 3.5 - 5.0% Lysine 2.2 - 3.0% Metabolizable energy for poultry 1,770 – 2,420 MCal/kg<br /><br />Saving the rainforest When mbm had to be taken out of the feed it was merely replaced by soybean products, which needed to be imported from Brazil. Because of the vast demand from Europe large areas were cultivated to satisfy the European demand. In his PhD thesis Emiel Elferink at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands calculated that because of the ban in Europe annually 16 million tonnes of mbm is replaced by 23 million tonnes of soybeans. Since the ban on mbm was installed the area planted with soybeans has increased from 10 million hectares in the eighties to more than 20 million hectares at the beginning of this century. So, apart from the nutritional benefits putting mbm back into the feed this would also have an enormous environmental benefit as it would put less pressure on the rainforest in South America.<br /><br />Omnivores Another very strong argument is that pigs and poultry are omnivores, meaning they eat everything and if they have a choice, they do not restrict themselves to a vegetarian diet. Poultry in the wild, for example, peck for grubs and beetles to supplement their protein needs. And with limited and ending sources of phosphorous mbm can contribute to the phosphorous supply in the feed reducing the need for rock phosphate. Until today there are no signs that poultry and pigs are susceptible to BSE-like diseases. Scientists therefore assume that meat and bone meal from poultry and pigs can be used in feeds without any risks. Advocacy groups for agriculture lobby in Brussels to have mbm back in animal feed, but this is a slow and arduous route. Installing a law seems far more easy than to get rid of one.<br /><br />Emotions The poorly informed general public, however, is worried about the return of mbm in feeds. Cannibalism is the hot word. From a theoretical standpoint I can understand the resistance of feeding animal remains to cattle, since these are herbivorous. Strangely enough these questions are not asked when fish meal is fed to fish.<br /><br />But there is no ground to refrain pigs and poultry from eating meat and bone meal. To satisfy the general public politicians first want to ensure that only pig-mbm is fed to poultry and poultry-mbm to pigs. DNA test kits are already available to distinguish the differences. So this cannot be a reason for upholding the release of mbm again.<br /><br />Cost benefit These DNA-limitations could dampen down the euphoria on the return of mbm in animal feeds. It would require a strict logistic organisation with separate channels for feeds with pig-mbm and feeds with poultry-mbm.<br /><br />At present every feed for every livestock specie can be manufactured in one mill. With mbm returning separate production lines would be needed to make pig and poultry feed with mbm and ruminant feeds. Meat and bone meal is a cheap raw material, but when it may return in feeds under the above mentioned restrictions it can be questioned if these benefits result in cheaper feed.<br /><br />I am curious to hear what opinion you have on this issue….<br /><br />Emmy Koeleman also wrote about this subject in 2007. Since then nothing has happened<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.allaboutfeed.net/weblog/from-feed-to-food-/meat-and-bone-meal-back-into-feed-4005.html">http://www.allaboutfeed.net/weblog/from-feed-to-food-/meat-and-bone-meal-back-into-feed-4005.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />> Since then a lot of research has taken place and we now know that only ruminants are affected by the prions. Pigs and poultry could<br /><br /><br />> never be related to the disease. Still, these sectors have to suffer from the ban on mbm in feed the EU imposed ten years ago.<br /><br /><br />THIS is simply not true.<br /><br /><br />NEVER FORGET, they do not care, it's simply about money $$$<br /><br /><br />STRICTLY PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL 25, AUGUST 1995<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />To minimise the risk of farmers' claims for compensation from feed compounders.<br /><br />To minimise the potential damage to compound feed markets through adverse publicity.<br /><br />To maximise freedom of action for feed compounders, notably by maintaining the availability of meat and bone meal as a raw material in animal feeds, and ensuring time is available to make any changes which may be required.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />THE FUTURE<br /><br />4..........<br /><br />MAFF remains under pressure in Brussels and is not skilled at handling potentially explosive issues.<br /><br />5. Tests _may_ show that ruminant feeds have been sold which contain illegal traces of ruminant protein. More likely, a few positive test results will turn up but proof that a particular feed mill knowingly supplied it to a particular farm will be difficult if not impossible.<br /><br />6. The threat remains real and it will be some years before feed compounders are free of it. The longer we can avoid any direct linkage between feed milling _practices_ and actual BSE cases, the more likely it is that serious damage can be avoided. ...<br /><br />SEE full text ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/08/24002001.pdf">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/08/24002001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081105232223/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/08/24002001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081105232223/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/08/24002001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Estimation of the basic reproduction number of BSE: the intensity of transmission in British cattle Issue Volume 266, Number 1414/January 7, 1999 Pages 23-32 DOI 10.1098/rspb.1999.0599 Add to marked items Add to saved items Recommend this article<br /><br />PDF (222.8 KB) Authors N. M. Ferguson, C. A. Donnelly, M. E. J. Woolhouse, R. M. Anderson<br /><br />Abstract The basic reproduction number, R0, of an infectious agent is a key factor determining the rate of spread and the proportion of the host population affected. We formulate a general mathematical framework to describe the transmission dynamics of long incubation period diseases with complex pathogenesis. This is used to derive expressions for R0 of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in British cattle, and backcalculation methods are used to estimate R0 throughout the time-course of the BSE epidemic. We show that the 1988 meat and bonemeal ban was effective in rapidly reducing R0 below 1, and demonstrate that this indicates that BSE will be unable to become endemic in the UK cattle population even when case clustering is taken into account. The analysis provides some insight into absolute infectiousness for bovine-to-bovine transmission, indicating maximally infectious animals may have infected up to 400 animals each. The relationship between R0 and the early stages of the BSE epidemic and the requirements for additional research are also discussed.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/ld82xpl8q9pkbne9/">http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/ld82xpl8q9pkbne9/</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Distinct Molecular Signature of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Prion in Pigs<br /><br />To the Editor: In a recent article in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Espinosa et al. (1) investigated the porcine transmission barrier to infection with bovine and ovine transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in transgenic mice expressing the porcine prion protein. Bovine spongiform encepatholopathy of the classical type (BSE) derived from cattle and sheep, as well as atypical scrapie, transmitted to these mice, although with different effi - ciencies. Whereas sheep BSE showed a 100% attack rate, cattle BSE and atypical scrapie showed a higher transmission barrier in the fi rst passage. Unexpectedly, the electrophoretic profi le of the proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) in Western immunoblot (WB) analysis of all 3 TSEs shifted toward a common signature upon transmission. This was a 3-band pattern with a predominant monoglycosylated PrPres moiety and, therefore, clearly differed from those of the BSE and atypical scrapie inocula. The authors speculated that the porcine cellular prion protein (PrPc) might allow only for few options as it changes its conformation to the disease-associated prion protein. However, whether this effect is attributable to the porcine PrPc transgene or to the genetic background of the mouse model remains unknown.<br /><br />To our knowledge, BSE has been successfully transmitted to pigs in 1 study, but WB data were not reported (2). We had access to central nervous system tissues of 1 of these animals (kindly provided by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency TSE Archive, Weybridge, UK) and aimed at assessing whether a similar effect occurs when cattle BSE affects pigs. Our results show a PrPres signature in BSEinfected pigs similar to that described for the porcine PrPc transgenic mice and clearly different from that in cattle (Figure). These fi ndings support the fi nding by Espinosa et al. that the molecular shift most likely was due to intrinsic properties of the porcine PrPc. Therefore, in this respect the mouse model appears to refl ect the situation in the pig.<br /><br />BSE prions are considered to transmit to other species, such as exotic ruminants, cats, macaques, humans, sheep, and goats, without any obvious alterations of the molecular phenotype (3,4). Our study provides evidence that the molecular phenotype of classical BSE also may shift upon genuine interspecies transmission. Attempts to discriminate BSE from other prion diseases in humans and animals often rely at fi rst on the analysis of the PrPres signature in WB. Consequently, the situation described in our study complicates the interpretation of such disease surveillance data to assess public health risks for animal TSEs. Whether this applies to other TSEs and species remains to be addressed.<br /><br />Figure. Molecular signature of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in pigs. A) Comparative Western immunoblot analysis of the proteinase K-resistant core fragment (PrPres) of the pathologic prion protein in BSE in cattle and in an experimentally BSE-infected pig using the monoclonal antibody 6H4 (Prionics, Schlieren, Switzerland). B) Average relative intensities of the diglycosylated (black bars), monoglycosylated (gray bars), and unglycosylated (white bars) PrPres moieties as determined by the Quantity One software package (Bio-Rad, Rheinach, Switzerland). Data are based on 4 independent runs, and error bars indicate SD. Note the different extent of PrPres glycosylation in bovine and porcine BSE. By contrast, the molecular masses of the unglycosylated PrPres were similar and scored 18.89 kDa (SD ± 0.28 kDa) and 18.90 kDa (SD ± 0.42 kDa) in bovine and porcine BSE, respectively. Molecular masses of the standards are indicated on the left in panel A.<br /><br />Emerging Infectious Diseases . www.cdc.gov/eid . Vol. 16, No. 1, January 2010<br /><br /><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/1/pdfs/164.pdf">http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/1/pdfs/164.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Torsten Seuberlich and Andreas Zurbriggen Author affi liation: University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland DOI: 10.3201/eid1601.091104<br /><br />References<br /><br />1. Espinosa JC, Herva ME, Andreoletti O, Padilla D, Lacroux C, Cassard H, et al. Transgenic mice expressing porcine prion protein resistant to classical scrapie but susceptible to sheep bovine spongiform encephalopathy and atypical scrapie. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1214-21. DOI: 10.3201/eid1508.081218<br /><br />2. Wells GA, Hawkins SA, Austin AR, Ryder SJ, Done SH, Green RB, et al. Studies of the transmissibility of the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to pigs. J Gen Virol. 2003;84:1021-31.<br /><br />3. Collinge J, Sidle KC, Meads J, Ironside J, Hill AF. Molecular analysis of prion strain variation and the aetiology of 'new variant' CJD. Nature. 1996;383:685-90.<br /><br />4. Hill AF, Desbruslais M, Joiner S, Sidle KC, Gowland I, Collinge J, et al. The same prion strain causes vCJD and BSE. Nature. 1997;389:448-50.<br /><br />Address for correspondence: Torsten Seuberlich, NeuroCentre, Reference Laboratory for TSE in Animals, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland; email: torsten.seuberlich@itn.unibe.ch<br /><br /><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/1/pdfs/164.pdf">http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/1/pdfs/164.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Thursday, October 15, 2009 Transmissibility studies of vacuolar changes in the rostral colliculus of pigs Research article Open Access T<br /><br />Transmissibility studies of vacuolar changes in the rostral colliculus of pigs<br /><br />Timm Konold*1,2, John Spiropoulos1, Melanie J Chaplin3, Leigh Thorne3, Yvonne I Spencer1, Gerald AH Wells1 and Steve AC Hawkins1 Address: 1Department of Pathology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, UK, 2Royal Veterinary College, Infection and Immunity Research Group, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK and 3Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, UK Email: Timm Konold* - t.konold@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk; John Spiropoulos - j.spiropoulos@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk; Melanie J Chaplin - m.j.chaplin@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk; Leigh Thorne - l.thorne@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk; Yvonne I Spencer - y.i.spencer@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk; Gerald AH Wells - g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk; Steve AC Hawkins - s.a.c.hawkins@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk * Corresponding author<br /><br />Abstract Background:<br /><br />Histopathological examinations of brains from healthy pigs have revealed localised vacuolar changes, predominantly in the rostral colliculus, that are similar to the neuropil vacuolation featured in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and have been described in pigs challenged parenterally with the agent causing bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Feedstuff containing BSE-contaminated meat and bone meal (MBM) may have been fed to pigs prior to the ban of mammalian MBM in feed of farmed livestock in the United Kingdom in 1996, but there is no evidence of the natural occurrence of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in the domestic pig. Furthermore, experimental transmission of BSE to pigs by the oral route has been unsuccessful. A study was conducted to investigate whether the localised vacuolar changes in the porcine brain were associated with a transmissible aetiology and therefore biologically significant. Two groups of ten pigs were inoculated parenterally with vacuolated rostral colliculus from healthy pigs either born before 1996 or born after 1996. Controls included ten pigs similarly inoculated with rostral colliculus from New Zealand-derived pigs and nine pigs inoculated with a bovine BSE brain homogenate. Results: None of the pigs inoculated with rostral colliculus developed a TSE-like neurological disease up to five years post inoculation when the study was terminated, and disease-associated prion protein, PrPd, was not detected in the brains of these pigs. By contrast, eight of nine BSE-inoculated pigs developed neurological signs, two of which had detectable PrPd by postmortem tests. No significant histopathological changes were detected to account for the clinical signs in the PrPd-negative, BSE-inoculated pigs. Conclusion: The findings in this study suggest that vacuolation in the porcine rostral colliculus is not caused by a transmissible agent and is probably a clinically insignificant change. The presence of neurological signs in pigs inoculated with BSE without detectable PrPd raises the possibility that the BSE agent may produce a prion disease in pigs that remains undetected by the current postmortem tests.<br /><br />SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT ;<br /><br /><a href="http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2009/10/transmissibility-studies-of-vacuolar.html">http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2009/10/transmissibility-studies-of-vacuolar.html</a><br /><br /><br />SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT ;<br /><br />7 OF 10 LITTLE PIGGIES WENT ON TO DEVELOP BSE;<br /><br />1: J Comp Pathol. 2000 Feb-Apr; 122(2-3): 131-43. Related Articles,<br /><br />Links<br /><br />Click here to read<br /><br />The neuropathology of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the pig.<br /><br />Ryder SJ, Hawkins SA, Dawson M, Wells GA.<br /><br />Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.<br /><br />In an experimental study of the transmissibility of BSE to the pig, seven of 10 pigs, infected at 1-2 weeks of age by multiple-route parenteral inoculation with a homogenate of bovine brain from natural BSE cases developed lesions typical of spongiform encephalopathy. The lesions consisted principally of severe neuropil vacuolation affecting most areas of the brain, but mainly the forebrain. In addition, some vacuolar change was identified in the rostral colliculi and hypothalamic areas of normal control pigs. PrP accumulations were detected immunocytochemically in the brains of BSE-infected animals. PrP accumulation was sparse in many areas and its density was not obviously related to the degree of vacuolation. The patterns of PrP immunolabelling in control pigs differed strikingly from those in the infected animals.<br /><br />PMID: 10684682 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10684682&dopt=Abstract">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10684682&dopt=Abstract</a><br /><br /><br />IN CONFIDENCE<br /><br />EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY<br /><br />1. CMO should be aware that a pig inoculated experimentally (ic, iv, and ip) with BSE brain suspension has after 15 months developed an illness, now confirmed as a spongiform encephalopathy. This is the first ever description of such a disease in a pig, although it seems there ar no previous attempts at experimental inoculation with animal material. The Southwood group had thought igs would not be susceptible. Most pigs are slaughtered when a few weeks old but there have been no reports of relevant neurological illness in breeding sows or other elderly pigs. ...see full text ;<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040302031004/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23001001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20040302031004/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23001001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />IN CONFIDENCE<br /><br />So it is plausible pigs could be preclinically affected with BSE but since so few are allowed to reach adulthood this has not been recognised through clinical disease. ...<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040904150118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23002001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20040904150118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23002001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />CONFIDENTIAL<br /><br />EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY<br /><br />While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />BSE TO PIGS NEWS RELEASE<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822162313/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/24001001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822162313/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/24001001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />CONFIDENTIAL<br /><br />BSE: PRESS PRESENTATION<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822160958/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/20003001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822160958/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/20003001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040623191707/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/24013001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20040623191707/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/24013001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030820195733/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/20010001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030820195733/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/20010001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030820195733/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/25013001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030820195733/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/25013001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030820195733/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/25015001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030820195733/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/25015001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />INDUSTRY RESPONSE TYPICAL<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822055917/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/25007001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822055917/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/25007001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />DEFENSIVE BRIEFING<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030820195733/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/25016001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030820195733/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/25016001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />CONFIDENTIAL<br /><br />pigs & pharmaceuticals<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223234/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223234/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223234/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23002001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223234/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23002001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223234/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223234/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223234/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/29003001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223234/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/29003001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE COMMITTEE ON SAFETY OF MEDICINE NOT FOR PUBLICATION BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY WORKING GROUP<br /><br />There are only two products using porcine brain and these use corticotrophin BP, made from porcine pituitary, source from outside the UK.............<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040622220349/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/10/31003001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20040622220349/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/10/31003001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />SEE FULL TEXT ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/">http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, December 21, 2009<br /><br />Distinct Molecular Signature of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Prion in Pigs<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2009/12/distinct-molecular-signature-of-bovine.html">http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2009/12/distinct-molecular-signature-of-bovine.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Harash Narang's book THE LINK (i believe he went to work for NIH on TSEs, not sure if he is still there) there is a part about BSE IN HENS (page 135), that a farmer in kent in Nov. 1996 noticed that one of his 20 free range hens the oldest, aged about 30 months, was having difficulty entering its den and appeared frightened and tended to lose its balance when excited. Having previously experiencing BSE cattle on his farm, he took particular notice of the bird and continued to observe it over the following weeks. It lost weight, its balance deteriorated and characteristic tremors developed which were closely associated with the muscles required for standing (Fig. 15). In its attempts to maintain its balance it would claw the ground more than usual and the ataxia progressively developed in the wings and legs, later taking a typical form of paralysis with a clumsy involuntary jerky motion. Violent tremors of the entire body, particularly the legs, similar to those seen in BSE, became common sparked off by the slightest provocation. Three other farmers from the UK are known to have reported having hens with similar symptoms...<br /><br />with this agent, i would not rule out anything or any species...TSS<br /><br />From: TSS Subject: TRANSMISSION STUDIES OF DOMESTIC FOWL AND OSTRICH...... Date: May 9, 2002 at 7:36 am PST<br /><br />######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########<br /><br />Greetings List Members,<br /><br />just reading over a few old documents, i am pondering a few things out loud here, hope some find them interesting...TSS<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />SE1806<br /><br />TRANSMISSION STUDIES OF BSE TO DOMESTIC FOWL BY ORAL EXPOSURE TO BRAIN HOMOGENATE<br /><br />1 challenged cock bird was necropsied (41 months p.i.) following a period of ataxia, tremor, limb abduction and other neurological signs. Histopathological examination failed to reveal any significant lesions of the central or peripheral nervous systems...<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />94/01.19/7.1<br /><br /><a href="http://www.bse.org.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf">http://www.bse.org.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />SE 1802 AND SE 1803 SE1805 AND SE 1806<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20020525205812/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20020525205812/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />A contribution to the neuropathology of the red-necked ostrich (struthio camelus) - spongiform encephalopathy<br /><br />spongiform encephlopathy in the red-necked ostrich (struthio camelus). A case history<br /><br /><br /><br />A CONTRIBUTION TO THE NEUROPATHOLOGY OF THE RED-NECKED OSTRICH (STRUTHIO CAMELUS) - SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102120315/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102120315/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />SEE ;<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P04.27<br /><br />Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route<br /><br />Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany<br /><br />Background:<br /><br />In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.<br /><br />Aims:<br /><br />The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.<br /><br />Methods:<br /><br />Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).<br /><br />Results:<br /><br />In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.<br /><br />Conclusions:<br /><br />Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.<br /><br />The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study “BSE in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).<br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;<br /><br />Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />BSE bovine brain inoculum 100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%) Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%) RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%) PrPres biochemical detection The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal. Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula<br /><br />Published online January 27, 2005<br /><br /><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a><br /><br /><br />It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />2) Infectious dose:<br /><br />To cattle: 1 gram of infected brain material (by oral ingestion)<br /><br /><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml</a><br /><br /><br />''FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams - approximately a quarter ounce -- of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds.'' ???<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a><br /><br /><br />FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE P01-05 January 30, 2001 Print Media : 301-827-6242 Consumer Inquiries: 888-INFO-FDA Note: On Dec. 23, 2003, the U.S. Department of Agriculture reported that a cow in Washington state had tested positive for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or mad cow disease). As a result, information on this Web page stating that no BSE cases had been found in the United States is now incorrect. However, because other information on this page continues to have value, the page will remain available for viewing.<br /><br />FDA ANNOUNCES TEST RESULTS FROM TEXAS FEED LOT<br /><br />Today the Food and Drug Administration announced the results of tests taken on feed used at a Texas feedlot that was suspected of containing meat and bone meal from other domestic cattle -- a violation of FDA's 1997 prohibition on using ruminant material in feed for other ruminants. Results indicate that a very low level of prohibited material was found in the feed fed to cattle.<br /><br />FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams - approximately a quarter ounce -- of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds.<br /><br />It is important to note that the prohibited material was domestic in origin (therefore not likely to contain infected material because there is no evidence of BSE in U.S. cattle), fed at a very low level, and fed only once. The potential risk of BSE to such cattle is therefore exceedingly low, even if the feed were contaminated.<br /><br />According to Dr. Bernard Schwetz, FDA's Acting Principal Deputy Commissioner, "The challenge to regulators and industry is to keep this disease out of the United States. One important defense is to prohibit the use of any ruminant animal materials in feed for other ruminant animals. Combined with other steps, like U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) ban on the importation of live ruminant animals from affected countries, these steps represent a series of protections, to keep American cattle free of BSE."<br /><br />Despite this negligible risk, Purina Mills, Inc., is nonetheless announcing that it is voluntarily purchasing all 1,222 of the animals held in Texas and mistakenly fed the animal feed containing the prohibited material. Therefore, meat from those animals will not enter the human food supply. FDA believes any cattle that did not consume feed containing the prohibited material are unaffected by this incident, and should be handled in the beef supply clearance process as usual.<br /><br />FDA believes that Purina Mills has behaved responsibly by first reporting the human error that resulted in the misformulation of the animal feed supplement and then by working closely with State and Federal authorities.<br /><br />This episode indicates that the multi-layered safeguard system put into place is essential for protecting the food supply and that continued vigilance needs to be taken, by all concerned, to ensure these rules are followed routinely.<br /><br />FDA will continue working with USDA as well as State and local officials to ensure that companies and individuals comply with all laws and regulations designed to protect the U.S. food supply.<br /><br />Office of Public Affairs 2001-JAN-30<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2001/new00752.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2001/new00752.html</a><br /><br /><br />SEE FULL TEXT OF ALL THIS HERE ;<br /><br />2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a><br /><br /><br />I ask Professor Kong ;<br /><br />Thursday, December 04, 2008 3:37 PM Subject: RE: re--Chronic Wating Disease (CWD) and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies (BSE): Public Health Risk Assessment<br /><br />''IS the h-BSE more virulent than typical BSE as well, or the same as cBSE, or less virulent than cBSE? just curious.....''<br /><br />Professor Kong reply ;<br /><br />.....snip<br /><br />''As to the H-BSE, we do not have sufficient data to say one way or another, but we have found that H-BSE can infect humans. I hope we could publish these data once the study is complete.<br /><br />Thanks for your interest.''<br /><br />Best regards,<br /><br />Qingzhong Kong, PhD Associate Professor Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 44106 USA<br /><br />END...TSS<br /><br />I look forward to further transmission studies, and a true ENHANCED BSE/atypical BSE surveillance program put forth testing all cattle for human and animal consumption for 5 years. a surveillance program that uses the most sensitive TSE testing, and has the personnel that knows how to use them, and can be trusted. I look forward to a stringent mad cow feed ban being put forth, and then strictly enforced. we need a forced, not voluntary feed ban, an enhanced feed ban at that, especially excluding blood. we need some sort of animal traceability. no more excuses about privacy. if somebody is putting out a product that is killing folks and or has the potential to kill you, then everybody needs to know who they are, and where that product came from. same with hospitals, i think medical incidents in all states should be recorded, and made public, when it comes to something like a potential accidental transmission exposure event. so if someone is out there looking at a place to go have surgery done, if you have several hospitals having these type 'accidental exposure events', than you can go some place else. it only makes sense. somewhere along the road, the consumer lost control, and just had to take whatever they were given, and then charged these astronomical prices. some where along the line the consumer just lost interest, especially on a long incubating disease such as mad cow disease i.e. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy. like i said before, there is much more to the mad cow story than bovines and eating a hamburger, we must start focusing on all TSE in all species. ...TSS<br /><br />Month Number of Tests<br /><br />Feb 2009 -- 1,891<br /><br />Jan 2009 -- 4,620<br /><br /><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/surveillance/ongoing_surv_results.shtml">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/surveillance/ongoing_surv_results.shtml</a><br /><br /><br />P02.35<br /><br />Molecular Features of the Protease-resistant Prion Protein (PrPres) in H-type BSE<br /><br />Biacabe, A-G1; Jacobs, JG2; Gavier-Widén, D3; Vulin, J1; Langeveld, JPM2; Baron, TGM1 1AFSSA, France; 2CIDC-Lelystad, Netherlands; 3SVA, Sweden<br /><br />Western blot analyses of PrPres accumulating in the brain of BSE-infected cattle have demonstrated 3 different molecular phenotypes regarding to the apparent molecular masses and glycoform ratios of PrPres bands. We initially described isolates (H-type BSE) essentially characterized by higher PrPres molecular mass and decreased levels of the diglycosylated PrPres band, in contrast to the classical type of BSE. This type is also distinct from another BSE phenotype named L-type BSE, or also BASE (for Bovine Amyloid Spongiform Encephalopathy), mainly characterized by a low representation of the diglycosylated PrPres band as well as a lower PrPres molecular mass. Retrospective molecular studies in France of all available BSE cases older than 8 years old and of part of the other cases identified since the beginning of the exhaustive surveillance of the disease in 20001 allowed to identify 7 H-type BSE cases, among 594 BSE cases that could be classified as classical, L- or H-type BSE. By Western blot analysis of H-type PrPres, we described a remarkable specific feature with antibodies raised against the C-terminal region of PrP that demonstrated the existence of a more C-terminal cleaved form of PrPres (named PrPres#2 ), in addition to the usual PrPres form (PrPres #1). In the unglycosylated form, PrPres #2 migrates at about 14 kDa, compared to 20 kDa for PrPres #1. The proportion of the PrPres#2 in cattle seems to by higher compared to the PrPres#1. Furthermore another PK–resistant fragment at about 7 kDa was detected by some more N-terminal antibodies and presumed to be the result of cleavages of both N- and C-terminal parts of PrP. These singular features were maintained after transmission of the disease to C57Bl/6 mice. The identification of these two additional PrPres fragments (PrPres #2 and 7kDa band) reminds features reported respectively in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome in humans.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf">http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Research Project: Study of Atypical Bse Location: Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock<br /><br />Project Number: 3625-32000-086-05 Project Type: Specific Cooperative Agreement<br /><br />Start Date: Sep 15, 2004 End Date: Sep 14, 2009<br /><br />Objective: The objective of this cooperative research project with Dr. Maria Caramelli from the Italian BSE Reference Laboratory in Turin, Italy, is to conduct comparative studies with the U.S. bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) isolate and the atypical BSE isolates identified in Italy. The studies will cover the following areas: 1. Evaluation of present diagnostics tools used in the U.S. for the detection of atypical BSE cases. 2. Molecular comparison of the U.S. BSE isolate and other typical BSE isolates with atypical BSE cases. 3. Studies on transmissibility and tissue distribution of atypical BSE isolates in cattle and other species.<br /><br />Approach: This project will be done as a Specific Cooperative Agreement with the Italian BSE Reference Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, in Turin, Italy. It is essential for the U.S. BSE surveillance program to analyze the effectiveness of the U.S diagnostic tools for detection of atypical cases of BSE. Molecular comparisons of the U.S. BSE isolate with atypical BSE isolates will provide further characterization of the U.S. BSE isolate. Transmission studies are already underway using brain homogenates from atypical BSE cases into mice, cattle and sheep. It will be critical to see whether the atypical BSE isolates behave similarly to typical BSE isolates in terms of transmissibility and disease pathogenesis. If transmission occurs, tissue distribution comparisons will be made between cattle infected with the atypical BSE isolate and the U.S. BSE isolate. Differences in tissue distribution could require new regulations regarding specific risk material (SRM) removal.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=408490">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=408490</a><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, February 11, 2009<br /><br />Atypical BSE North America Update February 2009<br /><br />Both of the BSE cases ascertained in the US native-born cattle were atypical cases (H-type), which contributed to the initial ambiguity of the diagnosis. 174, 185 In Canada, there have been 2 atypical BSE cases in addition to the 14 cases of the classic UK strain of BSE2: one was the H-type, and the other was of the L-type.198<br /><br />snip...end<br /><br />source :<br /><br />Enhanced Abstract Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association January 1, 2009, Vol. 234, No. 1, Pages 59-72<br /><br />Bovine spongiform encephalopathy<br /><br />Jane L. Harman, DVM, PhD; Christopher J. Silva, PhD<br /><br /><a href="http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/ref/10.2460/javma.234.1.59">http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/ref/10.2460/javma.234.1.59</a><br /><br /><br />Atypical BSE North America Update February 2009<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/atypical-bse-north-america-update.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/atypical-bse-north-america-update.html</a><br /><br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/04/transmission-of-atypical-bovine.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/04/transmission-of-atypical-bovine.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PLEASE SEE ALSO ;<br /><br />Members of The HSUS are also concerned about the meat products provided to their children through the National School Lunch Program. More than 31 million school children receive lunches through the program each school day. To assist states in providing healthful, low-cost or free meals, USDA provides states with various commodities including ground beef. As evidenced by the HallmarkNVestland investigation and recall, the potential for downed animals to make their way into the National School Lunch Program is neither speculative nor hypothetical.<br /><br /><a href="http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cases/FDA/hsus-v-schafer-usda-complaint.pdf">http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cases/FDA/hsus-v-schafer-usda-complaint.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle...<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030516051623/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030516051623/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, September 4, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 29, 2009<br /><br />FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />C O N F I R M E D<br /><br /><br />----- Original Message ----- From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder9@verizon.net>To: <bse-l@lists.aegee.org>Sent: Thursday, November 05, 2009 9:25 PM Subject: [BSE-L] re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />Thursday, November 12, 2009<br /><br />BSE FEED RECALL Misbranding of product by partial label removal to hide original source of materials 2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />PLEASE be aware, for 4 years, the USDA fed our children all across the Nation dead stock downer cows, the most high risk cattle for BSE aka mad cow disease and other dangerous pathogens. who will watch our children for CJD for the next 5+ decades ???<br /><br />SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAM FROM DOWNER CATTLE UPDATE<br /><br /><a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2009/05/who-will-watch-children.html">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2009/05/who-will-watch-children.html</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br />please see full text here ;<br /><br />Tuesday, November 17, 2009<br /><br />SEAC EFFECT OF AGE ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES SEAC 103/2<br /><br /><a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2009/11/seac-effect-of-age-on-pathogenesis-of.html">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2009/11/seac-effect-of-age-on-pathogenesis-of.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, January 2, 2010<br /><br />Human Prion Diseases in the United States January 1, 2010 ***FINAL***<br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html</a><br /><br /><br />my comments to PLosone here ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a><br /><br /><br /><br />JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY<br /><br />MARCH 26, 2003<br /><br />Send Post-Publication Peer Review to journal:<br /><br />Re: RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States<br /><br />Email Terry S. Singeltary:<br /><br />flounder@wt.net<br /><br />I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?<br /><br /><a href="http://www.neurology.org/cgi/eletters/60/2/176#535">http://www.neurology.org/cgi/eletters/60/2/176#535</a><br /><br /><br />LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL<br /><br />Volume 3, Number 8 01 August 2003<br /><br />Newsdesk<br /><br />Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America<br /><br />Xavier Bosch<br /><br />My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth.<br /><br /><a href="http://infection.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa">http://infection.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a><br /><br /><br />Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA<br /><br />Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease<br /><br />To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.<br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex<br /><br />1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. FREE FULL TEXT<br /><br /><a href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/285/6/733?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=singeltary&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT">http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/285/6/733?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=singeltary&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/285/6/733?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=singeltary&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT">http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/285/6/733?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=singeltary&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT</a><br /><br /><br />2 January 2000<br /><br />British Medical Journal<br /><br />U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well<br /><br /><a href="http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/320/7226/8/b#6117">http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/320/7226/8/b#6117</a><br /><br /><br />15 November 1999<br /><br />British Medical Journal<br /><br />vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/319/7220/1312/b#5406">http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/319/7220/1312/b#5406</a><br /><br /><br />THE PATHOLOGICAL PROTEIN<br /><br />BY Philip Yam<br /><br />Yam Philip Yam News Editor Scientific American www.sciam.com<br /><br /><a href="http://www.thepathologicalprotein.com/">http://www.thepathologicalprotein.com/</a><br /><br /><br />WHAT about atypical BSE TSE ???<br /><br />Some atypical BSE i.e. the l-BSE is more virulent, and the data on h-BSE is still out, but we do know that h-BSE is capable of transmitting to humans. With an incubation period as such with human and animal TSE, the known transmission studies of confirmed transmission of different TSE, and all the unknowns still, I think it is absolutely asinine to even consider this. It's sad, and very concerning that man never learns from his mistakes.<br /><br />Stupid is, as Stupid does. ...Forest Gump. ...TSSTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0